GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

2ND HALF OF FIRST QUARTER

REVIEWER

A. BASIC CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS

A.1: Brief History of Chemistry

Alchemy – protoscience that aims to transform metals into gold

(transmutation).
To find a way to cure diseases and extend life.
Robert Boyle – renamed chemistry in his work “The Sceptical Chymist
(1661).
Antoine Lavoisier – father of modern chemistry.
Law of Conservation of Mass – mass of reactant is equal to the mass of
product.

A.2: Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

2. All atoms of given element are identical, but atoms of one element are
different from the atoms of all other elements.
3. Atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of different
element by chemical reactions, atoms are neither created nor destroyed
in chemical reactions.
4. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element
combine; a given compound always has the same relative number and
kind of atoms.

A.3: Atoms

Smallest unit of matter.

Has 3 sub-atomic particles: Proton (+), Neutron (neutral), Electron (-).
Atomic Number (Z) = no. of Proton = no. of electrons
Atomic Mass (A) = no. of proton + no. of neutrons
Number of Neutrons = A – Z

A.4: Isotopes

Same number of proton but different number of neutrons, atomic mass

(A) will be affected.

A.5: Molecules

Formed by two or more atoms. Molecule is always a combination of two

or more nonmetals.
Molecule or Covalent compounds – sharing of electrons of 2 or more
nonmetals.
 Ionic compound/formula unit/Ion – transfer (receiving/giving) of electrons
from a metal to nonmetal.

A.6: Ions

Charged atoms/molecules
Cation – more protons than electrons (positively charged). Donates/loses
electrons.
Anion – more electrons than protons (negatively charged). Gains
electrons.
Monoatomic – contains only one atom.
Polyatomic – contains more than one atom.

✓ Identity of element/atom depends on number of proton.

✓ Isotopes depend on number of neutrons
✓ Ions depend on number of electrons.

B. NOMENCLATURE OR NAMING OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS/MOLECULES

Covalent compounds – occur between nonmetals. Sharing of electrons.
Ionic compounds – occur between a metal and a nonmetal. Transfer of
electrons.
Structure:
Prefix of the 1st element + 1st element + prefix of 2nd element
+ root name of 2nd element + ide

Example:

✓ N2O5 – dinitrogen pentaoxide or dinitrogen pentoxide

✓ PCl3 – phosphorous trichloride
✓ CH4 – carbon tetrahydride
✓ CO – carbon monoxide
✓ IF7 – iodine heptafluoride

“Mekus-Mekus ka insan sa Exam! Galingan mo!”

Prepared by: Your chem-bot, chem-hot chem-teachers, Ms. Arra Grizzel D. Morico,
Ms. Jolina A. Delos Santos, and Mr. Michael Vincent M. Salazar.