Liver Function Tests

A Comprehensive Overview

The liver, a vital organ in the human body, plays a multifaceted role in
metabolism, detoxification, and nutrient storage. Liver function tests (LFTs)
encompass a series of blood analyses designed to evaluate the liver's health and
functionality by assessing various enzymes, proteins, and substances present in
the bloodstream.

Key Liver Function Tests:

1. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): Primarily localized in liver

cells, ALT is an enzyme crucial for amino acid metabolism. Elevated ALT
levels in the blood often signify liver injury or inflammation. Standard
reference ranges for ALT typically fall between 7 to 56 units per liter
(U/L).

2. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): While AST is abundant in

the liver, it also exists in cardiac and muscle tissues. Elevated AST levels
may indicate liver damage but can also reflect disorders affecting other
organs. Typically, AST levels range from 8 to 48 U/L.

3. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): ALP, an enzyme present in the

liver, bones, and other tissues, participates in various cellular processes.
Increased ALP levels may suggest liver or bone disorders. The reference
range for ALP varies but generally spans from 44 to 147 U/L.

4. Bilirubin: Bilirubin, a by-product of red blood cell breakdown,

undergoes processing in the liver. Elevated bilirubin levels can signify
liver dysfunction or bile duct blockage. The normal range for total
 bilirubin typically falls between 0.3 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter
(mg/dL).

5. Albumin: Synthesized by the liver, albumin serves as a critical

protein in maintaining blood volume and transporting substances
throughout the body. Decreased albumin levels may indicate liver disease
or malnutrition. Reference ranges for albumin typically range from 3.4 to
5.4 grams per decilitre (g/dL).

Interpreting Test Results:

Interpretation of liver function tests involves assessing deviations from

established reference ranges, which may signal underlying liver pathology.
Elevated ALT and AST levels commonly accompany liver inflammation or
injury, potentially stemming from conditions like hepatitis, fatty liver disease, or
alcohol misuse. ALP elevation may hint at bile duct obstruction or bone-related
issues. Elevated bilirubin levels may imply impaired liver function or bile flow
disruption. Conversely, reduced albumin levels may suggest liver dysfunction or
inadequate nutrient intake.

Conclusion

Liver function tests serve as invaluable diagnostic tools for evaluating liver
health and diagnosing liver disorders. By comprehending the significance of
these tests and their associated reference ranges, healthcare professionals can
accurately diagnose liver conditions and implement appropriate management
strategies.

References
American Association for Clinical Chemistry.
(2020). ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase).
Retrieved from
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/alt
American Association for Clinical Chemistry.
(2020). AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase).
Retrieved from
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/ast
American Association for Clinical Chemistry.
(2020). ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase).
Retrieved from
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/alp
American Association for Clinical Chemistry.
(2020). Bilirubin.
Retrieved from
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/bilirubin