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Dual band transparent antenna for wireless MIMO system applications

Article in Microwave and Optical Technology Letters · February 2019

DOI: 10.1002/mop.31825

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Received: 18 December 2018
DOI: 10.1002/mop.31825
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Dual band transparent antenna
for wireless MIMO system
applications
Arpan Desai1 | Trushit Upadhyaya1
Merih Palandoken2 | Cem Gocen2
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CHARUSAT,
Changa, Gujarat, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi
University, Izmir, Turkey
Correspondence
Arpan Desai, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
CHARUSAT
Changa, Gujarat, India.
Email: arpandesai.ec@charusat.ac.in
Abstract
A dual-band optically transparent antenna based on a slotted
interconnected ring resonator as an efficient radiating element
is proposed. The compact radiating element and partial
ground plane are structured on a plexiglass substrate with Sil-
ver Tin Oxide as transparent conducting material. The radia-
tion disadvantage of OTAs due to the low conductivity of
conductive oxides has been overcome with the gain improve-
ment technique of 2 × 1 antenna array design. The overall
sizes of the proposed single element and 2 × 1 two element
array antennas are λ/2.5 × λ/2.5 and λ/1.19 × λ/2.08 at the
lower resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz, respectively. The
operation bands of both OTA prototypes cover WLAN and
WiMAX frequency bands with permissible bandwidth and
sufficient gain therefore the 2 × 1 antenna array is utilized as
one of two dual-band antennas of a 2 × 2 MIMO transceiver
system for WLAN and WiMAX band operations.
KEYWORDS
AgHT, array, MIMO, transparent, wireless
1 | INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication technology which is one of the
key technological innovative fields for the receiving and
Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2019;61:1845–1856. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mop
transmitting information is becoming the most vibrant and
fastest growing technological area in the communication
field.1 The huge amount of data can be transmitted and
received to/from any space located in a decentralized manner
among the devices positioned anywhere from a few meters
to several kilometers. In present days, wireless communica-
tion technology is brought to be widely used in every elec-
|
tronic device which requires various protocols through
which the devices in the communication link can communi-
cate. Two of the most used protocols are Wireless local area
network (WLAN) and Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX), which uses IEEE 802.11 b/g/
n2,3 and IEEE 802.164,5 protocols operating in the frequency
range of 2.4 and 3.7 GHz, respectively. With the miniaturi-
zation of wireless devices, a tremendous amount of research
is going on for making the resonators flexible/transparent6
so that they occupy less amount of board space for making
these devices useful in WLAN and WiMAX applications.7–9
In addition, Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems
which are based on multiple antennas at the transmitter and
receiver have been developed to meet the wide channel
capacity and high-speed data transfer needs,10 which are
inevitable in modern wireless communication technology.
The technological integration of the dual-band antennas with
moderate gain into MIMO wireless communication architec-
ture results into many advantages over traditional connection
topologies, such as high diversity gain, low mutual coupling,
and low envelope correlation coefficient, which improves
the system performance.
On the other hand, optically transparent antennas (OTAs)
have attracted a lot of researchers due to the advancements in
the fields of conductive oxides. Indium being a rare earth
metal is on verge of extinction which makes Indium Tin
Oxide (ITO) a secondary option over other oxides like Alu-
minium doped Zinc Oxide (AZO), Silver doped Tin Oxide
(AgHT), and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO).11 Zinc Oxide
is still under research and it is not available commercially giv-
ing Silver Tin Oxide an advantage for its use in the field of
antennas. Transparency achieved by the use of conductive
oxides gives these antennas an upper hand over other conven-
tional nontransparent antennas12,13 where such antennas can
be widely used for applications like RF energy harvesting,
green buildings,14,15 solar panels of satellites,16,17 defense,18
and automobiles.19 Conductivity of AgHT ranges from
250 000 to 125 000 Siemens/m for its two variants AgHT-4
and AgHT-8. Transparency has a trade-off with the conduc-
tivity where a higher value of conductivity makes the material
less transparent. AgHT-8 due to its high transparency and
© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1845
1846 DESAI ET AL.

F I G U R E 3 Single element monopole fabricated antenna [Color

figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

TABLE 1 Antenna geometrical parameters

Parameters Dimension
Substrate length (SubL) 50 mm
F I G U R E 1 Single element antenna geometry (front) [Color figure
Substrate width (SubW) 50 mm
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Substrate height 1.48 mm
Outer ring radius 1 (Outr1) 12 mm
good value of conductivity makes it a superior choice for its Outer ring radius 2 (Outr2) 10 mm
use as a conductive layer of the resonator over other transpar-
Inner ring radius 1 (Inr1) 5.5 mm
ent materials.20 Slotted transparent antennas using various
geometrical and alphabetical shapes have been proposed Inner ring radius 2 (Inr2) 3 mm
by the researchers for dual-band operation.21–23 The effi- α 58.506

ciency of transparent antennas has been improved with the β 47.264

help of new efficient excitation techniques starting with Length of line connecting inner and outer ring (e) 4.541 mm
the enhanced soldering methodologies with the result of
Length of feedline 13.041 mm
20% improvement.24 The sale of AgHT-8 as a material for
Width of feedline 2 mm
its use in the antenna design has not risen much to the
expected commercial level due to the low conductivity Partial ground plane width 14 mm
value which necessitates the antenna efficiency to be AgHT-8 thickness 0.177 mm
improved. Gain improvement in making the AgHT-8 a
better alternative option for the antenna design in the mar- used for efficiency increment by decreasing the surface
ket has needed to be additionally explored. Multilayer resistance with the trade-off in lack of optical transpar-
structures by sandwiching copper between ITO have been ency.25 Researchers have tried to increase the gain of

F I G U R E 2 Single element monopole antenna geometry

(perspective view) [Color figure can be viewed at F I G U R E 4 2 × 1 OTA array model [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com] wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DESAI ET AL. 1847

F I G U R E 7 Simulated (Solid) and Measured (Dashed) S11 (dB)

for 2 × 1 OTA array [Color figure can be viewed at
F I G U R E 5 2 × 1 OTA array fabricated prototype [Color figure wileyonlinelibrary.com]
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

and −4 dBi gain at 3 and 5 GHz, respectively with a trade-off

F I G U R E 6 Simulated (Solid) and Measured (Dashed) S11 (dB)
for Single Element OTA [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
transparent antennas with the help of split ring resonators
in the higher frequencies (above 4 GHz) but at the lower
frequencies, the radiation efficiency results have not been
promising.26,27 One more technique for improving the
gain and efficiency is to use narrow conductive strips near
the antenna locations having areas of high current density
due to which the gain has been increased from −5 to 0 dBi.
However, the transparency of the antenna had to be compro-
mised by using this method with the gain values at an unaccept-
ably low level.28 Deposition of gold nano-layer on ITO film for
gain improvement has been implemented which resulted in −2
in the antenna transparency.29
In this article, a dual-band OTA array is introduced to
increase the low radiation resistance of a single element
antenna made up of conductive oxide with low conductivity.
The gain limiting effect of low conductivity of optically trans-
parent oxide has been overcome with the array design consid-
eration. The compact radiating part of the single element
monopole antenna is in the form of a slotted interconnected
ring resonator.30 The same radiating element is replicated to
form a 2 × 1 antenna array for enhancing the gain of the sin-
gle element antenna in order to obtain a permissible gain level
for OTA. Both the single and two element OTAs are fabri-
cated and measured for the radiation performance benchmark-
ing at 2.4 GHz WLAN and 3.7 GHz WiMAX applications,
respectively. The resulting array design has been then modi-
fied to be used as one antenna of a two element MIMO trans-
ceiver system operating in WLAN and WiMAX bands. In
literature, MIMO antennas are investigated which are made
up of nontransparent conductive layers on versatile substrates.
In Refs. 31,32 MIMO antenna systems are fabricated on
FR-4 and Rogers 4350B substrates. Pan et al in Ref. 31 pre-
sented dual polarized triple band MIMO antenna covering
the WLAN and WiMAX bands with the isolation over
20 dB and gain over 7 dBi in the operating bands. In 2015,
different antenna designs operating for dual-band MIMO
applications in WLAN band33 with the isolation over 20 dB

TABLE 2 Antenna characteristics

Characteristics Single element simulated/measured 2 × 1 antenna array simulated/measured

f0 f1 f0 f1
Resonance frequency (GHz) 2.44/2.48 3.76/3.78 2.42/2.48 3.70/3.75
Impedance bandwidth (%) 9.91/8.70 23.07/21.28 13.67/11.29 12.68/11.64
Return loss (dB) 33.23/15.20 30.20/21.33 26.84/14.67 29.58/19.46
Gain (dBi) 1.84/1.12 1.99/1.35 2.28/1.98 4.30/2.95
Efficiency (%) 87.27/83.67 89.53/86.31 85.80/ 83.24 88.08/86.23
1848 DESAI ET AL.

F I G U R E 8 Surface current distributions of (A) Single element OTA and (B) 2 × 1 OTA array [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

TABLE 3 Transparent antenna array performance with the alternative transparent antenna designs in the literature

References Frequency Gain (dBi) Physical dimensions (mm) Radiation efficiency (%) Bandwidth (%)
23 2.47, 5.32 GHz 0.64, 1.2 30 × 30 Unspecified 8.3, 2.4
24 1-13 GHz <0 50 × 60 <20 UWB (171.42)
25 800 MHz −1.96 150 × 150 Unspecified Unspecified
26 1-17 GHz <0 23.4 × 20 Unspecified UWB (177.7)
27 2.4, 5.5 0.7, 1.67 35 × 35 Unspecified 5.61, 3.62
28 2.2 GHz 0 120 × 60 68 Unspecified
29 3, 5, 8, 13 GHz −4, −2, 0.5, 2 50 × 49.58 58, 68, 71, 75 155.6
This work 2 × 1 array 2.42, 3.7 GHz 1.98, 2.95 105 × 60 85.80, 88.08 13.67, 12.68

and correlation coefficient lower than 0.005 are presented. In

2016, a dual-band transparent MIMO antenna using the
MMC films operating at both WLAN bands has been studied
by Li et al.34 They achieved more than 40% efficiency which
is very high compared with the transparent antennas in
literature.
This article is organized in the following manner. The
design principle of the single and double element antenna
array along with simulated and measured results of return
loss, surface current distributions and radiation patterns F I G U R E 9 Simulated gain vs frequency plot for 2 × 1 OTA array
(2D and 3D) with antenna performance parameters are dis- (dashed) and single element OTA (solid) [Color figure can be viewed
cussed in Section 2. A two-element optically transparent at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DESAI ET AL. 1849

FIGURE 10 Radiation pattern simulated (solid) and measured (dashed) for single element OTA [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 11 Radiation pattern simulated (solid) and measured (dashed) for 2 × 1 OTA array [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
1850
F I G U R E 1 2 Antenna measurement setup (A) E plane (B) H plane
[Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
MIMO antenna design has been studied with the numerical
computation results of reflection parameter, port isolation,
envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain and radiation
F I G U R E 1 3 Proposed transparent MIMO antenna model with the design parameters (A) top view and (B) bottom view [Color figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DESAI ET AL.
pattern in Section 3. Section 4 concludes important remarks
on the dual-band OTA design for 2 × 2 MIMO transceiver
systems.
2 | ANTENNA DESIGN
The numerical model of single element OTA is in a form
of a slotted circular ring resonator monopole antenna to
achieve dual-band operation. The numerical model is
shown in Figures 1 and 2. The single element OTA geom-
etry consists of two interconnected rings with an outer and
inner slotted ring resonator joined by the horizontal lines
on both sides. Radiating element and the partial ground
plane of the OTA are designed using Silver doped tin
oxide (AgHT-8) which forms the conducting material
layer. The radiating element is modeled in the form of
0.177 mm thick conductive material with the finite con-
ductivity of 125 000 S/m. The fabricated prototype of sin-
gle element OTA is shown in Figure 3.
Plexiglass is used as substrate material having permittiv-
ity value of 2.3, a dielectric loss tangent of 0.00038, and
thickness of 1.48 mm. The microstrip line is used as the
feeding technique of the radiating element for OTA which is
connected to the center of the slotted interconnected ring res-
onator. Silver/Graphene Conductive Epoxy G6E-SG is used
to connect 50 Ω SMA instead of conventional soldering
technique as the produced heat can damage the conductive
layer of AgHT sheet. The partial ground plane is used to
increase the radiation performance for WLAN and WiMAX
communication applications. Antenna geometrical parame-
ters are shown in Table 1.
The radiating element is replicated to form a 2 × 1 antenna
array for the improvement of OTA gain as shown in Figure 5.
The separation distance λ/2.27 at 2.4 GHz between two radiat-
ing elements is optimized to increase the gain performance of
DESAI ET AL.
FIGURE 14 Simulated S-parameters results of proposed transparent MIMO antenna [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
the antenna. The width of the microstrip line is optimized to
3 mm for 50 Ω impedance matching. The separation distance
between two resonators from the center of the ring is 55 mm
which is almost equal to λ/2 at 2.4 GHz frequency. The width
of the truncated ground plane is optimized as 24 mm to
achieve the preferred high gain radiation mode in both direc-
tions. The width of the microstrip line is optimized to 3 mm
for 50 Ω impedance matching. The optical transparency of a
2 × 1 antenna array is clearly visible from the fabricated pro-
totype as shown in Figure 5.
The numerical calculation of the antenna model is per-
formed by using commercial 3D electromagnetic field solver
HFSS software to examine the return loss, radiation pattern,
and gain. The return loss of the fabricated optically transpar-
ent antenna is measured in Keysight VNA 9912A and radia-
tion pattern is measured in an anechoic chamber. The
simulation and measurement results in terms of S11 are
shown in Figures 6 and 7 for the single element antenna and
2 × 1 antenna array prototypes. The proposed single and
two element OTAs have the return losses higher than 10 dB
for WLAN and WiMAX frequency bands.
The antenna parameters are illustrated in Table 2 which
shows that the single element antenna resonates at a dual fre-
quency band of 2.44 and 3.76 GHz having impedance band-
width of 9.91% and 23.07% whereas the 2 × 1 antenna array
resonates at the frequency of 2.42 and 3.70 GHz having
impedance bandwidth of 13.67% and 12.68%. The measured
and simulated results agree well with a certain degree of
minor input impedance shift for both antenna prototypes.
One of the reason is the thickness of fabricated antenna
which is 6% (1.95 mm) more as compared with the simu-
lated one (1.83 mm) as the double-sided transparent tape is
used for sticking the conducting layer to the plexiglass. The
second reason is the impedance mismatch which may occur
due to the conducting glue which is used to stick the connector
with the microstrip feeding line. Surface current distributions
are depicted in Figure 8.
Figure 8 points out the surface current distribution to be
more concentrated at the upper side of the outer ring in
1851
WLAN frequency band whereas it is concentrated more at the
lower side of the outer ring, a line connecting outer and inner
ring at WiMAX frequencies. The same results are observed in
case of array structure along with partial distribution on the
feed line.
Figure 9 shows the simulated gain of the 2 × 1 antenna
array which is 2.28 and 4.30 dBi as compared with the gain
of single element antenna which is 1.84 and 1.99 dBi in
WLAN and WiMAX frequency bands, respectively, which
matches well with the measured results as tabulated in
Table 3. This indicates that the implementation of antenna
array has improved the gain of OTA despite low electrical
conductivity of optically transparent conductive oxide
layer. The Ohmic loss of the material in the design of radi-
ating element and ground plane has been taken into account
in the numerical simulation as well as in antenna gain
calculations.
The 2D radiation pattern comparisons of simulated and
measured results are shown in Figures 10 and 11 for both
antenna prototypes. Both OTA designs exhibit dipole-like
radiation patterns in E-plane with the emergence of side
lobes in the 2 × 1 antenna array. However, the measured
and simulated results are in good agreement.
The anechoic chamber in Figure 12 is used as the radia-
tion pattern measurement setup for the radiation performance
evaluation of the proposed antenna designs.
The gain comparisons of various OTA designs in literature
are shown in Table 3 which clearly shows that the 2 × 1 OTA
array design results in the gain increment to a great extent as a
commercial potential solution.
3 | TWO ELEMENT M IMO
ANTENNA SYSTEM DESIGN
A two-port dual band transparent 2 × 2 MIMO antenna sys-
tem is illustrated in Figure 13 with the indicated design param-
eters. The proposed optically transparent MIMO antenna
consists of two 2 × 1 antenna element arrays. These antenna
1852 DESAI ET AL.

F I G U R E 1 5 Simulated 3D radiation patterns of proposed transparent MIMO antenna at 2.42 and 3.7 GHz: (A) port 1 excited and port 2
terminated to 50 Ω load at 2.42 GHz; (B) port 2 excited and port 1 terminated to 50 Ω load at 2.42 GHz; (C) port 1 excited and port 2
terminated to 50 Ω load at 3.7 GHz; and (D) port 2 excited and port 1 terminated to 50 Ω load at 3.7 GHz [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

element arrays are located in a back-to-back form structure
in a symmetrical way with respect to the x-z plane. In the
placement of antenna element arrays for MIMO system
design, 7.5 mm substrate length has been cut out in the upper
parts of each antenna element array. The separation distance
between two antenna elements is then reduced into a certain
distance of 15 mm to obtain the highest possible isolation
between two input ports in the proposed MIMO antenna
design.
The numerically computed S-parameters of proposed
optically transparent MIMO antenna are shown in Figure 14.
The MIMO OTA operates in dual-band at the resonance fre-
quencies of 2.42 GHz (WLAN band) with the return loss of
25.4 and 10 dB bandwidth of 230 MHz and of 3.7 GHz
DESAI ET AL.
FIGURE 16 Simulated diversity gain results of proposed transparent MIMO antenna [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
(WiMAX band) with the return loss of 31.9 and 10 dB band-
width of 820 MHz. The RF isolation between two input
ports of 2 × 2 MIMO antenna systems is over 12 dB in
WLAN band and over 32 dB in WiMAX band.
The simulated 3D radiation patterns resulting from the
single element excitation while the other element has been
terminated to the port impedance of 50 Ω are shown in
Figure 15. It is clearly pointed out that the higher gain values
of 3.77 and 3.57 dBi with 5.55 and 5.33 dBi directivity and
74% and 75% radiation efficiency are obtained at 2.42 GHz
resonance frequency. However, 7.17 and 7.11 dBi gain
values with 7.84 and 7.8 dBi directivity and 86% and 85%
radiation efficiency have been obtained at 3.7 GHz reso-
nance frequency for the different elements of the 2 ×
2 MIMO antenna systems.
The simulated result of diversity gain of 2 × 2 MIMO
antenna system is presented in Figure 16. The simulated
result of diversity gain of 2 × 2 MIMO antenna system has
been obtained in two different ways, one of which is based
on S parameters and the other of which is based on the far-
field results. The diversity gain of proposed transparent
MIMO antenna indicates a high gain performance, which is
more than 9.95 in WLAN band and more than 9.99 in
WiMAX band.
For a better MIMO performance, the envelope correlation
coefficient (ECC) between the antenna input ports is required
to be a value close to zero. The simulated result of ECC is
presented in Figure 17. The simulated result of ECC of 2 ×
2 MIMO antenna system has been obtained in two different
as in the case of diversity gain calculation. The ECC values of
proposed transparent MIMO antenna are calculated using the
Equation 1 from the scattering parameters. ECC is calculated
to less than 0.02 at the resonance frequency of 2.42 GHz in
1853
WLAN band and less than 0.00001 at the resonance fre-
quency of 3.7 GHz in WiMAX band.
S11 * S12 + S21 * S12
ρe =    ð1Þ
1 − jS11 j2 − jS21 j2 1 − jS22 j2 − jS12 j2
The alternative MIMO antenna designs which are fabri-
cated with the optically transparent and conventional opaque
dielectric materials in the literature are listed in Table 4 to
point out the better performance of the proposed transparent
MIMO antenna design.
4 | CONCLUSION
A dual-band optically transparent antenna is modeled and
fabricated in two different antenna topologies as a single ele-
ment antenna and 2 × 1 antenna arrays in this article. The
OTA is designed in the form of a slotted circular ring resona-
tor monopole antenna with the partial ground plane to
improve the operation bandwidth and gain. The proposed
array antenna is utilized as one element of two element 2 ×
2 MIMO transceiver system to design a dual-band optically
transparent MIMO antenna operating in WLAN and WiMAX
bands. The radiation performance limiting factor of low con-
ductivity of AgHT 8 material in the optically transparent
antenna designs has been overcome with the antenna array
design in conjunction with the MIMO antenna system design.
The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.
The radiation parameters in WLAN and WiMAX bands in
comparison to those of MIMO antennas in the literature point
out the technical potential of proposed MIMO OTA design
for dual-band WLAN and WiMAX MIMO applications.
 1854

TABLE 4 Proposed transparent MIMO antenna performance with the alternative MIMO antenna designs in the literature

Physical dimensions Operating

(mm) (element Center frequency Radiation Diversity Isolation frequency
References number) Substrate Gain (dBi) (bandwidth) efficiency ECC gain (dBi) range
31 80 × 80 × 20 Rogers 2.4 GHz: 7.8 2.44 GHz (80 MHz) Unspecified 0.001-0.1 Unspecified >20 2.4-2.48 GHz,
(16) 4350B 3.5 GHz: 9.6 3.5 GHz (280 MHz) 3.38-3.76 GHz,
5 GHz: 9.3 5.4 GHz (890 MHz) 5.01-5.90 GHz
32 40 × 40 × 1.6 FR-4 2.4 GHz: 1.6 2.4 GHz (24.7%) 2.4 GHz: 83.4% 0.05-0.2 unspecified >22 2.15-2.6 GHz
(4) 3.76 GHz: 3.76 GHz (20%) 3.76 GHz: 3.34-3.82 GHz
3.5 6.1 GHz (28.6%) 90.4% 5-6.55 GHz
6.1 GHz: 4.15 6.1 GHz: 92%
34 40 × 40 × 1.12 MMMC film 2.44 GHz: 2.44 GHz 2.44 GHz: 43% unspecified >15 2.36-2.74 GHz
(2) 0.7 (380 MHz) 5.5 GHz: 46% 5.14-6.18 GHz
5.5 GHz: 2.3 5.5 GHz (980 MHz)
35 130 × 70 × 4 PDMS Fe3O4 9.95 5.8 GHz (2370 MHz) Unspecified 0.001-0.003 9.98-10.004 >20 5.33-7.70 GHz
(2)
This work 105 × 105 × 1.83 AgHT-8 2.42 GHz: 2.42 GHz 2.42 GHz: 74% 10−5-0.002 9.95-9.999 >12 2.23-2.46 GHz
(2) 3.6 (230 MHz) 3.7 GHz: 84% 3.22-4.04 GHz
3.7 GHz: 7.1 3.7 GHz (820 MHz)
DESAI ET AL.
DESAI ET AL.
F I G U R E 1 7 Simulated envelope correlation coefficient results of proposed transparent MIMO antenna [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
O R C ID
Arpan Desai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4813-2964
Trushit Upadhyaya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8922-8201
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How to cite this article: Desai A, Upadhyaya T,
Palandoken M, Gocen C. Dual band transparent
antenna for wireless MIMO system applications.
Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2019;61:1845–1856.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.31825