RYAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

(CBSE)
BANNERGHATTA ROAD,
BANGALORE
XII CBSE
2023-2024

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
TOPIC: TO STUDY VARIOUS COMMON
DISEASES
Submitted by: NIKITA UTPAL LOTLIKAR

Submitted to: MRS NITYA MAM

/page
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Nikita Utpal Lotlikar of

Class XII C has successfully completed the
investigatory project on the topic under my
guidance during the academy year 2023-2024
as conducted by CBSE.

SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
PRINCIPAL SUBJECT TEACHER

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The success and outcome of this project required a

lot of guidance and assistance from many people. I
am extremely privileged to thank (subject teacher)
for providing me with an opportunity to do this
project work and giving me all the support and
guidance in completing the project. I am extremely
thankful for the support my school and peers have
provided me with. I would like to thank my
principal, my school and my parents for providing
me with all the necessary resources for this project
work.
 CONTENTS

▪ INTRODUCTION

▪ TYPES OF DISEASES

▪ MODESNIKITA UTPAL LOTLIKAR

OF TRANSMISSION

▪
CLASS- XII C, PCB
TYPES OF VECTORS

▪ BACTERIAL DISEASES

▪ VIRAL DISEASES

▪ PROTOZOAN DISEASES

▪ FUNGAL DISEASES

▪ BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

A disease is an abnormal condition or disorder

that affects the body or mind, leading to a
disruption in its normal functioning. Diseases
can manifest in various ways, and they may
result from a wide range of causes, including
pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, and
parasites), genetic mutations, environmental
factors, lifestyle choices, etc.

Diseases can have various sources or causes,

and they are typically classified into several
broad categories based on their origin:

▪ Bacterial diseases

▪ Viral diseases

▪ Protozoan diseases

▪ Fungal diseases

Diseases can be acute, meaning they develop

rapidly and have a short duration, or chronic,
indicating a long-lasting or recurring
condition. They can affect any part of the body
and may vary in severity from mild to life-
threatening.
 Bibliography

▪ https://ncert.nic.in/

▪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Lists_of_diseases
▪ https://www.sciencedirect.com/

▪ https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/
 Types of Diseases

Diseases can be categorized in various ways

based on different criteria, including their
causes, characteristics, and effects on the body.
Here are some common types of diseases
based on different classifications:

Congenital Diseases
Diseases present since birth and are caused
due to defective development of inheritance
e.g. congenital heart diseases, haemophilia,
colour blindness etc.

Acquired diseases
Diseases developed after birth. They are
further classified as
▪ Communicable diseases

▪ Non-communicable diseases

Differences between Communicable and

Non-Communicable Diseases

Communicable diseases:
These diseases are caused by microorganisms
like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
 Examples include influenza, tuberculosis,
HIV/AIDS, and malaria. These diseases spread
from one person to another.

Non-communicable diseases:
These are typically chronic diseases that are
not caused by infectious agents and are not
directly transmitted from person to person.
They include:
● Cardiovascular Diseases: Such as heart
disease and stroke.
● Cancer: Various types of malignant tumours.
● Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Including
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and asthma.
● Diabetes: Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
● Neurodegenerative Diseases: Like
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
 MODES OF TRANSMISSION
OF COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES

Communicable diseases, also known as infectious

diseases, can be transmitted from one person to
another through various different mediums. The
main modes of transmission for communicable
diseases include:

▪ Direct Contact:
This involves the transfer of infectious agents
from an infected person to a susceptible
person through physical contact. Examples
include touching, kissing, and sexual
intercourse. Diseases that can be transmitted
through direct contact include HIV/AIDS and
some sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

▪ Respiratory Droplets:
Some diseases spread through respiratory
droplets produced when an infected person
coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes. These
droplets can be inhaled by individuals in close
proximity to the infected person. Respiratory
droplet transmission is common in diseases
like COVID-19, influenza, and tuberculosis.
▪ Faecal-Oral Transmission:
This mode of transmission occurs when
disease-causing agents are ingested through
contaminated food, water, or objects. Diseases
like cholera and hepatitis A can be spread via
faecal-oral transmission.

▪ Vector-Borne Transmission:
Vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas,
can transmit diseases from infected
individuals to uninfected individuals through
their bites. Malaria (transmitted by Anopheles
mosquitoes) and Lyme disease (transmitted by
ticks) are examples of vector-borne diseases.

▪ Perinatal Transmission:
Some diseases, such as group B streptococcus
and HIV-AIDS, can be transmitted from a
pregnant woman to her baby through the
placenta during pregnancy, childbirth, or
through breast milk.
 TYPES OF VECTORS
The term "vector" usually refers to a living
organism, typically an insect or arthropod, that can
transmit disease-causing pathogens from one host
to another. It is an organism that can carry and
transmit disease-causing pathogens from one host
to another, playing a significant role in the
transmission of infectious diseases.

Mosquitoes are common vectors in the transmission

of diseases like malaria and dengue fever. When a
mosquito bites a person infected with a pathogen,
such as the malaria parasite, it can pick up the
pathogen. If the same mosquito subsequently bites
another person, it can transmit the pathogen to that
person, potentially causing an infection.

Mechanical vectors are organisms that passively

transport pathogens on their bodies or body parts
without being directly involved in the pathogen's
life cycle. Houseflies are an example of mechanical
vectors that can carry pathogens from filth to food,
leading to diseases like cholera and typhoid.

Arthropods are the most common vectors of

diseases. They include insects (such as mosquitoes,
flies, and fleas) and arachnids (such as ticks and
mites). Arthropod vectors are responsible for the
transmission of diseases like malaria, dengue fever,
Lyme disease, and leishmaniasis.
 Bacterial diseases
"Bacterial diseases" refer to diseases caused by
pathogenic bacteria. Some common bacterial
diseases are:

1. Tuberculosis (TB): Caused by the bacterium

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB primarily affects
the lungs but can also impact other parts of the
body.

2. Cholera: This diarrheal disease is caused by the

bacterium Vibrio cholerae and is often associated
with contaminated water and food.

3. Salmonella Infections: Various species of

Salmonella bacteria can cause food poisoning and
gastroenteritis.

4. Gonorrhoea: Caused by the bacterium Neisseria

gonorrhoeae, gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted
infection that primarily affects the genital and
urinary tract.

5. Syphilis: Treponema pallidum is the bacterium

responsible for syphilis, a sexually transmitted
disease that progresses through stages and can
affect various organs.

6. Diphtheria: This disease is caused by the

bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae and is
characterized by a severe throat infection.
7. Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Bordetella
pertussis is the bacterium responsible for whooping
cough, which affects the respiratory system.

8. Leprosy: Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, a

disease that primarily affects the skin and nerves.

9. Meningitis: Several bacterial species, including

Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus
pneumoniae, can cause bacterial meningitis, an
infection of the membranes surrounding the brain
and spinal cord.

10. Tetanus: Clostridium tetani bacteria can lead

to tetanus, a condition that affects the nervous
system and results in muscle stiffness and spasms.

11. Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis is responsible for

anthrax, a disease that can affect the skin, lungs, or
gastrointestinal system.

12. Gastric Ulcers: In some cases, Helicobacter

pylori bacteria are associated with the development
of gastric ulcers.

13. Lyme Disease: Borrelia burgdorferi,

transmitted through tick bites, can lead to Lyme
disease, which affects multiple systems, including
the skin, joints, and nervous system.
 Viral diseases
Viral diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic
viruses, which are microscopic infectious agents
that can replicate only within the living cells of a
host organism.

1. HIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

(HIV) causes Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS), a disease that weakens the
immune system, making individuals susceptible to
other infections.

2. Influenza (Flu): Influenza viruses cause seasonal

flu outbreaks with symptoms like fever, cough, and
body aches.

3. Common Cold: Several types of viruses, primarily

rhinoviruses, cause the common cold, leading to
symptoms like a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat,
and sneezing.

4. Hepatitis: There are different types of hepatitis

viruses (e.g., Hepatitis A, B, and C) that can cause
liver inflammation and damage.

5. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Herpes viruses

cause diseases like oral herpes (cold sores) and
genital herpes, which result in painful sores.
6. Chickenpox (Varicella): Varicella-zoster virus
causes chickenpox, a contagious disease
characterized by an itchy rash.
7. Measles: Measles is caused by the measles virus
and leads to symptoms like fever and a distinctive
red rash.

8. Mumps: The mumps virus causes swelling of the

salivary glands, leading to symptoms like puffy
cheeks.

9. Rubella (German Measles): Rubella virus

causes German measles, which may lead to a mild
rash and fever.

10. Polio (Poliomyelitis): Poliovirus can result

in paralysis and other serious complications.

11. Dengue Fever: Dengue viruses, transmitted

by Aedes mosquitoes, cause symptoms such as high
fever, severe joint pain, and bleeding.

12. Rabies: The rabies virus is transmitted through

the bite of an infected animal and can lead to a fatal
neurological disease if not treated promptly.

13. Ebola: The Ebola virus causes Ebola Virus

Disease (EVD), characterized by severe illness and a
high mortality rate.

14. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome): The SARS virus is responsible for
outbreaks of severe respiratory illness.
15. Zika Virus: Zika virus is transmitted by Aedes
mosquitoes and has been associated with birth
defects in infants when pregnant women are infected.

Protozoan diseases
Protozoan diseases are illnesses caused by various
species of single-celled microorganisms called
protozoa. These parasites can infect humans and
animals, leading to a range of health problems.
Protozoan diseases are often transmitted through
contaminated water, food, or by vectors such as
insects. Some common protozoan diseases include:

1. Malaria: Caused by Plasmodium parasites and

transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles
mosquitoes, malaria is a life-threatening disease
that affects millions of people worldwide.

2. Amoebic Dysentery (Amebiasis): Entamoeba

histolytica is responsible for this intestinal
infection, which can lead to symptoms like severe
diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and fever.

3. Giardiasis: Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite

that causes diarrhoea, cramps, and other
gastrointestinal symptoms.

4. African Sleeping Sickness (African

Trypanosomiasis): This disease is caused by
Trypanosoma brucei parasites and is transmitted by
 tsetse flies. It can lead to neurological symptoms,
including daytime sleepiness and confusion.

5. Chagas Disease (American

Trypanosomiasis): Trypanosoma cruzi causes
Chagas disease, which is primarily transmitted by
kissing bugs. It can lead to heart and digestive
problems.

6. Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasma gondii is the parasite

responsible for toxoplasmosis, which can be
transmitted through the consumption of
undercooked or contaminated meat or contact with
infected cat faeces. In most cases, it causes mild or
asymptomatic infections, but it can be severe in
individuals with weakened immune systems and
pregnant women.

7. Leishmaniasis: Leishmania parasites cause a

range of diseases, with symptoms including skin
sores, fever, and damage to internal organs. It is
transmitted through sandfly bites.

8. Trichomoniasis: Caused by the protozoan

parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, this is a sexually
transmitted infection (STI) that can affect the
genital and urinary tract.

9. Cryptosporidiosis: The protozoan parasite

Cryptosporidium can cause diarrheal illness,
particularly in individuals with weakened immune
systems.
10. Entamoeba coli Infection: Although
generally non-pathogenic, E. coli can occasionally
cause intestinal infections and diarrhoea in
humans.
 Fungal diseases
Fungal diseases, also known as mycoses, are
illnesses caused by various types of fungi. Fungi are
diverse microorganisms that can infect humans,
animals, and plants. Fungal infections can affect
different parts of the body, and the severity of these
diseases can range from mild to severe. Here are
some common fungal diseases in humans:

1. Ringworm (Dermatophytosis): Ringworm is a

fungal skin infection caused by dermatophyte fungi.
It often appears as a red, itchy, and ring-shaped
rash on the skin, scalp, or nails.

2. Athlete's Foot (Tinea Pedis): Athlete's foot is a

fungal infection of the feet, particularly between the
toes. It can lead to itching, redness, and peeling
skin.

3. Jock Itch (Tinea Cruris): Jock itch is a fungal

infection of the groin area, leading to a red, itchy
rash.

4. Candidiasis: Candidiasis is a fungal infection

caused by the yeast Candida. It can affect various
parts of the body, including the mouth (oral thrush)
and genital area (vaginal yeast infections).

5. Aspergillosis: Aspergillosis is a group of diseases

caused by the Aspergillus genus of fungi. It can lead
to respiratory infections, particularly in individuals
with weakened immune systems.
6. Histoplasmosis: Histoplasmosis is a fungal
infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. It is
often contracted by inhaling spores found in soil
with bird or bat droppings and can affect the lungs.

7. Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever):

Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides
species of fungi and can lead to respiratory
infections. It is endemic to certain regions,
particularly the southwestern United States.

8. Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP): PCP is

caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii and primarily
affects the lungs. It is a severe infection, particularly
in individuals with compromised immune systems,
such as those with HIV/AIDS.

9. Cryptococcosis: Cryptococcosis is caused by

Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungus that can infect
the lungs and central nervous system. It is more
common in individuals with weakened immune
systems.

10. Tinea Versicolor: Tinea versicolor is a fungal

skin infection caused by Malassezia species, leading
to discoloured patches on the skin.

11. Onychomycosis: Onychomycosis is a fungal

nail infection, often affecting the toenails. It can
lead to thickened, discoloured, and brittle nails.