GAUGE INVARIANCE AND QFT-GR BLEND

Durmuş Demir

Recent Developments in Supergravity Theories and Related Topics (December 7, 2019; IMBM, İstanbul)
1
The discovery of the Higgs boson “completed” the Standard Model of elementary particles (SM).

SM its particle spectrum, masses,

couplings have all been fixed
by the collider experiments

𝑆𝑈 3 $ ⊗ 𝑆𝑈 2 ' ⊗ 𝑈 1 )
gauge theory with spontaneous
𝑆𝑈 2 ' ⊗ 𝑈 1 ) → 𝑈 1 +,
symmetry breaking a Poincare-invariant QFT in the
flat spacetime of metric 𝜂./
However, there are phenomena which require the SM to be extended/metamorphosed.

SM

BSMstrong CP problem GR
baryogenesis
neutrino masses
dark matter
Each extension comes with its own scale and mechanism :

Experimental Fact Extension of the SM Mechanism

“neutrinos have mass” Lepton # breaking at a scale 𝑚1 < ∞ leads to neutrino mass: see-saw

𝑚1 ↪ 𝑚/

“neutron EDM is small” Peccei-Quinn breaking at a scale 𝑓 < ∞ leads to axion mass: relaxation

𝑓 ↪ 𝑚6
Each extension comes with its own scale and mechanism :

Experimental Fact Extension of the SM Mechanism

“neutrinos have mass” Lepton # breaking at a scale 𝑚1 < ∞ leads to neutrino mass: see-saw

𝑚1 ↪ 𝑚/

“neutron EDM is small” Peccei-Quinn breaking at a scale 𝑓 < ∞ leads to axion mass: relaxation

𝑓 ↪ 𝑚6

“gravity exists” Poincare breaking at a scale Λ ℘ < ∞ leads to curvature: equivalence

Λ9℘ ↪ ℝ
Ø As a Poincare-invariant QFT, the SM ends at energies ∼ Λ℘ (or distances ∼ 1/Λ℘ ).

Ø All loop momenta are thus cut off at Λ℘ .

Ø This hard UV cutoff gives 𝒪 Λ℘ masses to all bosons, including the gauge bosons:

V. 𝑘 {Π 𝑘 9 𝑘. 𝑘/ − 𝑘 9 𝜂./ + 𝑐? 𝛬9℘ 𝜂./ }𝑉 / (𝑘)

𝑉. (𝑘) 𝑉 / (𝑘)

𝛿𝑆? 𝜂, Λ ℘ = ∫ 𝑑 D 𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐? Λ9℘ + 0 . log Λ ℘ tr V. V.

(D’Attanasio & Morris, hep-ph/9602156, ’96; Peskin & Schroeder, ’95)

The loop factor 𝑐? changes from gauge group to gauge group. Its one-loop values are:

Gauge Boson (𝑽𝝁) Loop Factor (𝒄𝑽) Broken Symmetry

color
𝑔.6]^,…,` 𝑐a =
9^
𝑔e
9
^bcd

𝑊.g]^,…,h 𝑐i =
9^
𝑔99 isospin
^bc d

𝐵. 𝑐k =
hl
𝑔)9 hypercharge
h9c d
Ø Color breaking demolishes confinement and destructs therefore all the hadronic structures.

Ø Isospin is broken explicitly and spontaneously (by 𝐻 ≠ 0).

Ø Electromagnetism is broken explicitly by 𝑐i ≠ 2 𝑐k :

𝑔99 − 𝑔)9 𝐻 9 .
tan 2𝜃oi = 9 9 9 9 tan 2𝜃i ⟹ 𝜕. 𝐽+, ≠ 0
𝑔9 − 𝑔) 𝐻 + 2 𝑐i − 2 𝑐k Λ ℘

𝜈 𝑒' 𝑒x

𝜈 𝑒' 𝑒x

(L. Okun & M. Voloshin, ‘77; A. Ignatiev & G. Joshi, ‘96)

Ø How to prevent charge and color breaking (CCB)?
no known answer with a physical Λ℘ !
Ø How to ensure spontaneity of the electroweak breaking?

In the hope of finding an answer, it proves efficacious to start with this trivial identity:

𝛿𝑆? ≡ −𝐼? + 𝛿𝑆? + 𝐼?

𝑐?
𝐼? 𝜂 = ∫ 𝑑D𝑥 −𝜂 tr V./ V./
2

(DD, arXiv:1901.07244, ’19; arXiv:1605.00377, ‘16)

Ø Keep “ −𝐼? “ untouched

Ø Integrate “ + 𝐼? “ by parts, and

Ø combine it with 𝛿𝑆? 𝜂, Λ℘ to get

9 + Λ9 𝜂
𝛿𝑆? 𝜂, Λ ℘ ≡ −𝐼? 𝜂 + ∫ 𝑑 D 𝑥 −𝜂 𝑐? tr[𝑉. −𝐷./ / ./
℘ ./ 𝑉 + 𝜕. (𝑉/ 𝑉 )]

9 = 𝐷9 𝜂
𝐷./ ./ − 𝐷. 𝐷/ − 𝑉./

𝐷. = 𝜕. + 𝑖𝑔 𝑉.
Footstep of gravity is a (putative) curved metric 𝑔./ . In fact, general covariance

𝜂./ ↪ 𝑔./

takes 𝛿𝑆? 𝜂, Λ℘ into curved geometry of 𝑔./ :

𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, Λ ℘ ≡ −𝐼? 𝑔 + ∫ 𝑑 D 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐? tr[𝑉. −𝒟./

9 + Λ9 𝑔 / ./
℘ ./ 𝑉 + 𝛻. (𝑉/ 𝑉 )]

9
𝒟./ = 𝒟 9 𝑔./ − 𝒟. 𝒟/ − 𝑉./

𝒟. = 𝛻. + 𝑖𝑔 𝑉.
aΓ ƒ ^
./ = 9
𝑔 ƒ„ (𝜕. 𝑔/„ + 𝜕/ 𝑔„. - 𝜕„ 𝑔/. )
 to r:
Footstep of gravity is a (putative) curved metric 𝑔./ . In fact, general covariance
s ec
t u re
𝜂./ ↪ 𝑔./
r va
a c u
d »
./n:
takes 𝛿𝑆? 𝜂, Λ℘ into curved geometry of 𝑔a
y h
«b +
D add . 9 9
aΓ
/ 9+ 𝛻 (𝑉 𝑉./ )]
𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, Λ ℘ ≡ −𝐼? 𝑔𝑔 .
a l +/∫ 𝑑 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐? tr[𝑉 −𝒟.// +
+ . 𝑅 Λ. /
℘ 𝑔 ./ 𝑉 +. /

m ic , Λ ℘ … 9 𝑔 aΓ }
yn a 𝑔 { 𝑀 h ⋯
r d 𝛿 𝑆 ? − 𝑔 . / 𝑅 ./ +
fo → D𝑥 𝑔 aΓ
, Λ ℘ ∫ 𝑑 𝑐ˆ9
𝑔 9 9
𝒟./ = 𝒟 𝑔./ − 𝒟. 𝒟/ − 𝑉./ . / 𝑅 . /
𝛿𝑆 ? ‰ˆŠ 𝑔
… d
,

𝒟. = 𝛻. + 𝑖𝑔 𝑉.
aΓ ƒ ^
./ = 9
𝑔 ƒ„ (𝜕. 𝑔/„ + 𝜕/ 𝑔„. - 𝜕„ 𝑔/. )
Footstep of gravity is a (putative) curved metric 𝑔./ . In fact, general covariance

𝜂./ ↪ 𝑔./

takes 𝛿𝑆? 𝜂, Λ℘ into curved geometry of 𝑔./ : n ts

sta
co n r y)
b le / met ./
𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, Λ ℘ ≡ −𝐼? 𝑔 + ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐? tr[𝑉 −𝒟./ + Λu℘la𝑔./ 𝑉 e
D . 9 9 +o𝛻. (𝑉/ 𝑉 )]
calc l at g
ll in in f
re a u p
a s ed
, ⋯ n u
, 𝑐ˆh 9 bee
9 , 𝑐ˆ
𝒟9./ = 𝒟v𝑔 e./ − 𝒟. 𝒟/ − 𝑉./
9
…
𝑀 h a
u t o p s
… b r lo
tte
( ma
𝒟. = 𝛻. + 𝑖𝑔 𝑉.
aΓ ƒ ^
./ = 9
𝑔 ƒ„ (𝜕. 𝑔/„ + 𝜕/ 𝑔„. - 𝜕„ 𝑔/. )
Ø By its nature, Λ9℘ is to curvature whatever 𝜂./ is to 𝑔./ .

Ø Extend thus “general covariance” by an «affine curvature map»

𝛬9℘ 𝑔./ ↪ ℝ./ (𝛤)

which takes 𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, Λ℘ into “metric-affine” geometry:

𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, ℝ ≡ −𝐼? 𝑔 + ∫ 𝑑 D 𝑥 −𝑔 c• tr 𝑉. −𝒟./

9 +ℝ
./ Γ 𝑉 / + 𝛻. 𝑉/ 𝑉./

= ∫ 𝑑 D 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐? tr 𝑉. ℝ./ Γ − 𝑅./ ( aΓ) 𝑉 /

ƒ ≠ aΓ ƒ
Γ./ ./
(DD, arXiv:1901.07244, ’19; arXiv:1605.00377, ‘16)
Ø By its nature, Λ9℘ is to curvature whatever 𝜂./ is to 𝑔./ .
Γ
Ø Extend thus “general covariance” by an «affine curvature map» ℝ ./
9 ↪
Λ ℘
𝛬9℘𝑔./ ↪ ℝ./ (𝛤)
h ile
d w
which takes 𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, Λ℘ into “metric-affine” geometry: an ge
n c h
u
d 9 + ℝ Γ 𝑉/ + 𝛻
𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, ℝ ≡ −𝐼? 𝑔 + ∫ 𝑑 D 𝑥 −𝑔 c• trhe𝑉l. −𝒟./ ./ . 𝑉/ 𝑉./
b e
u st
= ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐? trm𝑉 ℝ./ Γ − 𝑅./ ( aΓ) 𝑉 /
D .

Λ ℘
l og
c e
h en
n d
a
𝑐? ƒ a ƒ
Γ./ ≠ Γ./
(DD, arXiv:1901.07244, ’19; arXiv:1605.00377, ‘16)
Ø By its nature, Λ9℘ is to curvature whatever 𝜂./ is to 𝑔./ .

Ø Extend thus covariance may by an «affine curvature map»

a Γ)
,
/
( ƒ .
𝛬9℘ 𝑔./ ↪ ℝ./ (𝛤) 𝑅 . f Γ./
→ so
Γ ic
which takes 𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, Λ℘ into “metric-affine” geometry:
ℝ ./ n am
if d y
s ed h e. 9
D s t
𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, ℝ ≡ −𝐼? 𝑔 + ∫ 𝑑re𝑥 −𝑔 cy• tr 𝑉 −𝒟./ + ℝ./ Γ 𝑉 / + 𝛻. 𝑉/ 𝑉./
p p ed b
s u id.
eD ts ec aΓ) 𝑉 /
= ∫𝑑g 𝑥 −𝑔
is d𝑐? tr 𝑉 ℝ ./ Γ − 𝑅 ./ (
B
CC this
d
an

ƒ ≠ aΓ ƒ
Γ./ ./
(DD, arXiv:1901.07244, ’19; arXiv:1605.00377, ‘16)
 ƒ dynamics is set by curvature sector, and
Ø Γ./

Ø curvature sector stems from corrections to the vacuum and Higgs sectors:

+ + + ⋯

𝛿𝑆•• 𝜂, Λ ℘ = −∫ 𝑑 D 𝑥 −𝜂 {𝑐D str 1 ΛD℘ + 𝑐’ str 𝑚9 Λ9℘ + 𝑐“ Λ9℘ ℎ9 }

1 9 9 )
𝑐’ = 2 𝑐D =
^ 𝑐“ = (2 𝑚“ + str 𝑚
h9cd 32𝜋 9 Λ9i
(cosmological constant problem) (gauge hierarchy problem)
Under extended covariance, the vacuum and Higgs sectors lead to the curvature sector:

𝑐D 𝑐’ 𝑐“
𝛿𝑆•• 𝑔, ℝ = −∫ 𝑑 D 𝑥 9
−𝑔 { str 1 (ℝ 𝑔, Γ ) + 9
str 𝑚 ℝ 𝑔, Γ + ℝ 𝑔, Γ ℎ9 }
16 4 4

Higgs-curvature
scalar affine curvature ‰
ℝ 𝑔, Γ = 𝑔./ ℝ./ Γ coupling 𝜁 = ™
9

Ø SM masses: 𝑚 = 𝑚“ , 𝑚? , 𝑚š , ⋯

9
Ø str[…] must lead to 𝑀›œ !
Under extended covariance, the vacuum and Higgs sectors lead to the curvature sector:

𝑐D 𝑐’ 𝑐“
𝛿𝑆•• 𝑔, ℝ = −∫ 𝑑 D 𝑥 9
−𝑔 { str 1 (ℝ 𝑔, Γ ) + 9
str 𝑚 ℝ 𝑔, Γ + ℝ 𝑔, Γ ℎ9 }
16 4 4
n g 9 )
ro Λi
t w 9 ∼
ou y!
e s r 𝑚 s ar
om , s t ces
9 œ c 0 n e Higgs-curvature
𝑀
scalar ›
affine <
curvature is
9
ℝ 𝑔, Γ = 𝑔 𝑚ℝ./ Γ cto
./ r ‰
coupling 𝜁 = ™
str se
9
( M
B S
⟹
Ø SM masses: 𝑚 = 𝑚“ , 𝑚? , 𝑚š , ⋯

9
Ø str[…] must lead to 𝑀›œ !
Ø BSM sector must contain new fields (of masses 𝑚Ÿ = {𝑚“ž , 𝑚? ž , 𝑚šž , ⋯ }) so that

9 ^ one-loop 1
𝑀›œ = 𝑐’ str 𝑚9 + 𝑐’ž str 𝑚Ÿ9 str ℳ 9
9 64𝜋 9

ℳ = {𝑚“ , 𝑚? , 𝑚š , 𝑚“ž , 𝑚?ž , 𝑚šž , ⋯ }

Ø BSM sector must be bosonic or must contain heavy bosons.

Ø BSM fields do not have to interact with the SM fields (a vital feature of BSM!).
SM+BSM leads to the complete curvature sector :

𝑐D 9
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑D𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q./ ℝ./ Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐? 𝑅./ aΓ tr 𝒱. 𝒱 / }
16

9
𝑀›œ 𝑐D
𝑄./ = + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ 𝑔./ + 𝒦 ./
2 8

‰ℋ
𝒦 ./ = ℋ 9 𝑔./ − 𝑐𝒱 tr 𝒱. 𝒱 /
D
 ƒ obeys the equation of motion
Γ./

§𝛻 𝑄./ = 0
¨

with the solution

ƒ = aΓ ƒ + ^
Γ./ ./ 𝑄¦^ ƒ„ 𝛻. 𝑄/„ + 𝛻/ 𝑄„. − 𝛻„ 𝑄./
9

ƒ
a non-linear PDE for Γ./ because
𝑄./ involves the affine curvature
ℝ 𝑔, Γ ∼ 𝜕Γ + ΓΓ
 ƒ obeys the equation of motion
Γ./

§𝛻 𝑄./ = 0
¨

n o
with the solution
in s
n ta om»
^ co ed
ƒ a ƒ
Γ./ = Γ./ + 𝑄 ¦^ ƒ„ 𝛻. 𝑄/„ + /𝛻/ 𝑄„. r−e 𝛻„ 𝑄./
ƒ
9
if Γ. of f
e d es
nt e gre
a ra l de
gu ica
is etr ƒ !
GR om a Γ./
g e
« ond
e y ƒ
a non-linear PDE for Γ./ because
b 𝑄 involves the affine curvature
./
ℝ 𝑔, Γ ∼ 𝜕Γ + ΓΓ
 ƒ obeys the equation of motion
Γ./

§𝛻 𝑄./ = 0
¨
s if
n
p pe
with the solution
h a
h is
dt 0
ƒ = aΓ ƒ +
Γ./ ./
^
an ƒ„ 𝛻. 𝑄/„ + 𝛻=/ 𝑄„. − 𝛻„𝑄./
𝑄¦^
…
9
r 1 if
st ntly
ale
uiv ª
r eq (®) « ¬ ©
o n ©ª
=
- ) ¬©ª
( «
a non-linear ƒ
PDE for Γ./ because
𝑄./ninvolves
© ª
the affine curvature
ℝ 𝑔, Γ ∼ 𝜕Γ + ΓΓ
 ƒ and aΓ ƒ to an algebraic one:
str 1 = 0 reduces the relationship between Γ./ ./

ƒ„
d ¦^
ƒ aΓ ƒ ^ ,¯°
Γ./ = ./ + 𝑔 +𝒦 𝛻. 𝒦/„ + 𝛻/ 𝒦„. − 𝛻„ 𝒦./
9 9

aΓ ƒ ^ ±𝒦 d
= ./ + d
,¯°
𝛻. 𝒦/„ + 𝛻/ 𝒦„. − 𝛻„ 𝒦./ + 𝒪( ,² )
¯°

only the scalars ℋ and gauge bosons 𝒱. in SM+BSM!

The solution of the affine connection gives the affine curvature

𝛻 9𝒦
ℝ./ Γ = 𝑅./ ( aΓ) +𝒪( 9 )
𝑀›œ

with which the notorious CCB action reduces to

±d 𝒦
𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, ℝ ≡ ∫ 𝑑D𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐? tr 𝑉. ℝ./ Γ − 𝑅./ aΓ 𝑉/ =0+ ∫ 𝑑D𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐? 𝒪( d )
,¯°

no contribution to scalar
and gauge boson masses!
The solution of the affine connection gives the affine curvature

s ed
𝛻 9𝒦
res
ℝ./ Γ = 𝑅./ ( aΓ) +𝒪( 9 ) p p
𝑀›œ s u
) is
CB
( C
ngto
with which the notorious CCB action reduces
ki
a
bre
−𝑔 𝑐l?otrr 𝑉.
±d 𝒦
𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, ℝ ≡ ∫ 𝑑D𝑥 ℝ./ Γ − 𝑅./ aΓ 𝑉/ =0+ ∫ 𝑑D𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐? 𝒪( d )
co ,¯°
n d
e a
rg
ch a
no contribution to scalar
and gauge boson masses!
The solution of the affine connection leads to the affine curvature

vity
gra
𝛻 9𝒦
nt
ℝ./ Γ = 𝑅./ ( aΓ) +𝒪( 9 )
𝑀›œ rge
m e
inge
so that the notorious CCB gauge-bosonto r
mass action reduces to
re s ly
r y- i ef ty »
et b r i
avaΓ 𝑉 /
𝑐? tr 𝑉 orℝ./ Γ − g𝑅r./
±d 𝒦
𝛿𝑆? 𝑔, ℝ ≡ ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 −𝑔 D
m . =0+ ∫ 𝑑D𝑥 −𝑔 𝑐? 𝒪( d )
sym e nt ,¯°
g e e rg
gau ym m
« s
no contribution to scalar
and gauge boson masses!
Under the solution of the affine curvature

𝛻 9𝒦
ℝ./ Γ = 𝑅./ ( aΓ) +𝒪( 9 )
𝑀›œ

entire curvature sector reduces to:

𝑐D 9
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑D𝑥 −𝑔 {−Q./ ℝ./ Γ + str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ − 𝑐? 𝑅./ aΓ tr 𝒱. 𝒱 / }
16
d
,¯° ‰ℋ 𝒦±d 𝒦
= ∫ 𝑑D𝑥 −𝑔 {− 𝑅(𝑔) − 𝑅 𝑔 ℋ9 +𝒪 d }
9 D ,¯°
Under the solution of the affine curvature
d ?
lve
so g!
𝛻 9𝒦
em n
l pli
d
ℝ./ Γ = 𝑅./ ( Γ) +𝒪( b
a
9 )
o
pr ›œ
𝑀
cou ’™
d
c hy re ∼µ℘
ra r at u ž
ur v
e 𝜆 ´ e
h i c if ´
re s s )
ge
entire curvature sector reduces to a simple
s - form:
e d is f n e
au ig g s s ite
is g H pre 𝜆
ž
´ ´ po
s
n to u p r e m
s i s s h e co
u rn žd
) i w o r
9D 𝑥 t −𝑔 {−Q./ ℝ Γ + D str 1d ℝ 𝑔, Γnc9e− 𝑐 𝑅ns aΓ tr 𝒱. 𝒱 / }
𝑐 ’
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 Λ ℘ g ( µ ℘ ge s?io ./
9 ∼
./
Ÿ9 l o
16
e r e n
𝑚 “ 𝑚 m m dim
𝛿 ,´ d ž
sy‰ℋ tra 9 𝒦±d 𝒦
= ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 −𝑔 {−𝜆 ´9 𝑅(𝑔)
D ¯°
y in− e𝑅x 𝑔 ℋ + 𝒪 }
9 ∼ l
n USY D , , d

s o ¯°
𝛿𝑚 “
o r k in S
is w ible
th o s s
p
(im
Under the solution of the affine curvature

𝛻 9𝒦
ℝ./ Γ = 𝑅./ ( aΓ) +𝒪( 9 )
𝑀›œ
ty!
vi
g ra
ein
entire curvature sector reduces to a simple form:
st
Ein
c t
e xa
y is
it
𝛿𝑆 𝑔, ℝ = ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 −𝑔av{−Q ℝ./ Γ +
D ./
𝑐D
str 1 ℝ 𝑔, Γ
9
− 𝑐? 𝑅./ aΓ tr 𝒱. 𝒱 / }
g r 16
nt
e
rg D d
m e ,¯°
= ∫ 𝑑 𝑥 −𝑔 {− 9 𝑅(𝑔) − D 𝑅 𝑔 ℋ + 𝒪 ,d }
‰ℋ 9 𝒦±d 𝒦

s ym ¯°
Ø Fundamentally, log Λ℘ is soft; it does not give cause to any gauge symmetry breaking.

Ø It has thus been left untouched by symmergence.

Ø Presence of log Λ℘ completes the picture! Indeed, they imply nothing but the Dimensional Regularization:

1
log Λ9℘ = − 𝛾+ + log( 4𝜋𝜇9 ) + 1
𝜖

Ø Independence of n-point function from 𝜇 leads to the usual RGEs!

(K. Hagiwara et al., Phys. Rev. D 48 (1993) 2182)

 9 1
𝑀›œ = 9 str ℳ 9 str 1 = 0
64𝜋

global SUSY broken at 8𝜋𝑀›œ ?

highly fine-tuned (split SUSY)

 9 1
𝑀›œ = 9 str ℳ 9 str 1 = 0
64𝜋

SM and BSM do not have to interact!

a rich pheno and astro! (dark matter, dark photon, dark energy in non-SUSY QFT)
 Symmergence is a “new way” of putting QFT in curved spacetime or incorporating gravity into QFT.

Ø It works on any renormalizable QFT in flat spacetime:

symmergence
QFT 𝜂./ , Λ9℘ , log Λ ℘ 𝒬ℱ𝒯(𝑔./ , ℝ , log 𝜇)

Ø It stabilizes scalars and vectors against quantum fluctuations, and leads to Einstein gravity.

Ø The problem of CCP remains (𝛿𝑉 ∼ ΛD℘ is gone but 𝛿𝑉 ∼ 𝑚ŸD log(𝑚Ÿ9 /Λ9℘ ) remains).

Ø The question of whether there is a SUSY structure or whether SM and BSM are two decoupled
sectors is one for phenomenology and experiment, and there are a lot to be done in that direction.
In the memory of Rahmi hocam – a great physicist and a candid friend.
The affine curvature obeys a non-linear PDE (ℋ and 𝒱. are dropped, for simplicity):

9¾¿À ^ ℝ h 9¾¿À ^ ℝ . 9¾¿À ^ ℝ

ℝ = 𝑅 − 3𝛻 9 log(1 + ) − 𝛻 log(1 + )𝛻 log(1 + )
d
,¯° 9 . d
,¯° d
,¯°

9
ℝ 𝑔, Γ ≃ 𝑅( aΓ) for ℝ 𝑔, Γ ≪ 𝑀›œ
9
for ℝ 𝑔, Γ ∼ 𝑀›œ non-linearities
dominate, gravity deviates from GR!