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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and evaluated by the
Development and Quality Assurance Teams of SDO TAPAT to assist you in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with
it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let’s Learn
This module was designed and written to help you understand the
common injuries in sports.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Engage in moderate to vigorous physical activities (MVPAs) for at least
60 minutes most days of the week in a variety of settings in- and out-of-
school (PEH11FH-Ia-t-8).
2. Demonstrate proper etiquette and safety in the use of facilities and
equipment (PEH11FH-Ia-t-12).
Objectives:
1. identify the meaning of first aid, five P’s objective of first aid,
common injuries of sports, managing sports and assessment of
injuries (TOTAPS)
2. apply TOTAPS to certain scenarios through filling out a table.
3. Appreciate the importance of identifying the common sports
injuries and the first aid treatment.

Let’s Try
Directions: Read each question carefully. Then, encircle the letter of the that
corresponds to your answer.

1. What is an injury?
a. A food c. Where the body is harmed
b. A bruise d. A brain
2. Which sport causes the most head injury?
a. Football c. Baseball
b. Cycling d. Soccer
3. The fibula bone is found in which part of the body.
a. Upper arm c. Upper leg
b. Lower leg d. Foot
4. The longest bone in the body is the humorous.
a. True b. False
5. Where is the largest (and often injured) tendon in the body?
a. Neck c. Ankle
b. Back d. Shoulder
6. What is the exact cause of muscle cramps?
a. Injury c. Vitamin deficiency
b. Dehydration d. None of the above
7. A sprain is an injury to:
a. A ligament c. A muscle
b. A tendon d. A bursa
8. What causes the most emergency room visits?
a. Cuts c. Sprain and strains
b. Broken bones d. Bruises and scrapes

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 9. The action of taking your heel towards your glutes is called?

a. Extension c. Flexion
b. Abduction d. Adduction
10. When preventing injuries, the coach has an important part to play. Can
you identify the correct answer which are important for a coach to do as a
preventive measure?
a. Keeps up to date which coaching qualifications
b. Carry’s first aid box
c. Irregularly checks equipment
d. Monitoring of performance is limited
11. This picture is an example of what type of movement?

a. Adduction c. Abduction
b. Inversion d. Circumduction
12. There are two types of sports injuries. Those that are caused by a sudden
______________ injury.
a. Traumatic c. Shocking
b. Dramatic d. Functional
13. What is the most common runner’s injury?
a. Shin splints c. Achilles tendinitis
b. Runners knee d. plantar fasciitis
14. What do golfers and weightlifters injure most often?
a. The lower back c. The hips
b. The knee d. The back
15. A good warm up will:
a. Increase your blood flow
b. Warm your muscles
c. Boost your breathing
d. All of the above

Lesson
First Aid: Immediate Action in
2 case of Sports Injuries

Let’s Recall

Directions: Recall our previous lesson. List down the benefits of playing
any sports. And enumerate the categories of sports.

What are the 10 benefits of playing sports?

1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
3. _______________________________________
4. _______________________________________

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 5. _______________________________________
6. _______________________________________
7. _______________________________________
8. _______________________________________
9. _______________________________________
10. _______________________________________

What are the categories of sports?

1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
3. _______________________________________

Let’s Explore

Directions: Read and understand what is being asked. Be concise

with your answers.

1. Have you experienced injury?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. What first aid did you apply?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. Was it effective?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

4. Can you give an example of sports injury?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Let’s Elaborate

First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering
from either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve
life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery. It includes
initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help
being available, such as performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while
waiting for an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor
conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed
by someone with basic medical training.

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 Now that we know the meaning of first aid, let’s
have a focus on the aims and objectives. The most
obvious objective of first aid is to save lives. This
objective can be simplified into five P’s. First aid can
be described as the following.

● Preserve life
● Prevent illness or injury from worsening
● Protect the unconscious
● Promote recovery
● Pain relief

Preserve life: Preservation of life is the most

Photo by: Rene H. Hermida significant aspect of a first aid. We need air
to survive and to live. The circulation of air in
the body helps in the preservation of life. Providers of first aid look at the
circulation of air in the body and clean any blocked airways. When the airway
is blocked, brain damage occurs in about four minutes.
Prevent illness or injury from worsening: Again, the efforts of the first aiders
are directed toward prolonging the time the patient has until the
ambulance arrives. If the patient is bleeding profusely, the first
aider will not stitch the wound, but they will do their best to stop
the bleeding until the ambulance arrives. In that way, they will
prevent further complications and health deterioration.
Protect the unconscious: Responder should secure the casualty in a secure
position. If not, he must apply all the safety precautions, and
must try to move the injured person in a safer place.
Unconsciousness involves the loss of ability to recognize people,
events. When you faint, for instance, you are likely to be
unconscious.
Promote recovery: Every action that a first aider takes should be in the
direction of helping the person who has suffered an injury or
sudden illness get better.

Promoting the recovery usually means using the first aid kit.
It is packed with supplies that are necessary for the first aider
to be able to help the person in need. You can understand that
the time of providing the first aid is crucial. If your first aid is
not well-stocked or it is not there at all – that is a big problem.

Pain relief: This is done only if it is in any way possible and it doesn’t present
a risk to the patient. Some pain relief medications can be
dangerous in case a person is bleeding. Therefore, if not sure if
the pain medication is appropriate, it is better to ask the medical
experts first.
Whether you are a highly-trained athlete or a weekend warrior,
there’s always a chance you could get injured. Unfortunately, when injuries
happen, it can be hard to know what you’ve tweaked or how to treat it. Here
are the common sports injuries.

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ACUTE INJURY:
1. SPRAIN: Sprains are overstretched ligaments. The injury commonly
occurs when the knee is twisted while weight is placed on it due to
improper landing after a jump, running too fast or without proper warm
up.

2. STRAIN: It is a twist, pull or tear of muscles or tendon (a cord of

tissue that connects the muscle to bone).

3. FRACTURE: It is a broken bone. The most common fracture is located

at the upper limbs such as the arm and the forearm.

4. DISLOCATION: It is an injury to a joint — a place where two or more

bones come together — in which the ends of your bones are forced from
their normal positions. This painful injury temporarily deforms and
immobilizes your joint.

5. CONCUSSION: It is an injury to the brain that results in temporary loss

of normal brain function.

CHRONIC INJURY:

1. STRESS FRACTURE: It commonly occurs among runners who train for

long periods without adequate rest periods.

2. TENDINITIS: It (also called tendonitis) is an inflammation or irritation

of a tendon, a thick cord that attaches bone to muscle.

3. OSTEOARTHRITIS: It is the wear and tear of a joint that results in

deterioration.

4. BURSITIS: The Bursa is a sac – like musculoskeletal structure that

provides support and cushioning to the joint. It protects commonly used
joints such as the shoulders and knee from repetitive mechanical
stress.

At this point, let’s know more on how to take care of yourself and someone
who experienced any injury.
The RICE method is a simple self-care technique that helps reduce
swelling, ease pain, and speed up healing. RICE method includes the following
four steps:
REST
Avoid using the affected muscle or joint. This may mean not using the
affected area for several days.

ICE
Ice is a tried-and-true tool for reducing pain and swelling. Apply an ice pack
(covered with a light, absorbent towel to help prevent frostbite) for 15-
20 minutes every two to three hours during the first 24 to 48 hours after

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 your injury. Don’t have an ice pack? A bag of frozen peas or corn will work
just fine.
COMPRESSION
This means wrapping the injured area to prevent swelling. Wrap the
affected area with an elastic medical bandage (like an ACE bandage). You
want it to be snug but not too tight -- if it’s too tight, it’ll interrupt blood flow.
If the skin below the wrap turns blue or feels cold, numb, or tingly, loosen
the bandage. If these symptoms don’t disappear right away, seek immediate
medical help.
ELEVATION
This means raising the sore body part above the level of your heart. Doing
so reduces pain, throbbing, and swelling. It’s not as tricky to do as you might
think. For example, if you have an ankle sprain, you can prop your leg up on
pillows while sitting on the sofa. Keep the injured area raised whenever
possible, even when you’re not icing it.
Managing Sports Injuries
When managing sports injuries, it is important to have a basic checklist to
follow. Below are four questions that we should consider.
1. What is this injury? (Diagnosis)
2. What should I do about it? (Treatment)
3. How did it happen? (Cause)
4. How do I stop the recurrence? (Prevention)

TOTAPS
The assessment of injuries follows TOTAPS. If it is determined at any point
throughout the steps that the athlete cannot continue to play, the TOTAPS
assessment is stopped, the athlete is removed from play, and medical treatment
is usually sought. TOTAPS stands for:

TALK
Ask the athlete questions to gather information about the cause, nature and
site of the injury.

● Where does it hurt?

o How painful is it out of 10?
o Is the pain sharp or dull?
● Did you hear a snap or a crack?
● How did it happen?

If the casualty reports that they have immense pain, or that they heard a snap
or crack or does not respond, the process is stopped immediately, and First Aid
is applied as medical attention is found.

OBSERVE
After asking the athlete, evaluate the said injury. Look for deformity, swelling
and redness. If the injury is to a limb, compare with the corresponding area on
the opposite limb. If there is obvious deformity, there is likely to be a fracture
or serious ligament/tendon damage, medical assistance is then needed.

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TOUCH
Feel for any painfulness over the injury site. Severe painfulness when feeling a
bone may indicate a fracture. If an abnormality or excessive pain exists during
touch, then the assessment of injuries is stopped, and First Aid is applied as
medical attention is sought.

ACTIVE MOMENT
Active movement involves the athlete moving the injured part themselves. Ask
them to perform a range of movements to see if these movements bring on pain

PASSIVE MOMENT
If you have reached this stage, it is likely that the injury is not serious. The
passive movement stage requires the first aider to move the athlete’s injured
body part and determine how much pain free movement is possible.

SKILLS TEST
The final component to TOTAPS is a skills test. This involves the athlete
performing some basic skills relevant to their sport to see if these movements
worsen the injury.

Let’s Dig In
Directions: For each scenario outlined below, apply TOTAPS procedure to
determine the nature and extent of injury.

● Scenario 1: A 200 - meter runner stops in the middle of the race and
grasps his or her knee.
● Scenario 2: A volleyball player goes in for a spike and is involved in a
heavy collision with another player. The player remains on the ground
in intense pain, grasping the lower right leg.

Scenario 1 Scenario 2
Talk:
What question will you ask to the
injured person?
Observe:
What are some of the injuries you would
be looking for?
Touch:
Would you touch the injury? If so how?

Active movement:
What things would you look for as the
casualty moves the injury?
Passive movement:
Would you move the injured part? If so
how?
Skills test:
What skills would you require the
athlete to perform?

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 Let’s Remember
Directions: Read and answer the following questions. Be concise.

1. What is first aid? What are the objectives of giving first aid?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. What is TOTAPS? Briefly describe the steps.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Let's Apply
Directions: Read and understand what is being asked. Be concise as you give
your answers.

1. A first aid treatment was administered to the injured athlete by the

school nurse. Is there a need for the athlete to seek medical aid?
2. Describe what should be done in case of sports injuries inside the
school premises.
3. What are some possible consequences if a player who suffered a knee
injury during a game was allowed by his coach to go back to the game
without noticing that the player is in pain?

Let’s Evaluate
Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to your answer in a given
statement.

1. It is an immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a

minor or serious illness or injury.
a. First Aid c. RICE
b. Medical assistance d. None of the above
2. In an emergency situation, who is the most important person?
a. yourself c. the injured victim
b. bystanders d. the doctor
3. If a victim isn’t breathing normally, what is the first thing you should
do?
a. Call for emergency medical and a defibrillator
b. Carry the victim in a safe area
c. Give thirty chest compression
d. All of the above

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4. To treat strains and sprains, use the acronym RICE, which means:
a. Run Inside, Call, EMS
b. Rescue, Incline, Compress, Eliminate Pain
c. Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate
d. Rub, Ice, Crutches, Elevate
5. If you suspect a head or neck injury:
a. Support the head and neck in the position found.
b. Move the head until the neck is straight.
c. Have the victim sit up
d. None of the above
6. When two bones that come together to form a joint become separated.
a. Dislocation c. Sprain
b. Fracture c. Hyperthermia
7. A condition caused by the excessive loss of water from the body, which
causes a rise in blood sodium levels.
a. Sprain c. Strain
b. Dehydration d. Fracture
8. Commonly occur among runners who train for long periods without
adequate rest periods.
a. Sprain c. Strain
b. Tendinitis d. Stress fracture
9. A twist, pull or tear of muscles or tendon.
a. Fracture c. Strain
b. Sprain d. Dislocation
10. The wear and tear of a joint results in deterioration.
a) Stress fracture c. Dehydration
b) Osteoarthritis d. Tendinitis
11. What should you not do when arriving at the scene?
a. Check for pulse
b. Reposition the casualty in the recovery position
c. Clear the airway
d. Sprinkle water on the casualty’s face
12. Shock is the body’s response to:
a. Blood loss c. Severe allergic reaction
b. Emotional distress d. all of the above
13. An injury to the brain that results in temporary loss of normal brain
function.
a. Dislocation c. Concussion
b. Sprain d. none of the above
14. What should you do for a casualty who has just sprained an ankle?
a. Apply local heat c. Massage the swelling
b. Rest with leg elevated d. Keeps exercising it
15. What is an open fracture?
a. A fracture in which the bone ends can move around.
b. A fracture in which the bone is exposed as the skin is broken.
c. A fracture which causes complications such as punctured lung.
d. A fracture which the bone has bent and splint.

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References
● West County Transportation Agency. (2008). First Aid Test [PDF file]. Retrieved from
http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/aarahma/files/2010/02/FirstAid.pdf

● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid

● https://www.onlinecprcertification.net/blog/aims-and-objectives-of-first-aid/

● https://www.alsco.co.nz/2019/03/aims-first-aid/

● https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/rice-method-injuries

● https://www.pdhpe.net/sports-medicine/how-are-sports-injuries-classified-and-managed/assessment-of-
injuries/totaps/

● Physical Education (H.O.P.E.) Gr. 11 Textbook SCOLAIRE Publishing

Development Team of the Module

Writers: DR. RENE H. HERMIDA

Editors:
Content Evaluator: JOCELYN P. TABIA, MPES
Language Evaluator: MARY JANE Z. BLANCO
Reviewers:
Illustrator: DR. RENE H. HERMIDA/ CAMILLE JEWEL L. GARCIA
Layout Artist: ERICSON S. CADDAUAN / MELANIE D. GATANELA
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
MR. SHOJI G. GERONA, EPS - MAPEH
DR DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: sdo.tapat@deped.gov.ph

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