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Septic Tank Design & Construction Details
Septic Tank Design & Construction Details
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A septic tank is an underground wastewater treatment system commonly used in rural and suburban areas where a centralized sewage
treatment plant is not available.
These systems are designed to address the need for on-site wastewater treatment, particularly in areas where centralized sewerage
systems may be impractical or unavailable. The thoughtful design of septic tanks involves a comprehensive understanding of hydraulic
principles, biological processes, and environmental considerations to create a reliable and environmentally sustainable solution.
Post Contents
The proper capacity of a septic tank is essential otherwise wastewater backflow toward the house. The septic tank design considers a
future increase in wastewater generation designs proper capacity septic tanks which can last long for years.
Septic tank design example calculation for residential buildings is given below:
Cooking – 10 Liters
Bathing & Toilet – 90 Liters/Person, So for 5 people – 450 liters/Day
Washing clothes & Utensils – 35 Liters
Cleaning House – 15 Liters
Other – 10 Litres
In septic tank design, we consider detention time as 3 days. So the designed tank should have the capacity to retain household wastewater
for at least 3 days.
So, we take more than that about 2000 Liters capacity minimum for a home. For the Septic tank design, the depth of the tank should not
be less than 1.8m.
Take sludge settled down per person – 30 liters/year. So here we take sludge removal 2 years once.
Total Accumulated Sludge = 30 litres x 5 persons x 2 years = 300 Litres
We take the Length and Width ratio of the Septic Tank as 4:1 or 2:1
So that L = 4×0.75 = 3m
L – 3m; B – 0.75m;
= 4.725x 1000
Where,
C – Capacity in liters
P – Number of People
N – Number of years
C = 2000 + (180 × 5)
Septic Tank is installed where there is no proper drainage system. In order to store, the Wastage or sewage for 10-30 Days Septic tank
is constructed and the same is designed. This tank is usually installed below 1.5m-1.8m from ground level.
Firstly, the wastewater from the house is allowed to enter the tank through an inlet pipe, allowing solids to settle and scum to float.
During the period of detention, solids settle down is get digested by an anaerobic process reducing the volume of solids.
The remaining water is then diverted into the second chamber where further settlement takes place with the excess liquid then draining in
a relatively clear condition from the outlet into the drain field or seepage field.
This comparatively clean water is now taken to a distribution chamber where the wastewater is channeled into one or more perforated
pipes set in trenches of gravel.
Under this system water slowly infiltrates (seeps) into the underlying soil.
The bacterial components and waste of this water are trapped or adsorbed by soil particles or decomposed by microorganisms.
The septic tank treatment almost removes disease-causing organisms, organic matter, and most nutrients (except nitrogen and some salts).
The partially cleaned wastewater then either moves to the groundwater or evaporates from the soil.
In the septic tank cleaning process, the periodic time interval of the tank emptied depends on the volume of the tank relative to the
input of solids, the number of indigestible solids, and the ambient temperature.
Generally, septic tank systems require cleaning rarely more than once a year, and by careful management, many users can reduce emptying
to every 3 to 5 years.
While cleaning the septic care should be taken that, only a small residue of sludge should be left in the tank. Anaerobic decomposition is
rapidly restarted when the tank refills.
A well-designed and properly maintained septic tank system is odor-free. The periodic inspection of the tank should last for decades
with no maintenance.
If a septic tank is a well-maintained concrete, fiberglass, or plastic tank should last about 50 years.
Flushing materials such as sanitary towels, cotton buds, etc. which are non-biodegradable hygiene nature will rapidly fill or clog a septic
tank and these materials should not be disposed of in this way. Some people use a waste grinder to dispose of waste food will cause a
rapid overload of the system and early failure.
Septic tank system damage due to some chemical contact such as pesticides, herbicides, materials with high concentrations of bleach, or
any other inorganic materials such as paints, solvents, etc. Such materials inhibit bacterial function.
Roots of a tree growing above the tank and shrubbery or the drain field may clog and or rupture them. Excessive water in the septic tank
due to some plumbing leakage may lead to an overload of the septic tank system.
Summary:
Connects the household wastewater from toilets, sinks, and drains to the septic tank, allowing for the entry of
Inlet Pipe
sewage.
A watertight underground chamber designed to separate solids from liquids, allowing bacterial digestion of
Septic Tank
organic matter.
Internal dividers within the septic tank that help slow the flow of wastewater, promoting the settling of
Baffles
solids and preventing them from entering the outlet.
Connects to the septic tank and allows treated effluent (liquid) to flow out and into the drain field for
Outlet Pipe
further processing.
Treated liquid wastewater that exits the septic tank and enters the drain field for final purification and
Effluent
absorption.
An area of soil where effluent is dispersed and undergoes further treatment through microbial action and
Drain Field
natural filtration.
Consists of trenches or beds filled with gravel and perforated pipes, facilitating the absorption of effluent
Soil Absorption System
into the surrounding soil.
Allows the release of gases and odors from the septic tank, preventing pressure buildup and ensuring proper
Vent Pipe
functioning.
Access Ports Openings or covers that provide access to the septic tank for inspection, maintenance, and pumping activities.
Tank Inlet and Outlet Optional filters installed at the tank’s inlet and outlet to trap floating solids and prevent them from entering
Filters the drain field.
Watch Video: Septic Tank Design Calculations
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