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Vaporisers Final
Vaporisers Final
IGMC
shimla
What is a vapour ?
Vapour refers to a gas phase at a temperature
where the same substance can also exist in
liquid or solid
A vaporizer is an instrument designed to facilitate the
change of a liquid anaesthetic agent into a vapor
and
Add a controlled amount of this vapor to the FGF over a
wide range of temp, pressure and carrier gas flow rates
Most volatile agents exist as liquid at room temperature and
atm. Pressure
The lower the atm. pressure, lower the boiling point e.g, High
altitudes
Significance
Vap. Constructor material should be able to conduct heat from
surroundings to contained liquid.
Cu has a moderate sp. Heat and high thermal conductivity – use for
construction of vaporizers
Metal Specific heat Thermal
conductivity
This much no. of particles of any gas at STP will occupy 22.4
Lts
Typically expressed as vol. % of alveolar
gas at 1 atm
Halothane - 0.75
Enflurane - 1.68
Isoflurane - 1.2
Desflurane - 6.0
Sevoflurane- 2.0
Minimum alveolar partial pressure ( MAPP)
Operator has to set the flow to the vaporizer and bypass with
separate flowmeters
This means that respective flows have to be calculated for
each agent for a given temp and vapour output
To calculate the vaporizer output, one must know the
- Vapor pressure of the agent
- The atmospheric pressure
- The total flow of gases
- The flow of the vaporizer
Copper Kettle
• Set 100 ml/min flow of carrier gas (oxygen) from dedicated
flowmeter
• SVP of hal in vap. Chamber is 243 mmHg
• Hal forms 243/760 x 100 = 32% of gas mixture
• Carrier gas will occupy the rest of the vol. i.e. 100-32=68%
• This 68% is occupied by 100ml/min carrier gas
• And 32% hal will be = 100/68x32=47 ml
• Gas exiting is 147 ml with 47 ml hal vapor
• To get a mixture containing 1% hal this 47 ml should be
diluted in 4700 ml
• Required carrier gas is 4700-147=4553 ml
• If set 100 ml measured flow to vaporiser usually set 5 l/min
flow of carrier gas to get 1% halothane
• Ratio of gas through vaporiser: main gas flow is
100:4600=1:46
• % concentration of agent = 100 x vaporizer output of
anaesthetic/total flow
Depending on method of vaporization
◦ 1. Flow over
◦ 2. Bubble through
◦ 3. Injection
Flow over
A stream of carrier gas passes over the surface of the liquid
Injection:
Vapor concentration controlled by injecting a known
amount of liquid anesthetic agent (from a reservoir in the
vaporizer or from the bottle of agent) into a known volume
of gas.
• Eg. TEC 6 desflurane vaporizer (it is more ideally classified as a gas-
vapor blender)
Gas vapour blenders
INJECTORS
Computerized Thermocompensation
◦ Agent specific
◦ Multiple agents
Another classification
Plenum vaporizers: positive pressure applied at the inlet
of the vaporizer. Eg. Boyle vaporizers, copper kettle, TEC
___________ _____________________
243 = X ml
___________ _________
500 100 + X
= 195 ml.
= 1.98 % 2%.
Set concentration – 1%
Delivered concentration – 2%
Is this a worry?
2% of 500 mmHg ambient pressure (altitude of 10,000 feet) is 10 mmHg
Lower Concentration
But Only
If it is set at a dial concentration of 1%, since the splitting ratio is 46:1, 100
ml of the fresh gases will flow through the vaporiser as a carrier gas flow.
SVP Agent vapour (x ml)
243 x ml
_________________ _________________________
2280 = 100 ml + x ml
On solving the equation, x = 11.92 ml 12 ml
A total of 112 ml from the vaporiser will join the bypass flow to make a
This is 0.75 times the partial pressure achieved at sea level with a
setting of 1%.
FGF
Vaporising chamber
By pass channel
FGF
Vaporising chamber
By pass channel
By pass channel
FGF
FGF
Vaporising chamber
Keep the vaporizing chamber small
Or
Increasing the size of the bypass chamber.
Adding long spiral or large diameter tube to lead to the
vaporizer chamber. The extra gas forced into this tube &
subsequently returned to the bypass does not reach the
vaporizing chamber
Increase resistance to gas flow through the
vaporizer
Check valve to prevent backward flow of gas
Exclude wicks from the area where the inlet tube joins the
vaporizing chamber
Either the max. and min. filling levels or the actual usable
volume and capacity shall be displayed
The vaporizer must be designed so that it cannot be
overfilled when in the normal operating position
The bottle nozzle is inserted into the filler block, aligning the
adaptor grooves with projections in the filler block.
If equipotent
Low VP - upstream
High VP - downstream
Also
If explosive - downstream
Trilene - downstream
Easy to clean - downstream
UP STREAM → → → DOWNSTREAM
Overfilling – liquid agent may enter the fresh gas line, and
lethal concentrations may be delivered, or no output due
to complete vaporizer failure. Agent specific filling devices
prevent overfilling.
Reversed flow – increases output.
Vapor leak into the fresh gas line – can cause a sensitised
individual to react to halogenated agent or trigger malignant
hyperthermia.
Interlock malfunction
(A) The gas mixture will contain equal partial pressures of halothane
and isoflurane
(B) The gas mixture will produce a greater depth of anesthesia than
1.5% isoflurane alone
(C) The gas mixture will produce a greater depth of anesthesia than
1.5% halothane alone
(D) The liquid mixture will have a higher vapor pressure than 1.5%
halothane alone
(E) The liquid mixture will have a higher vapor pressure if it is placed
in a halothane-specific vaporizer
Oxygen 100 ml/min is bubbled through a
vaporizer containing an anesthetic with a vapor
pressure of 150 mmHg, and this mixture is added
to a fresh gas flow of 5 L/min. The delivered
anesthetic concentration is
(A) 0.25%
(B) 0.5%
(C) 1%
(D) 2.5%
(E) 5%
What is the MOST likely reason that
desflurane is delivered using a vaporizer that
contains internal heaters?
◦ about 50 mls
◦ about 100 mls
◦ about 200 mls
◦ 0 mls