MODULE 1 HISTORICAL 3.
The technological revolutions of the 21st
ANTECEDENTS
What is Science, Technologyand Society?
Science and Technology and Society is an
interdisciplinary course designed to examine the
ways that science and technology shape, and are
shaped by, our society, politics, and culture.
HISTORY
↝ Sociology - Study of social problems
↝ Anthropology - Study of human biological,
physiological characteristics and their
evolutions
Science is an evolving body of knowledge
that is based on theoretical positions and
experimental and empirical activities that generates
universal truths.
Technology is the application of science and
creation of systems, processes and objects designed
to help humans in their daily activities.
Society is the sum total of our interactions
as humans, including the interactions that we
engage in to understand the nature of things and to
create things.
A lot of our problems in modern society involve not
only technology:
↳ Human Values
↳ Social Organization
↳ Political Decisions
↳ Economic Resources
↳ Environmental Concerns
The influence of science and technology on
people’s lives is expanding. While recent benefits
to humanity are unparalleled in the history of the
human species, in some instances the impact has
been harmful or the long-term efects give causes
for serious concerns.
The Role of Science and Technology
1. alter the way people live, connect,
communicate and transact, with profound
efects on economic development;
2. key drivers to development, because
technological and scientific revolutions
underpin economic advances, improvements
in health systems, education and
infrastructure;
century are emerging from entirely new
sectors, based on microprocessors,
tele-communications, biotechnology and
nano-technology. Products are transforming
business practices across the economy, as
well as the lives of all who have access to
their efects. The most remarkable
breakthroughs will come from the
interaction of insights and applications
arising when these technologies converge.
4. have the power to better the lives of poor
people in developing countries.
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 2020
NORWAY GERMANY
IRELAND tie SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND tie AUSTRALIA tie
ICELAND tie NETHERLANDS tie
HONG KONG, CHINA tie DENMARK tie
5. diferentiators between countries that are
able to tackle poverty efectively by growing
and developing their economies, and those
that are not.
6. engine of growth
7. interventions for cognitive enhancement,
proton cancer therapy and genetic
engineering.
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE WORLD
Just like with any other discipline, the best
way to truly understand where we are in science
today is to look back at what happened in the past.
The history of science can teach us many lessons
about the way scientists think and understand the
world around us. A historical perspective will make
us appreciate more what science really is.
From Ancient Times to 600 BC
● Science during ancient times involved
practical arts like healing practices and metal
tradition.
● Imhotep – a human known for his knowledge
of medicine
● Most historians agree that the heart of
Egyptian medicine was trial and error.
● The most advanced invention in Early
Egyptians Civilizations is papyrus.
● ↳ PAPYRUS - an ancient form of paper, made
 from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows
in the marshy areas around the Nile river.
Papyrus was used early 3,000 BC in ancient
Egypt until around 1100 AD.
Motivation:
1) Egyptians, Sumerians and other
races wrote on clay tablets and
smooth-rocks
2) Time-consuming
3) Not easily to store and transport.
● Mesopotamians makes POTTERY with the
use of the first known potter’s wheel.
● Chinese used COMPASS to aid themselves in
their travels.
The Advent of Science (600 BC to 500 AD)
● The ancient Greeks were the early thinkers
The Islamic Golden Age
and as far as historians can tell, they were
the first true scientists. They collected facts
and observations and then explained it in
natural world.
● Scientific thought in Classica Antiquity
becomes tangible from the 6 th century BC
in pre-Socratic philosophy
⧪ Thales and Pythagoras
● In circa 385 BC, Plato founded the Academy.
● Plato’s student Aristotle begins the “scientific
revolution” of the Hellenistic Period.
● Some others scholars:
a. Eratosthenes
b. Euclid
c. Aristarchus of Samos
d. Hipparchus
e. Archimedes
This period produce substantial advances in
scientific knowledge, especially in;
a. Anatomy - study of the functions of
those structures
b. Zoology - branch of biology that
studies the animal kingdom,
including the structure,
embryology, evolution,
classification, habits, and
distribution of all animals, both
living and extinct, and how they
interact with their ecosystems
c. Botany - branch of biology that
deals with the study of plants,
including their structure,
properties, and biochemical
processes.
d. Mineralogy - scientific study of the
chemistry, crystal structure, and
physical properties of minerals and
mineralized artifacts
e. Geography - the study of places and
the relationships between people
and their environments
f. Mathematics - science and study of
quality, structure, space, and change.
g. Astronomy - study of everything in
the universe beyond Earth's
atmosphere.
↳ The Islamic Golden Age was a period of
cultural, economic and scientific
flourishing in the history of Islam.
↳ This period is traditionally understood to
have begun during the reign of the Abbasid
caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with
the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in
Baghdad.
↳ Where scholars from various parts of the
world with diferent cultural backgrounds
were mandated to gather and translate all
of the world's classical knowledge into the
Arabic language.
↳ Technology in the Islamic world adopted and
preserved knowledge and technologies
from contemporary and earlier
civilizations, including Persia, Egypt, India,
China, and Greco-Roman antiquity, while
making numerous improvements,
innovations and inventions .
↳ Islamic scientific achievements encompassed
a wide range of subject areas, especially
astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
↳ Islamic science was characterized by having
practical purposes as well as the goal of
understanding;
➸ Astronomy was useful in determining
the Qibla.
➸ Botany is applied in agriculture and
geography enabled scientists to
 make accurate maps.
➸ Mathematics also flourished during
the Islamic Golden Age with the
works of Al-Khwarizmi, Avicenna
and Jamshid al Kashi that led to
advanced in algebra, trigonometry,
geometry and Arabic numerals.
Ancient China
↳ Ancient China gave the world the Four Great
Inventions that include the compass,
gunpowder, papermaking and printing.
The Renaissance 1300 – 1600 AD
↳ Marie Boas Hall coined the term Scientific
Renaissance to designate the early phase of
the Scientific Revolution, 1450–1630
↳ Peter Dear has argued for a two-phase
model of early modern science:
1. Scientific Renaissance focused on
the restoration of the natural
knowledge of the ancients.
2. Scientific Revolution of the 17th
century, when scientists shifted
from recovery to innovation.
↳ The most important technological advance
of all in this period was the development of
printing, with movable metal type, about
the mid-15th century in Germany.
↳ Johannes Gutenberg is usually called its
inventor, but in fact many people and many
steps were involved.
↳ Block printing on wood came to the West
from China.
↳ Flemish technique of oil painting was the
origin of the new printers’ ink.
↳ Three Men of Mainz — Johannes Gutenberg
and his contemporaries Johann Fust and
Peter Schöfer.
The Enlightenment Period (1715 – 1789 AD)
↳ The Enlightenment Period or the Age of
Reason was characterized by radical
reorientation in science, which emphasized
reason over superstition and science over
blind faith.
↳ This period produced numerous books,
essays, inventions, scientific discoveries,
laws, wars and revolutions.
↳ The Enlightenment’s important 17th-century
precursors included the key natural
philosophers of the Scientific Revolution,
including Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler
and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840)
● Isaac Newton published his “Principia
Mathematica” (1686) and John Locke his
“Essay Concerning Human Understanding”
(1689)—two works that provided the
scientific, mathematical and philosophical
toolkit for the Enlightenment’s major
advances.
● The science of metallurgy permitted the
tailoring of alloy steels to industrial
specifications.
● Science of chemistry permitted the creation of
new substances, like the aniline dyes.
● Electricity and magnetism were harnessed in
the electric dynamo and motor.
● Science turned from the everyday world to
the worlds of atoms and molecules, electric
currents and magnetic fields, microbes and
viruses, and nebulae and galaxies,
instruments increasingly provided the sole
contact with phenomena.
● The technological changes included the
following:
1. the use of new basic materials, chiefly
iron and steel,
2. the use of new energy sources,
including both fuels and motive
power, such as coal, the steam
engine, electricity, petroleum, and
the internal-combustion engine
3. the invention of new machines, such
as the spinning jenny and the power
loom that permitted increased
production with a smaller
expenditure of human energy
4. a new organization of work known
as the factory system, which entailed
increased division of labor and
specialization of function,
5. important developments in
 transportation and communication,
including the steam locomotive,
steamship, automobile, airplane,
telegraph, and radio,
6. the increasing application of science
to industry.
20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age
● 20th century was strongly marked by
Einstein’s formulation of the theory of
relativity (1905) including the unifying
concept of energy related to mass and the
speed of light: E = mc2
Pre-Spanish Era
● Year 1953 was an important landmark for
biology with the description by Crick and
Watson of the structure of DNA, the carrier of
genetic information (Rosch, 2014)
● Physics has enabled us to understand the
basic components of matter and we are well
on the way to an ever more consistent and
unitary understanding of the entire
structure of natural reality, which we
discover as being made up not only of
matter and energy but also of information
and forms.
● Biology too, with the discovery of DNA and
the development of genetics, allows us to
penetrate the fundamental processes of life
and to intervene in the gene pool of certain
organisms by imitating some of these
natural mechanisms.
● Information technology and the digital
processing of information have transformed
our lifestyle and our way of communicating
in the space of very few decades.
● The 20th century has seen medicine find a
cure for many life threatening diseases and
the beginning of organ transplants.
Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution
● Fourth Industrial Revolution is a way of
describing the blurring of boundaries
between the physical, digital, and biological
worlds. It’s a fusion of advances in artificial
intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of
Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic
engineering, quantum computing, and other
technologies.
● Think GPS systems that suggest the fastest
route to a destination, voice-activated virtual
assistants such as Apple’s Siri, personalized
Netflix recommendations, and Facebook’s
ability to recognize your face and tag you in
a friend’s photo.
MODULE 2
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
↪ First inhabitants in the archipelago who
settled in Palawan and Batangas around 40
000 years ago have made simple tools or
weapons of stone which eventually
developed techniques for sawing, drilling
and polishing hard stones.
↪ This very primitive technology was brought
by primal needs of survival by hunting wild
animals and gathering fruits and
vegetables in the forest. They learned that
by polishing hard stones, they can develop
sharp objects that are useful in their day to
day activities.
↪ As the early Filipinos flourished, they have
learned how to extract, smelt and refine
metals like copper, gold, bronze and iron
from nature and consequently fashion
them into tools and implements.
↪ They also learned how to weave cotton,
engaged themselves in agriculture and are
knowledgeable on building boats for
coastal trade.
↪ The ancient crafts of stone carving, pottery
and smelting of metals involves a lot of
science, which is understanding the nature
of matter involved.
↪ The ingenuity of the Ifugaos in building the
Banaue Rice Terraces.
↪ The smelting of metals exhibited the
primitive Filipinos knowledge on the
composition of alloy
and the optimum temperature that will
produce the metal with acceptable tensile
strength.

Spanish Colonial Era.
↪ Three (3) school was established during this
era;
1. The Malolos Constitution -
elementary education provide free
schooling
2. The Universidad Literaria de
Filipinas - provide courses in law,
medicine, surgery, pharmacy and
notarianship established by Emilio
Aguinaldo on 19 October 1898.
3. Military Academy of Malolos -
decreed that all diplomas awarded
by UST after 1898 be considered
null and void.
↪ Dr. Jose P. Rizal
- He is the epitome of the Renaissance
man in the Philippine context.
- He is a scientist, a doctor, an
engineer (he designed and built a
water system in Dapitan), a
journalist, a novelist, an urban
planner and a hero.
- Being a doctor and scientist, he had
extensive knowledge on medicine
and was able to operate his
mother’s blinding eye.
↪ In 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de
Ciudad de Manila was created and whose
functions were to conduct biochemical
analyses for public health and to undertake
specimen examinations for clinical and
medico-legal cases.
↪ First scientific journal in the country was
titled Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas
showed the studies undertaken during that
time.
↪ As the colonization of the Spaniards
lengthened, they began to exploit the
natural resources of the country through
agriculture, mining of metals and minerals
and establishing various kinds of industries
to further promote economic growth.
↪ 19th century, Manila has become a
cosmopolitan center and modern amenities
were introduced to the city.
↪ The Philippines had evolved into a primary
agricultural exporting economy brought
modernization of some sectors, notably
sugar and hemp production.
American Period
↪ Philippines saw a rapid growth during the
American occupation and was made
possible by the government’s extensive
public education system from elementary
to tertiary schools.
↪ The establishment of various public tertiary
schools like the Philippine Normal School
and University of the Philippines provided
the needs for professionally trained
Filipinos in building the government’s
organization and programs.
↪ The University of the Philippines Los Baños
opened the College of Agriculture in 1909
while the University of the Philippines –
Diliman opened the Colleges of Arts,
Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in
1910.
↪ Most of the early instructors and professors
in other colleges such as in the sciences
and engineering were Americans and
foreigners.
↪ The Bureau of Science became the primary
research center of the Philippines until World
War II.
↪ Lastly, on December 8, 1933, the National
Research Council of the Philippines was
established.
Commonwealth Period
↪ When the Americans granted independence
and the Commonwealth government was
established, the Filipinos were busy in
working towards economic reliance but
acknowledge the importance and vital role
of science and technology for the economic
development. The short-lived
Commonwealth Government was
succeeded by the Japanese occupation
when the Pacific war broke out in 1941.
This is also true when World War II ended
and left Manila, the country’s capital, in
ruins. The government had to rebuild again
 and normalize the operations in the whole
country.
Science and Technology since Independence
↪ In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced
by the Institute of Science and was placed
under the Oice of the President of the
Philippines. However, the agency faced lack
of financial support from the government
and experienced planning and coordination
problems.
↪ In a report by the US Economic Survey to the
Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic
information which were necessities to the
country's industries, lack of support of
experimental work and minimal budget for
scientific research and low salaries of
scientists employed by the government.
↪ In 1958, during the regime of President
Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed
the
Science Act of 1958 which established the
National Science Development Board
(NSDB).
MODULE 3
Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
What is an Intellectual Revolution?
An intellectual revolution is a period where
paradigm shifts occurred and where scientific
beliefs that have been widely embraced and
accepted by the people were challenged and
opposed. Historically, this intellectual revolution
can be summed up as the “replacement of
Aristotelian ethics and Christian morality by a new
type of decision making which may be termed
instrumental reasoning or cost-benefit analysis”
(Wootton as cited by McCarthy, 2019).
The Birth of Modern Science
Western science, like so many other
aspects of Western Civilization, was born with the
ancient Greeks. They were the first to explain the
world in terms of natural laws rather than myths
about gods and heroes. They also passed on the
idea of the value of math and experiment in
science, although they usually thought only in
terms of one to the exclusion of the other.
The most influential figure in Western
science until the 1600's, was the philosopher,
Aristotle, who created a body of scientific theory
that towered like a colossus over Western
Civilization for some 2000 years. Given the
limitations under which the Greeks were working
compared to now, Aristotle's theories made sense
when taken in a logical order.
A. Copernican Revolution
↳ Nicolas Copernicus was a Polish scholar
working at the University of Padua in
northern Italy. He wrestled with the paths
of planetary orbits.
↳ Ptolemy, the second century Greek
astronomer, was the main authority who
put order to and passed this cumbersome
system of epicycles to posterity.
↳ Copernicus published his book in 1534,
Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial
Worlds, which served as the foundations
for a revolution in how Europeans would
view the world and its place in the
universe.
Johannes Kepler
↳ Tycho Brahe, using only the naked eye,
tracked the entire orbits of various stars
and planets. He kept extensive records of
his observations, but did not really know
what to do with them. That task was left to
his successor, Johannes Kepler.
↳ Kepler was a brilliant mathematician who
had a mystical vision of the mathematical
perfection of the universe that owed a great
deal to the ancient Greek mathematician
Pythagoras.
Galileo Galilei
↳ He armed with a new invention, the
telescope, which would further shatter the
old theory and lead the way to a new one.
↳ Galileo saw the sun's perfection marred by
sunspots and the moon's perfection marred
by craters with his inventions of telescope.
↳ He also saw four moons orbiting Jupiter.
↳ In his book, The Starry Messenger (1611),
he reported these disturbing findings and
spread the news across Europe.
Isaac Newton
↳ The printing of Newton's book, Principia
Mathematica, in 1687 is often seen as the start
of the
 Enlightenment (1687-1789). almost universally considered 'organic';
↳ It was a significant turning point in history, that is, it was thought to come from some
for, armed with the tools of Newton's laws kind of deterioration or disease of the
and calculus, scientists had an brain.
unprecedented faith in their ability to ↳ Sigmund Freud proposed the concept of
understand, predict, and manipulate the psychoanalysis.
laws of nature for their own purposes.
D. Scientific Revolution in Mesoamerica
B. The Darwinian Revolution ↳ The most advanced Mesoamerican
↳ The publication in 1859 of The Origin of civilization was the Maya civilization that
Species by Charles Darwin ushered in a was well on its way to develop true science.
new era in the intellectual history of They knew how to make paper and had
humanity. pictorial script called Maya hieroglyphs
↳ Darwin is deservedly given credit for the that allowed them to record all knowledge
theory of biological evolution: he on long strips of paper folded
accumulated evidence demonstrating that harmonica-style into books.
organisms evolve and discovered the ↳ Early Meso-American civilizations knew about
and used magnetism. (Malmström, 1976, 1979)
process, natural selection, by which they
evolve.
E. Asian Scientific Revolution
↳ The discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler,
↳ Currently, Japan is probably the most
Galileo, and Newton in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, had gradually notable country in Asia in terms of
ushered in the notion that the workings of scientific and technological achievement,
the universe could be explained by human particularly in terms of its electronics and
reason. automobile products.
↳ It was shown that the earth is not the center ↳ For instance, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea,
and China together produce a staggering
of the universe, but a small planet rotating
90% of the world’s digital gadgets.
around an average star; that the universe is
immense in space and in time; and that the ↳ South Korea’s cultural popularity around
motions of the planets around the sun can the world has caused a number of startup’s
to emerge working within the digital and
be explained by the same simple laws that
technology sectors, including website
account for the motion of physical objects
viki.com.
on our planet.
↳ Taiwan is following a similar path to Japan
↳ The advances of physical science had thus
meanwhile, moving away from hardware
driven humanity's conception of the
production, instead turning to software and
universe to a split-personality state of
content development.
afairs, which persisted well into the
mid-nineteenth century. Scientific
F. Scientific Revolution in Middle East
explanations, derived from natural laws,
↳ In engineering and architecture Egyptians
dominated the world of nonliving matter,
took an early lead, owing largely to the
on the earth as well as in the heavens.
stress they laid on the construction of such
Supernatural explanations, depending on
elaborate monuments as vast pyramids and
the unfathomable deeds of the Creator,
temples of granite and sandstone.
accounted for the origin and configuration
↳ The Babylonians led in the development of
of living creatures—the most diversified,
such practical arts as irrigation.
complex, and interesting realities of the
↳ Of all the accomplishments of the ancient
world.
Middle East, the invention of the alphabet
is probably the greatest.
C. Freudian Revolution
G. Scientific Revolution in Africa
↳ Freud's most obvious impact was to change
↳ The solar calendar that we use today
the way society thought about and dealt
evolved from the Egyptian calendar of
with mental illness.
twelve months, calibrated according to the
↳ Before psychoanalysis, mental illness was
 day on which the star Sirius rose on the
horizon with the Sun.
↳ In the field of Mathematics, Nubian
builders calculated the volumes of masonry
and building materials, as well as the
slopes of pyramids, for construction
purposes.
↳ In the field of medicine included scientifically
proven methods, as well as techniques and
strategies which were culturally specific
and psychologically significant. Among the
common principles and procedures were
hydrotherapy, heat therapy, spinal
manipulation, quarantine, bone-setting and
surgery.

H. Information Revolution
↳ Information revolution is a period of change
that describes current economic, social and
technological trends beyond the Industrial
Revolution. The information revolution was
fueled by advances in semiconductor
technology, particularly the Metal
Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Efect
Transistor (MOSFET) and the Integrated
circuit (IC) chip, leading to the Information
Age in the early 21st century.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
1. Computers are unique machines;
they help to extend the brain power.
2. Computerized robots have been
replacing blue-collar workers.
3. Computers are merely devices that
follow sets of instructions called
computer programs, or software.

DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
1. Computers might soon be replacing
white collar workers.
2. Computers may invade one's
privacy or wage war.
3. Computers might turn one into
button pusher and cause massive
unemployment.