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ES243 - Biology For Engineers
ES243 - Biology For Engineers
BIOLOGY FOR
ENGINEERS
Lecture 1
04/08/23
Equation
#Drake's
LIFE IS RARE!
Universal Features
#
of Biology
(biotic)
I.
only living
beings can rise
give
to
beings
living
living systems evolve Abiogenesis only happened once,
2. *
however it
cannot be
entirely
ruled out.
#
Properties of the
living
living
respiration
adaption
response to stimulus
homeostasis
reproduction
7 ↑
evolution
controlled &
organized
growth &
decay
complex!
# Growth
#
Living Systems
the laws
of physics and
chemistryis
followed by living systems
#Glucose
non-living systems,
in
CH,zOs+O2 < heat +
fire
butin systems,
living
is
this
effortless.
You don't
feel a
fire burning inside
you
do
you? no
Tutorial 1
07/08/23
D. Whatare the
properties of living?
Response
1) to stimulus-toachieve homeostasis achieve a state
(state
of normalcy is specific) of normalcy
age
↓ why?
to then to
exist.
grow, reproduce & cease
C. Do
living of thermodynamics?
beings obey laws
the
1
[Nat] 4
-
Out (ATP-> ADD)
In Nat
when
you touch, pover
[K+]b and
*
open
gushes
in
giving us sensation
the
of touch
CELL MEMBRANE
ea -en
quee nee
Maintenance
*
of form requires a
arrangement of
specific the chemical
that
we
ingest food-reduction entropy-energy
↑
as e
is
spentto
maintain order
analogy
-
its easier to constructa sentence
from words rather than letters
exothermic
we are -
give
-
# What are the
differences between
living &
non-living
systems.
to stimuli
exchange of mass/energy
exchange of energy inwards
is
(endo) for plants
exchange of energy is
outwards (exo) for animals
↳ small molecules to
fewer larger I opposite of synthesis
many
ones
decay; we use
energy to reduce
entropy to maintain order.
Lecture
2
dead?
⑰)
Similarities between
living and
08/08/23
made of the same element
up
-
->
the laws
of chemistry
-
dynamics
#Open Systems
:" -
iningthe
small molecules molecules
large
non-livingsystems I can,
et 3
-
en
Carb
#
chydrates
simple carbs ->
polymers; glycogen
breaks down to
Search
hi
102 ->
H20
glucose se
it
is.
breakdown
X · use
glucose as
X . breakdown
glucose to CO2 & H20 and extractenergy
their chemical bonds.
from
about
Facts
Carbohydrates:
*
Bilayer Lipids
* to store
glucose in water
dehydrophillside bidin
of
cholesterol
# Proteins
-
acids
amino around 20
different
types
-
proteinsare
polymers of amino
these acids
9. How do
differentorganisms process protein?
=>
o eat cat-same
dog
lion cat A-B-c-D
say,
a a a
protein
options
-
doesn't
work- x a) implant
direct
just perfect ~b) -
A-B-C-D-> A -
B, A, c, c-D, etc.
too much-X() A-B-c-D-> C, H,0,N
glucose
-
polymeric Ewrie-Miller
lipids - assembled
amino acids -
proteins experiments
(Mouseshake)
the
enzymes
are
magic ingredient!
&
Lecture 3
STORY
THE OF CELL
THE
11
August
bymagic
as CO2 soluble
glucose
->
NO -> cenergy)
02
-isea
amino acids
variety)
->
hydrophilic/hydrophobic
S
⑧
GG G G lpics
00:
(duality)
G GG G G <
GGG
GG
G G G
Le 0
O
bilayer lipid boundary bo / H20
hydrophillic I
Q O
hydrophilic Of lipids
tunnel to let
&
-
>O-
0
in
glucose
0
0 pocketa
this complex tunnel is
db
E Esilgein
-
made combination
from a
acids &
of amino proteins
lup ophullec diffuse
Glucose
substances
· &
⑧
S can
I
&
I↓ D
↓
through vilipid layer;
↑
the
- e ·
glucose
Glucose
diffused veal
to maintain conce gradient can
G -
↓
Grgy/Atp
6 -
P
S ↳
I
o
.... se
excess
glucose-> lipids ·
a
-> -[G]
I
-
[Glucose] 4
-
camcor - concentration ...
-
-
-
higer
I
↓
I
2
a
varietyof such tunnel proteins are presentto
1
glucose + O
2
-> 32 ATP
I
glucose %2
I 2 ATD
smuggle
S
different
t
molecules:
O ->
Accumulation
of and molecules allows structure
to
glucose other the
grow.
As the
slow-there
size
is
grows,
size
the
limit
diffusion
to which it
of glucose becomes
impractically
grow.
a can
cellular star
identityintact
-
-selectively
instructions (DNA)->
set
&
-
to make, structure
function proteins
outlow
plants-endothermic-take in high entropy, give entropy
animals-exothermic-take in low
entropy, give
out
high entropy
Lecture 04
18/08/23
-a
have different functions
⑳
L -
stemness tissue specific
Human Human
DNA - DNA
how
DNA
sequence doesn't
change. But functions,
it does.
DNA
is a
exact
chemical capable of duplicating itself the
in
same
molarity
cells
DNA the
idently
. . . .
gives an -
protein
enzymes
-
Structural
-
Functional
is
duplicatingcell
DNA in division
in
ATD
=>
With a small
change, ATP becomes part of DNA
④ 0
4
A
-
3 2
remove
or > OH
"yga
-
doxy CdATP
Durinus (R)
Pyramidines (Y)
3P
3 ATT
basic
5 -
7
↳
nitrogenous
GEC
↳'H A t, G,c
A&T:weak
affinity
e 5' phosphote G &
strong affinity
C:
morter
sugar 3'
hydroxyl
PPP
-
A
3
S -
↓ facilitates polymerization
phosphodiestor bond enzyme
PP
P
** *
.
-
S- N
I I I
OH
di YH H ...
↳ T,C
t
DNA,
buffer >(3) A, G, T, a
monomer
-
template * 5
-
AATTGG CCAT 11 Il
GC
III III
-
3
T-T --A-G-G-T 5
GG
PA - -
-o
- /
↑I'll
M
- ut
m I fixit!
...
fill it!
these black
↑
↑
I'll
no &
↑
all
dots
&
I
are monomers
-
↑
&
& -
↑
3
1 damage, 1 I
~ I
...
-
5'
bonds
- 1 hydrogen
b I
3 V
is contained
damage
3
S-12 double stranded structure
hous
duplicate
Ho one is the template, other is the
daughter
DNA! && G:C
A:T base
complementarity
no
energy
-> no
replication of DNA
surroundings
replicateor dot.the
-
to
-
to
Lecture 05
#DNASequence
22/08/23
5
ps-o-ps-"-p-S-...
3
...
~
S - -
I I
A I ↳ C
N N
I I
P S - -
0 P -
P -
P -
S -
0
nucleoside nucleotide
direction 51 3'!
DNA
* is
always from to
E3'
-
3
en
template
3' 5
no extension have
5 >3
5'. -
⑳
· 3 <
-> strands
DNA are
30
-
85 &
anti-parallel
⑧
>
· C ⑧
ninge
primer ↳
r
lagging
&
r vo
·..
strand
ris
L
stand
I
3
Grading
synthesis
.
·
I
1
strand
arch
continuous
1
lagging
strand
~ .
sealing
polymerization
1
m
activity.
2
m ↓
m
11/
mm-
5 3
3
I
5
-↳ W
--- 3
31 7 5
&
-
↳ - - -
59 3
3) S
31
51
3'51
i n SS
I
550C>
+
dNTPs
In
SS
primer
Enz
I
v
I
72°
+
si
primer
x35
PCR
↑
"I
do
enzymes (in humans) not work at
high temperatures
E DNA
Synthesis& Enzymes Lectron 06
ORIP/PHIP
25/08/23
CH20
Exonuclease
DNA
->
OH
DNA
ligase HOH-RNA
Fucks Fixes
#Enzyme Up- Enzyme
51 3
i
A C G G T A
11 III III 11 11
3 T A C G T C A T 5)
polymerise
-
C comes back and
5'- 3
rechecks;then removes
L
can
only extend an
already presentshortpolymor
denature, anneal
I ds extends 2 dS
de
ideally Ix increase
e
4ds
a
>
per cycle
ch e
8dS
a
>
:
Is more like (1.8)"-(1.9)" ds
#Measurementof DNA
CNA
N
100 -
critical PCR
efficiency of
w/o red took 2
one
cycle
eng
to
lag
more
critical rate
·
S
I
=>>
lines
-
less DNA.
clical
-
DNA
50 ,
concentration
even less initial DNA!
20-
S id
I
15 20
I > cycles