Bicol University

GRADUATE SCHOOL
Daraga, Albay

JULIUS M. AYCARDO
MAELM 214 – Leadership Theories & Practices
1st Semester – Saturday 8:00 AM – 11:00 AM
Topic: Essentials of Management
-Creativity & Innovation
-Harmonizing Objectives The Key To Leading

WHAT IS CREATIVITY?

• The merging of ideas which have not

been merged before.
1 Lotherington, 2008
• New ideas are formed by developing
current ones within our minds.
• The ability to use the imagination to
develop new ideas, new things or new
2 Dorf and Byers, 2005
solutions.

• The generation of ideas that result in

3 Matherly & Goldsmith, 1985 improved efficiency or effectiveness of a
system.
• The process of bringing something new
4 May, 1975
into being.

WHAT IS INNOVATION?

• solutions to problems
1 Klaus (1969) • “the introduction of something new”

CREATIVITY & INNOVATION

• Often, in common parlance, the words

creativity and inovation are used
interchangeably.
• They shouldn’t be, becausewhile
1 Davila et al (2006) creativity implies coming up with ideas,
it’s the “bringing ideas to life”....... that
makes innovation the distinct
undertaking it is.”

• Creativty enables people to connect

2 Lotherington, 2003 unconnected things and from that
meeting, new ideas spring forth, whether
 they are new ideas for doing things or
new ideas for using things.

• “All innovation begins with creative

3 Amabile et al (1996)
ideas... We define innovation as the
successful implementation of creative
ideas whithin an organization.
• In this view, creativity by individuals and
teams is a starting point for innovation;
the first is necessary but not sufficient
condition for the second”

CREATIVITY & INNOVATION

1. Creativity is the process of generating unique and usefull ideas.

2. Innovation will take place when there is a creative idea generation.
3. Innovation is about taking the creative/unique new diea and turning it into something
of value.
4. Innovation requires discpline and action to evaluate the ideas, test them, modify them
and then apply them. It is through there disciplined and actions that tur an idea into
something of value.

THE CREATIVE MANAGER

• Creative people are inquisitive and come up with many new unusual ideas; they are
seldom satisfied with things the way they are.
• They rely not only on the rational process but also on the emotional aspects of thier
personality in the problem solving.
• They are aware of themselves and capable of independent judgement.
• They object to conformity and see themselves as being different.

CREATIVE PROCESS

• Edward De Bono, 1992- creativity is a process that can be develop and improved.
• Everyone possessed a certaain degree of creativity, some of us are more creative,
and some are a little less.
• Creative process involves looking with different perspectives on unique relationships
of the suroundings.

PHASES OF CREATIVE PROCESS

• Phase 1: Unconscious Scanning

-requires an absorption in the problem which may be vague in the mind.
• Phase 2: Intuition
-connects the unconscious with the conscious. Needs time to work.
• Phase 3: Insight
-The result of Hardwork
 • Phase 4: Logical Formulation or Verification
-insight need to be tested through logic or experiment.

COMMON CREATIVITY TECHNIQUES

A. Brainstorming B. Synectics

( Alex F. Osborn) ( William J. Gordon)

A. Brainstorming ( Alex F. Osborn)

• Organize the group of ideally 4-8 students ( per group)

• Choose the topic ( problem) and write it on the whiteboard. Lecturer must make sure
that everyone understands the problem or issue.
• Remember the rules:
i. Do not criticize. All ideas are welcome and valid.
ii. Do not limit the number of ideas. The aim of brainstorming is to get large number
of ideas.
iii. Do not filter/censor any ideas. Keep the brainstorming session flowing
iv. Listen to other ideas and use it to generate other ideas.
v. Do not discuss or question as it could stop the flow of ideas.

B. Synectic ( William J. Gordon)

• originally known as the Gordon technique.

• only the leader knows the specific nature of the problem.
• the main reason for this approach is to prevent the group from reaching premature
solution to the problem.

STEPS IN CREATIVE PROCESS (Stoner and Wankle,1987)

1. Problem Finding or Sensing.

2. Immersion or preparation.
3. Incubation or gestation.
4. Insight or Illumination
5. Verification and Application

Other Techniques to Stimulate Creativity

1. Nominal Group Process

2. Creative group process decission making

PROCESS OF INNOVATION IN ORGANIZATION

1. Generation of Ideas
2. Idea Development
3. Implementation
How to Create a Climate that will Encourage Creativity?

1. Develop an acceptance of change.

2. Encourage new Ideas.
3. Permit more interaction
4. Tolerate Failure
5. Provide clear objectives and freedom o achieve them
6. Offer recognition

INNOVATIONS IN EDUCATION
According to Elizabeth Hunter, there are three kinds of innovations in education;
1. STRUCTURE
2. CONTENT
3. PROCESS

Valuing must start with the teacher and the School Administrator

• Sydney Simon (1972) It is only when teachers get their values straightened out that
they will be able to help their students someday sort out the confusion and conflict
which surrounds all of us”
• Three kinds of processes that “ transform” the inputs of the system in order to
produce the output.-student achievement attitudes and vaues, behavior.

1. Administrative style and techniques

2. Teacher style and techniques
3. Program Operation

INNOVATION IN THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATION

• Project IMPACT (Instructional Management by Perents, Community, and Teachers.”

• The “ In-School-Off School Approach” (ISOSA)
• Continues Progression Scheme (CPS)
• Mastery Learning (Washburne’s Winnetka plan and Morrison’s technique 1920’s)
• The Angelicum System
• The Open Classroom
• Career Edcation
• Program Instruction (Cortez 1974)

How To Instill Organizational Innovation

a. Developing and institutuing an innovative work culture among the people within the
company or organization.

b. By enforcing work culture,company or organization able to :

1. Change the way the staff work

2. Change their attitudes and mindsets
3. Improve their skills
4. Improve the methods they use to carry out their work
HARMONIZING OBJECTIVES: THE KEY TO LEADING

• The way a manager views human nature influences his or her way of motivating and
leading.
• Elective view of the nature of people is the best approach.
• People do not work in isolation; rather, to a great extent they work in groups toward
the achievement of personal and entrerprise objectives.
• Therefore, one of the most important activities of managers is to make the needs of
all individuals harmonize with the demands of the enterprise.

SUMMARY
Review Questions:
1. What is the distinction between creativity and innovation?
2. According to Koontz and Weihrich, what are the four overlapping and interacting
phases of creative process? Explain each phase.
3. What are the five steps in the creative process as given by Stoner and Wankel?
Compare and contrast the two views given by Koontz and Weihrich and by Stoner and
Wankel regarding the phases or steps in the creative process.
4. Explain each of the following techniques for enhancing creativity
a. Brainstorming b. Synectic c. Nominal Group process d. Creative decision making
5. What factors influence the generation of Ideas in an organization?

Prepared by:
JULIUS M. AYCARDO