INTRODUCTION TO

HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL

AND BRECCIA

Presentation
Oan Marcello Lukas Watania

MASYARAKAT GEOLOGI EKONOMI INDONESIA-STUDENT CHAPTER

INSTITUT SAINS & TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND YOGYAKARTA
OUTLINE

• TECTONIC, MAGMATIC, VULCANO

• INTRODUCTION TO HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL

• OBSERVATION PARAMETER- HSE

• INTRODUCTION BRECCIA

• BRECCIA DESCRIPTION & GENETIK

FOCUS
ON THE
TOPIC
Personal doc, 2023
SESI1
HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL

KAWAH IJEN, BANYUWANGI

TECTONIC, MAGMATIC, VULCANO

QUESTION Distribution of the major porphyry and epithermal deposits-prospects and tectonic elements of Indonesia.

Why Tectonic setting ?

Why Magmatic arc ?
Why Vulcano system ?

THE
PRESENT
IS THE
KEY
TO THE
PAST

Adi Maryono, et al, 2012

TECTONIC, MAGMATIC, VULCANO
Mass balanace and timescale contrains SUBDUCTION TECTONIC SETTING

Adi Sulaksono Presentation, Annual MGEI AKPRIND, 2023

Important processes in arc environment

Richards, 2011

Adi Sulaksono Presentation, Annual MGEI AKPRIND, 2023

INTRODUCTION TO HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL

KEYWORDS

• Calc-alkaline volcanics
• Mostly subaerial environments, rarely submarine
• Proximal volcanic settings (but not stratovolcanoes)
• In volcanic rock, less commonly in basement

Presentation Cooke et al, 2016

Sillitoe and Hedenquist, 2003
HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL GENETIC MODEL

KEYWORDS
• Above magmatic center
• Very oxidized and moderate brine (4-20
wt% NaCl equiv)
• Very acid due to magmatic vapor
absorption
• Acid → Vuggy leach rock

Stage 1 Volatile-Rich Event

• Vappor event
• Low density
• Verry minor ore
• Alteration phase
Corbett & Leach, 1996 • Vuggy (Leaching)

Stage I1 Liquid-Rich Event

• Liquid event
• Medium-high density
• Common ore
• Mineralization phase

Modifed from Aribas, 1995

HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL GENETIC MODEL

KEYWORDS
Ussualy associated with acid-pH,
magmatic water (white, 1995).
• Crustal level < 1km
• Temp 100-300◦ C
• Acidic and oxidized process
• Proximal volcanic setting
HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL MANIFESTATION

KEYWORDS
• High terrain
• High sulphur conten
• Very acid clay

KAWAH IJEN, BANYUWANGI

OBESRVATION PARAMETER TO HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL

TO IDENTIFY YOUR DEPOSIT TYPE, USE THESE “OBSERVATION PARAMETER”

1. DEPOSIT FORM
THE
2. ALTERATION MINERALOGY AND ZONING
3. GANGUAGE MINERALOGY AND TEXTURES
PRESENT
4. ORE MINERALOGY AND TEXTURES IS THE
5. ORE CHEMISTRY AND GEOCHEMICAL ZONING KEY
6. LIHOLOGY-STRUCTURAL FEATURES TO THE
Best practice from Noel C White, 2019
PAST

Covelite Minerals
HSE-FORM OF DEPOSIT

There are common large-scale forms for high sulfidation deposits :

1. Upwarding-flaring carrot-shaped bodies (Nanatsu type) SERUYUNG PROJECT
2. Irregular bodies within sheet-like alteration zones (Lithocaps)
3. Sulfide-rich sheets replacing reactive rock-types (Cordilleran type)

Then there are several less-common forms:

4. Veins and breccia bodies
In the presentation of White, 2019

NANATSU GOLD PROJECT LEPANTO GOLD PROJECT

Ursahima et al, 1981, Hedenquist et al, 1996, PT Sago Prima Pratama presentation,2018.
In the presentation of White, 2019 In the presentation of White, 2019 In MGEI SPECIAL BOOK 2022
HSE-ALTERATION MINERALOGY AND ZONING

HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION
Accociated with ores : Acid (pH <1 to > 3
Mineral Assamblage : Alunite, Kaolinite, Phyropillite, Diaspore
Zonning : Zoned acid → neutral pH

o Five factor control alteration / vein assemblage

➢ Temperature
➢ Pressure
➢ Primary rock composition
➢ Fluid composition entering system
➢ Ratio of fluid to rock
White and Hedenquist, 19995

Magmatic-hydrothermal breccia

Variation in mineral stability with temperature at quartz solubility Presentation Cooke et al, 2016
Modified from Hedenquist et al. (2000).
HSE-GANGUE MINERALOGY AND TEXTURE

MINERALOGY OF GANGUE CHARACTERISTIC TEXTURE

Frequency of occurrence (abudance) “Vuggy quartz”
Quartz Ubiquitous (abundant) Massive quartz
Chalcedony Uncommon (minor) Massive sulfide veins
Calcite Absent (expect overpint) Crudely banded veins
Adularia Absent White and Hedenquist, 19995
Illite Uncommon (minor)
Kaolinite Common (minor)
Dickite Common (variable)
Phyropillite-diaspore Common (variable)
Alunite Common (minor)
Barite Common (minor)

Vuggy quartz

Vuggy quartz, summitivile, USE Quartz-acid clay, vuggy txt, Kasihan Quartz-acid clay, Kasihan
HSE-ORE MINERALOGY IN SULPHIDE FORM
SULPHIDE MINERALS-HSE ORE
Ore minerals in Au-rich ores
Frequency of occurrence (abudance)

Pyrite Ubiquitous (abundant) Orpiment Rare (very minor)

Sphalerite Common (very minor) Realgar Rare (very minor)
Galena Common (very minor) Arsenopyrite Rare (very minor)
Chalcopyrite Common (minor) Cinnabar Rare (very minor)
Enargite-Luzonite Ubiquitous (variable) Electrum Common (minor)
Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Common (variable) Native gold Common (minor)
Covelite Common (minor) Tellurides-selenides uncommon (variabel)
Stibnite Rare (very minor) White and Hedenquist, 19995
Covelite Minerals

Enargite Minerals chalcopyrite Minerals Luzonite Minerals

HSE-ORE MINERALOGY IN OXIDATION ZONE
Chalcopyrite Jarosite Goethite Hematite
OXIDE MINERALS oxide

Supegene Fe-Oxides (Limonite group) useful

vectors
➢ Supergene Hematite → complex sulfide
minerals that occur along feader zones
accociated with vuggy and pervasive quartz
➢ Halos of Goethite → disseminated pyrite halos
and chalcopyrite around porphyry (and HSE)
deposits
➢ Jarosite → can be indicative of the core of a
HSE system if it formed after alunitr of pyrite-
rich zones.

Personal doc, 2023

Modifed, Cooke et al, 2013

HSE-MINERALIZATION STYLE/FORM

MINERALIZATION STYLE
Look at
• Veins subordinate, locally dominant the
• Stockwork ore minor Sample
• Disseminated ore dominant and
Description
• Replacement ore common
White and Hedenquist, 19995 Disseminated hematite, infil in vuggy

COVELITE

Vuggy silica Enargite-Luzonite-tennantite vein Replacement malachite-azurite on matrix

HSE-ORE CHEMISTRY AND GEOCHEMICAL ZONNING
GEOCHEMICAL ASSOCIATIONS
HIGH SULFIDATION

High Au, Ag,

As, Sb, Bi,
Cu, Pb, Hg,
Te, Sn, Mo,
Te/Se
Low Zn, Ag/Au

LOW SULFIDATION

High Au, Ag,

As, Sb, Mo,
Zn, Pb, Hg,
Se, K, Ag/Au,

Low Cu, Te/Se (unless alkaline) Gold, Silver, Copper

White and Hedenquist, 19995
HSE-LITHOLOGY-STRUCTURAL FEATURES

KEYWORDS
HSE releated to
• Volcanic rock
• (Could be) intrusive rock
• Breccia

Trap site
• Permmeabel horizon of
volcanic rock
• Breccia
• Structure

Corbett & Leach, 1998

CONCEPTUAL MODEL

Sillitoe, 2010
ALTERATION MAP AND PETROGRAPHY

Arifudin et al, in presentation annual MGEI AKPRIND, 2023

SESI2
INTRODUCTION BRECCIA

KAWAH IJEN, BANYUWANGI

INTRODUCTION BRECCIA

WHAT IS A HYDROTHERMAL BRECCIA?

• We are going to use the term in this way:

Clastic aggregate genererated by interaction of

hydrothermal fluid with country rock and / or magma

• Hydrothermal breccia is a genetic term

• It is commonly misused as a descriptive term
• There are many problems, complications and
overlap with other genetic processes
Presentation Cooke et al, 2016
BRECCIA DESCRIPTION

IDEAL COMBINATION :
5 4+ 3+ 2+ 1+
Alteration Internal Components Grainzise Geometry
Organisation A+B+C+D

2) Grainsize
MINIMUM COMBINATION : 4 + 3 + 2
• Breccia (>2mm), Sandstone (1/16 – 2
mm) or mudstone (<1/16 mm).
1) Geometri
Pipe, cone, dyke, vein, bed, irregular, tabular… The term ‘breccia’ is devired from
sedimentology, where it referes to
Contact Relationship:
clastic rocks composed of large
Sharp, gradational, faulted, irregular, planar, angular clasts (granurals, cobbles, and
boulders), with or without a sandy or
concordant, discordant
muddy matrix.

Monomitic sericite—altered diorite clast breccia

with roscoelite-quartz cement, porgera, PNG

Presentation Cooke et al, 2016

BRECCIA DESCRIPTION

IDEAL COMBINATION :
5 4+ 3+ 2+ 1+
Alteration Internal Components Grainzise Geometry
Organisation A+B+C+D

3) Components 3) Components

A. Clast B. Matrix
Monomitic or polymict Mud to sand to breccia-sized particles
crystal fragments, lithic fragments, vein
Composition : lithic, vein, fragments.
breccia, juvenile magmatic,
accretionary lapilli, mineralized, Texture :
altered. • Bedded
• Laminated
Morphology : angular, sub- • Banded
angular, sub-round, round, • Foliated
faceted, tabular, equant. • Massive
Monomitic lapily tuff – rich clast, vuggy, Diatrem breccia, Juvenile clast, matrix
matrix hematite-gothetit oxide cemented, silica-alunite-malachite cemented.
PACITAN
Presentation Cooke et al, 2016
BRECCIA DESCRIPTION

IDEAL COMBINATION :
5 4+ 3+ 2+ 1+
Alteration Internal Components Grainzise Geometry
Organisation A+B+C+D
3) Components 4) Internal Organisation
C. Cemen • Clast, matrix or cemented supported
• Clast, matrix or cemented abbundance
• Ore and gangue mineralogy
• Massive, bedded, lamination or graded
• Grainsize
Clast distribution :
• Alteration
• Insitu (Jigsaw-fit)
• Rotated
Texture :
• Chaotic
• Cockade, massive, drusy, etc
5) Alteration
D. Open Space (Vugs)
• Clast, matrix or cemen
• Alteration paragenesis (syn, pre, post
brecciation)
Monomitic altered quartz-alunite- vuggy rich-clast,
Monomitic altered quartz-alunite- vuggy rich-clast, matrix quartz-
matrix malachite-azurite cemented. BSI (Collecting by:
pyrite cemented. Kasihan (Collecting by: MGEI AKPRIND)
MGEI AKPRIND)
Presentation Cooke et al, 2016
 BRECCIA CLASIFICATION
Clasification scheme – Jebrak, 1997
• Focus on vein-type deposit
• Proces- oriented
• Attemps to link particle
shape to brecciation process
• Quantitative
• Genetic, but tied to visible
criteria
Jebrak, 1997
Internal Organisation – Tamas & Milesi, 2003
Clasification scheme – Mort & Wootcock
• Focused on quantify fault
breccia geometries
• Defines breccia types on
abundance of clasts :
➢ Crackle ( >75 % Clasts)
➢ Mosaic ( 60 % - 75 % Clasts)
➢ Chatoic ( <60 % Clasts)
• Quantitative
➢ Crackle ( <10 % Clasts rotation)
➢ Mosaic ( 10 % - 20 % Clasts rotation)
Mort & Wootcock, 2008
➢ Chatoic ( >20 % Clasts)

• Crackle (Jigsaw-fit), monomitic clast

• Mosaic, monomitic-polumict clast
• Chaotic, polymict clast

Texture of hydrothermal breccia (Tamas & Milesi, 2003) Presentation Cooke et al, 2016
BRECCIA GENETIK

Presentation Cooke et al, 2016

THANK
YOU
“THANKS GOD
I’M GEOLOGIST.
I’M VERRY PROUD”