SH004 REVIEWER (2ND QUARTER FINALS)
CITATIONS AND REFERENCING
DOCUMENTATION STYLES
• Format for writing cited sources
• listed at the end of the paper
• has its own format
1. NOTES-BIBLIOGRAPHY STYLE
FOOTNOTES- add additional information
about the sentence and direct readers to
outside sources. Cite or suggest additional
reading about the topic.
• Title of footnotes are centered
• Has superscript
FORMAT
• Author (Year), chapter, About
• Chapter “Title” Authors, Year, About,
Volume/Issue, page, Copyright Year by Copy
Right Holder, Reprinted with permission
2. MODERN LEARNING ASSOCIATION
(MLA)
FORMAT
Authors “Article Title.” Academic Journal, vol.
#, issue #, publication date, page range
Francisco, Mhika. “One of the Greatest”
Practice Citations, vol. 3, no. 3, 2023, pp.
333-1111
3. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA)
• an author-date referencing system
FORMAT
Authors (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
vol#(issue#), 1-3. DOI
IN-TEXT CITATIONS FORMATS
1. IDEA-FOCUSED (Parenthetical)
Statement. (Author, Year)
2. RESEARCHERS-FOCUSED (Narrative)
According to Author (Year) “Research title",
statement.
3. CHRONOLOGY-FOCUSED
Author (Year-2023) and Author (Year-2006)
statement.
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REFERENCE LIST FORMAT
PRINTED/DIGITAL BOOK
Author, A.A. & Author B.B. (Year). Title of the
book: Subtitle of the book (edition). Publisher.
URL
ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARY
Author A.A. & Author B.B. (Year). Article
Name. Editor's First Name Initial, Surname
(edition). Title of the book. Publisher. URL
NO NAME- use editors
Surname, Initial. Initial. (Eds.) (Year).
Zucchini. In Oxford English dictionary
(edition). Publisher
NO NAME AND EDITOR
Corporation name. (n.d.). Zombie. In Oxford
English Dictionary. URL
ONLINE NEWS/MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Author, A. A. & Author B. B. (Year, Month
Day). Article title. Source retrieved from. URL
JOURNAL
Author, A.A. & Author B.B. (Year). Title of the
work. Source retrieved from. volume(issue),
page range. URL or DOI
WEB PAGE
Author, A. A. or Group Name or Company
Name. (Year). Article title. Source retrieved
from. URL
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• the formulation of the heart of the thesis
• statement of the general and specific
problems
• the opening paragraph of this section
contains the general problem of the study
• a claim that outlines the problem of a study
• should address existing gaps in knowledge
that leads to further research
• need not to be long and elaborated
SH004 REVIEWER (2ND QUARTER FINALS)
GOAL OF SOP
- transform generalized problem into targeted,
well-defined problem (general to specific
problem)
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOP
1. FOCUSED- one problem at a time
2. UNBIASED- avoid blame
3. ATTAINABLE- solvable or doable, thus
avoid naming specific solutions that are hard
to achieve or do
4. SPECIFIC- each problem should be
addressed
5. RELEVANT- reflects issues, concerns, and
problems of community
GENERAL PROBLEM
• it is followed by an enumeration of specific
problems.
CHARACTERISTIC
1. In question form
2. Must define the population and
samples of the study (respondents)
3. Must identify the variables being
studied.
TWO TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. CENTRAL QUESTIONS- most general
question that can be asked.
2. SUB-QUESTIONS- subdivided central
question into more specific topical questions
and are only limited in number.
TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
A. NON-RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS-
answerable by yes or no.
B. RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS-
questions of opinions, perceptions or policy
that are raised to collect data.
- answers have options or can be elaborated.
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CLASSIFICATION TO RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1. FACTOR-ISOLATING QUESTIONS (FIQ)-
“what is this?” these types of questions aim to
categorize, describe or elaborate.
Example:
What are the demographic profile of the
respondents in terms of:
i. Gender
ii. Age
iii. Grade Level
2. FACTOR-RELATING QUESTIONS (FRQ)-
“what is happening here?” relationship among
factors.
Example:
What is the relationship of influencers to
purchasing behavior of Olivarez College
students?
3. SITUATION-RELATING QUESTIONS
(SRQ)- “what will happen if…?” something
about manipulating variables in order to test
the hypothesis (hypothesis testing)
Example:
What are the effects of influencers to the
purchasing behavior of Olivarez College
students?
4. SITUATION-PRODUCING QUESTIONS
(SPQ)- “how can I make it happen?”
proposed output is used to achieve goals or
to recommend planned actions
Example:
Based on the findings, what
recommendations can be used to improve the
purchasing behavior of Olivarez College
students?
SH004 REVIEWER (2ND QUARTER FINALS)
CONSTRUCTION OF SOP
A. 1st part is a paragraph that introduces the
problem and the existing gap in the study.
1. THE IDEAL- desired goal or ideal
situations. Explains how things should
be.
2. THE REALITY- the problem. Things
that prevent the goals from being
achieved.
3. THE CONSEQUENCES- ways to
propose improvements in order to
achieve the goal.
B. 2nd part is composed of questions. It
tackles the variables and is usually three
questions.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY (IMRAD)
INTRODUCTION
- sets the stage for the study
- provides concepts and background
information to capture readers'
interest and establish research
problem
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- outlines the rationale and significance
of research by defining concepts and
objectives of the study
- should include elements such as
research gaps, research questions,
hypotheses, and theoretical
framework to guide the study
- involves structuring the section
logically, emphasizing key research
findings, and using appropriate
citations to support the research
claims.
- avoid excessive summarization, lack
of focus, and failure to connect
existing literature
LITERATURE REVIEW
- essential for creating comprehensive
and well-supported BOS
- Includes keyword searching, citation
chaining, and systematic review
methods
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• selection of variables that the study will
focus on
DELIMITATION
• aims to narrow the study
• choices and boundaries made by the
researchers that should be discussed
• limitations arose during the design and
conduct of study
• includes the research design and
methodology that affected the findings
LIMITATION
• weaknesses or shortcoming of a study
• beyond the control of the researchers
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• contribution of the study to the existing body
of knowledge
• researchers must identify the direct
beneficiaries that will gain from the results
CITATION
• a way of giving credit if a particular material
in your work came from another source
• formal reference of published and
unpublished sources
• to give credit to source authors
• to help readers find out more about your
work
• to strengthen work by providing outside
support
• to keep you from failing a paper or to be
sued by plagiarism
REFERENCING
• giving credit to the source of information
used in one’s work
SH004 REVIEWER (2ND QUARTER FINALS)
ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH TITLE
1. AIM/PURPOSE- why do I want to
conduct this study?
2. TOPIC/SUBJECT MATTER- what
do I want to study about?
3. PLACE/LOCALE- where do I
want to conduct this study?
4. PERIOD- how long will it take the
researchers to conduct this
study?
GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
RESEARCH TITLES
● simple and concise
● 12-14 words
● title should give precise summary assumptions, add complexity or reveal something
● distinguish it from other papers
● use a descriptive phrase, not a
sentence
● do not use acronyms, specific
abbreviations, jargons
● write a draft, rewrite and then
rewrite if it's necessary
● must be related to the whole
paper
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 4. EXPERIMENTAL- known as true
1. DESCRIPTIVE- aims to accurately
and systematically describe a population, - analysis done to prove or disprove
situation and phenomenon
(simply describes the population)
• Readiness of
• Preparedness of
• Challenges of
• Level of Satisfaction of
• Level of Effectiveness of
• Factors Contributory to
• Influence of
• Perceptions of
• Role of
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A. SURVEY- most fundamental tool for all
quantitative outcomes
- used to ask questions to respondents thru
online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires,
and web-intercept surveys
B. OBSERVATIONS- collecting data on
phenomena and behaviors
- understanding how people behave in
real-time situations
- essential in order to observe and
systematically describe the subject under
investigation
C. CASE STUDIES- used to describe
characteristics of specific object
- focuses on interesting cases that challenges
new about a research problem
2. CORRELATION- used to establish relationship
between 2 closely related entities/ 2 descriptive
variables
- how one impacts the other and what changes
are observed
3. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE- used to conclude
cause-effect relationship
- one variable is independent and the other is
dependent
experimentation
- based on one or more theories
statements/hypothesis
• Effectiveness
• Impact
• Comparison
VARIABLES
● INDEPENDENT- manipulated
- stable and unaffected
- cause variable
● DEPENDENT- changes
- depends on other factors
- outcome variable
● CONTROLLED- being kept, balanced,
neutral, constant, or eliminated