eee cece ceceoseecsseseserresee® REVISED AND UPDATED Previous Year’s Solved Papers CSIR-NET/JRE MATHEMATICS "A perfect book for your revision plan" Volume-l! (Pure Mathematics) (Real Analysis, Group Theory, Ring Theory, Complex Analysis, Funllnal Analysis and Topology) © Topicwise Summary © Tosicwise Questions Fully Solved Questions ‘© Detaled Explanation with Analysis © 4 Model Practice Sets ‘Also useful for students of Graduation & Post-Graduation who love to solve problems By Rajendra Dubey” (Founder : DIPS Academy]Kittu Rani Publications Pvt. Ltd. 28, Ground Floor, Jia’Sarai, New Delhi, Soujh Delhi-110016 Helpline No.: 011-26825686, Cell: 8800221386 Website: www.kitturani.com E-mail; info@kitturani.com First Edition ‘Second Edition Third Edition: Forth Edition = ISBN No. fl Nov. 2018 Juty 2019 September 2020 May 2022 978-81-945542-0-2 Copyright © Rajendra Dubey © All ights reserved by Dips Academy. No part ol this book may'be reprockicad or dstriouted in any fm or any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying or otherwise without the prior permission of the “Dubey's Information Pool &Solutions Pvt Lid." Dips Academy has taken die dn oalecting the questions and providing thé soluticns, before publishing book Inspite of this, it any inaccursey 6 printing ertor occurs then, neither Dips ‘AGademyy.nor its author shall be ‘oeponsibie, However, appreciated ins Academy wil ne grate you cout point out any such error. Yeu suggestions wb =a a2 m~am=-"**@2 e2e2 eae enna nemesenanannaanaaneeaneaececcecerescsescoceosessereeee?® Preface to: First Edition "A mathematician, like a painter or poet, sa maker of patterns. Ifhis patterns are more permanent than theirs, itis because they are made with idens." ~ G.H, Hardy, A Mathematician’s Apology ‘Through the classes I teach and other platforms that I have taken part as a teacher, I have met ‘many Mathematics enthusiasts and noticed that am abundant package of mathematical exercises and problems have helped thes polish their skills and test the-veracity of their mathematical ideas. So, an option of creating a Problem Set came to the fore and this led to the idea-of Greating a solution manual ofprevious year question papers of Competitive exams for Bost graduates, like GATE, NBHM, CSIR NET etc, When I started thinking of exam,{ opined to start with CSIR NET exam, as it is‘one of the many tools through which mathematicians are carved out. And to employ the finest quality of noticing patterns in Mathematics, they are expected to solve problems, But problems in exams like CSIR NET are not some random chaos of questions, bal are a directed inepection of knowledge. This is the conclusion I have drawn by studying, patiern of CSIR NET question papess through the years. So it was obvious for me that my readersazé aspiring Mathematics teachers, Mathematics enthusiasts and research scholars. The vast syllabus of this exam and variety of questions that find their place in the question paper needs a bundle of manoeuvres to tackle the question paper-The questions asked in the ‘exam cannot be seen as easy of difficult, The questions spell out the potpourri of requirements from theaspirants. Accordingly, some questions are very specific and some are blurred, some are concerned with the definition of a term or a formula and some foreshadow the implications of those terms or formulae; while, some have multiple answers and some have a single answer. Also, the difficulty level of question varies from handling a bouquet of roses to bouquet of thorns In addition to that, while preparing the solution manual, I faced one difficulty that the questions cannot be categorized easily on the basis of chapter or concept, as most of the times, the framing, of questions included ideas from multiple topics and concepts. So the questions are classified as per the order of the concepts in which they are studied ‘The solution manual can be used more effectively, if used along. with the reference material In ‘case the'reader has gone through the long process of geltirig acquainted with the resulls and proofs of the portion, then the summary provided before the questions comes in handy. is to berioted that the summary piovides just the outline of the subject and the gaps have to be filled up by using reference material: The summary is Kept concise and precise, to make it an easy tool for revision. So, to inculcate better understanding, the explanations and pfoofs should be looked up in the standard study material Moreover, the solution is provided after the complete set of questioms is finished and it is providedeither in the form of a proof of as a counterexample. Readers are advised to note down results and conclusions drawn from the questions separately, as an addition to theirknowledge, Readers can also evaluate themselves by searching for similar questions from different textbooks, question papers of different exams ete. or they can also create similar , questions by changing values, adding or removing conditions. Such a step will not only help in evaluation, but also help in grasping the new idea or concept, making this step very erucial. The nature keeps on evolving : “The projects like this where we are trying to provide solution manual of questions asked in any. exam is itself volatile in nature as every year there will be another question paper containing new ideas and innovative framing of questions so naturally this is an ongoing process and the reqnirement of subsequent edition is apparent and will be taken care irf future for sure. Disclaimer: ‘The axioms, lemmas, theorems, identities and most of the formulae here were obviously not invented but collected, borrowed and copied from a large amount of sources contributed by well knows mathematicians and authors in the field, These sources include similar but shorter notes found on the internet and appendices in books- but while incorporating the integrity of logical inferences and implications have been taken care of - see the references for a full list. Exrors / Suggestions : There are always some errors which can dodge even the most vigilant proof reader s0 very likely there may be possible errors, typos, and mistakes in this book also and for which we apologize in advance and would be grateful to receive corrections. It will be pleasure if you come forward and put forward any suggestion for additional content or elaboration of some topics. For reporting errors or sharing suggestions you are most welcome at suggestion@dipsacademy.com At the end, I hope this book becomes an iota part of your journey’ towards Mathematical Renaissance. RAJENDRA DUBEY (Founder : DIPS. Academy)Acknowledgements (The team behind evolution of subsequent editions) would like to thank everyone including office boys and heads of various departments who took pain beyond their capacity. ‘The Team : The strength of a building depends on its foundation and fortunately this book got a very strong foundation in its team -the true maths lovers and passionate for maths. They all have qualified the various higher level exams in mathematics like GATE and NET etc. The members of solution manual team in no particular order are - Amit Chauhan : Head of the Applied Mathematics cell , DIPS ACADEMY, MSc. from Jamia Millia Islamia Ajit Singh : MSc. from IIT Guwahati , worked at DIPS Academy and is pursuing Ph.D. from NT Guwahati Sumit Kumar: Working with Dips Academy as Senior Faculty in Abstract Algebra. Ashok Kumar, Om Prakash Bhardwaj, Shubham Jain, Shivanshu Benjwal, Sagar Kaushik, Reewa Malik, Inderjeet Sharma, Tanu Joon & Sonu Kumari. Atlast but not the least special mention and thanks- Mrs, Jyoti R. Dubey, CMD of DIPS Academy whose continuous untiring motivation hasmade this book possible, Special thanks to DIP team members Amitesh Kumar, Udit and Subham whose never complaining attitude and innovative type setting made this book worth publishing RAJENDRA DUBEY “eouncer : DIPS Academy)6 Reference Books REAL ANALYSIS. (Mathematical Analysis (i) Introduction to Real Analysis (ii) Real Analysis (©) Mathematical Analysis (©) Principles of Real Analysis MODERN ALGEBRA (@ Contemporary Abstract Algebra Gi) Abstract Algebra (ii) Topicin Algebra iv) Algebra (Volume) (Volume) LINEAR ALGEBRA, (Linear Algebra i) Linear Algebra (8) Linear Algebra Gv) Matrix Analysis COMPLEX ANALYSIS: () Foundationof Complex Analysis (i) Punction of One Complex Variable (iH) Complex Analysis (i) Complex Analysis ‘roroLocy 0°. Topology (i) Topology of Metric Spaces (ii) ” Basie Topology FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS (@)Fanctional Analysis (ii) Introduetionto Functional Analysis with Applications ii) Functional Analysis, Tom M. Aposto Robert G. Berle Donald R. Sherbert SK. Mapa S.C. Malik Sita Arora S.L- Gupta, IR, Gupta Joseph. Galan Davi S. Dunst and Richard M, Foote IN Hersein René Lat Vivek Sahai, Vikas Bist Kexmeth Hoffman & Ray Kunze Stephen H. Friedberg, Arnold. Insel & Lawrence E. Spence Roger A. Horn Charles R, Jhonson S. Ponnusamy Jolin 8. Conny Joseph Bak& Donald J. Newman Lars V. Alors ‘ones R Nines 8. Kunaresa MA. Armstrong Welter Rudin Erwin Kreyseig, Eling M. Stein & Ravi Shakarchi@eeseeeoeceoovooseeoeecvaeaseseeuaeeeae Seoeeeve About CSIR-UGC JRE/NET Council of Scientific and Industrial Research headquartered in New Delhi Is the largast research and development organization in India. It is one of the world's largest publicly funded R&D organizations. Its pioneering contribution to Science and Technology Is notable and Human Resource Development Group (HROG) gets the big brains for thls organization through various grants, fellowship schemes, etc CSIR UGC NET Exam Is jGnty conducted for both Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and Lectureship (tS). National Eigblty Test (NET) is @ 165 to dotormine the eligibilty for JRF and LS. CSIR & UGC provide Research Fellowships to bright young men and women for training in methods of resesrch under - ‘expert guidance of faculty mémbers/scientists working ini University Desartment!Natonal Laboratories and Irstitutions in various flds of Science. Only bonatide Indian ciizens are elgte fr this test CSIRIUGC Fellowship is tenabio in India. The Program is aimed at National Sclence & Technology Human Resource Development “The award of CSIRIUGG Fellowship is fora fixed tenure and does net imply ary assurance or guarantee for subsequent templayment by CSIR/UGC to the beneficiary CSIR/UGC-NET Eligibility Criteria : © Nationality: Candidates must be an Indian National, © Education Qualification: Candidates should have M.Sc. or equivalent degree! integrated BS-MS/BS-4 years/BEY BTech'BPharma/MBBS with at least 55% marks for General (UR) and OBC candidates and 50% for SCIST, Persons un Disabitty (PwO) candidates, © Candidates enrolled for M.Sc. or having completed 19+243 years of the above qualifying examination 28 on the losing date of online submission of application form, are siso eligible to apply in the above subject under the Result Awaited (RA) category on the condition that they complete the qualifying degree with requisite percentage of ‘marks within the valalty petiod of two years to avail the felowship from the effective date of award. © Such candidates will have to Sumit the attestation form duly certified by the Head of the Department/nstitute from where the candidate is appearing or has appeared. @ B.Sc. (Hone) or equivalent degroe holders or students enrolled in integrated MS-PhD progrant with at least 55% marks for General (UR) and OBC candidates; 50% marks for SC/ST, Persons with Disability (PwD) candidates are 450 eligible to apply. Candidates with bachelor’s degree will be eligible for CSIR fellowship only after getting registered! enrolled for PhD/Integrated PhD program within the validty period of two years, 9. Candidates passessing’ only Bacheige's: dagreé are eligible: to apply. only for Junior Regearch Fellowship (JRF).and not for Lecurestip (U5). ° * ¢ The eligibility for lectureship of NET qualifed.candidates will be subject to fulfiling the criteria laid down by: UGC, PhD degree holders who have passed Masters degree por to 19th September, 1994 with at least 50% marks are eligible to apply for Lectureship only imit & Relaxation © For JRF (NET): Maximum 28 years {upper age limit may be retaxablo up to 5 years in case of SC/STIPersons with Disabiity(Pw0) female applicants ane 03 years in case of OBC (Non-Creamy Layer) applicants) © For Lectureship (NET): No upper age limitJunior Research Fellowship Stipend ‘The slipond of a JRF selected through CSIR-UGC Nationa Eligibility Test (NET) wil be Rs.25,000! pm. forthe fst wo In addition, annual contingency grant of Rs20000)- per felow will be provided to the University /instition, The Fellowship will be governed by terms and eonditions of CSIR, UGC or Research Scheme, as applicable. (On Completion of two years as JRF and ifthe Fetow is registered for PHD, the Fellowship wil be upgraded to SRF (NET) and the stipend will be increased 10 Re.28,000%. pin. for the 3rd and subsequent years, an the basis of assessment of Fellows! research progress! achievements through interview by an Expert Committ consisting of the Guide, Head of he Department and Exteral Mamber from outside the Universit Institution whois an expert in the relevant field, not Below the rank of Professor Assoclate Professor. CSIR ‘UGC NET Exam Pattern ‘The single paper MCQ based test wil beheld “The Test wil be holdin total of Ave subjects viz, Life Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Earth, Physical Sciences Chemical Sciences, Aumosoneric, Ooean and Planetary Sciences, The patter for the Single Paper MCQ test shall be as given below th @ maximum of 200 marks > The MCQ test paper of each subject shall contain 120 questions i >The exam shall be for duration of three hours > The question paper shal be divided in tree parts Part ‘A’ shall be common to all subjects, This part contsins a maximum of 20 questions of General Apitude ‘ut of whieh only 15 questions wil be taken up for evaluation, Each question carries 2 marks with negative marking of 0.5 marks. Part ‘B" snall contain subjectelated conventional MCQs. Ths part contains a maximum of 40 questions cout of whieh only 25 questions wil be taken up for evaluation. Each question carries 3 marks with ne marking of 0.75 marks. ate Part ‘C’ shall. contain subjectselsted conventional MSQs. This part contains a maximum of 60 questions ‘out of which only 20 questions wil be token up for evaluation. Each Question carries 4,75 marks With.no negative marking ANALYSIS OF CSIR - NET/ JRF PREVIOUS YEAR PAPER DEC.2018 | JUNEZOI9 | DEC. 2019 [26Now 2020 | s0Nov.2u20 | FEB 202 susecrs [rr Le [els |els[*|s | w]e 8 MARKS HARKS wank HARKS mars Seorons sons [os [esis [ots ts ovens ak [atu] ae on 36 | 7 | #2 | 36 | 76 | 12 | 36 [aszsfrans| a0 [oss [vets] 2 | 76 [ais Feel Anetysis we | | | w [ars|srrs| w | | mw | we [s25| 7020 2 [eers|ears [rerio we [| a | w] ow | | a jras|oeas| wo [ozo] oizs] vo [saa5[s125] 1 [zs [oa | _uwreu [an | 7 [ os | an [ews jos | 24 [eos [oon ae szzalvoas) 2¢ | 97 | ot | 2 Jorrsiears| [Vcupoaaee |e) wlatelelslelelsi|e(»ta|e|*|[s|efela, Tersay espe [ole le] |=]: [os[m| = |e [2m] e [is|ieas [__TOTA_| ow fazsolacasol eo fazsnlazso] w faasefase| o faraalerso] e [rasofam| eo jarzelnze eB= — [gore — %OO'sE. | OTE %OO'SE | KOOLY KOO | KOOL KOTSY | vLOZeuNr saree worer |%oree %over | worse xorzry | weezy %OL'Zr | %OLLR %OO'eS | PLOZ ‘seq vLeve w%eo'ee | moose wossz | mzsze weror | wecor never | uzoLh - eeres | stoz ounr wrs'sz wooze |%oo'se KENSZ | %eLvE WE'RE | KREZD ELL | HOEY” Kees | stor ‘sea wmoo'sz %sr'gz |%O0'SZ —won'sz | MseeC ETZE | Mozy wEELy | YOY. . %Es'rS | gLoZ euNr smoo'sz %00'ez" }%o0'se — ESUZ | REESE GEE | %KO'SY HOO'DS | HEC's. 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All CSIR-NET / JRF aspirants, who were part of DIPS Academy and have been giving me a glimpse of great mathematicians in the future... @aeaoneahenmnaeneaennewanee# Baoeasmseaenaaseaoaes @eseoseeseovescevseanecovoeaecnvneaeeseee eee Units L ota mm. Chapters = Real Analysis 1.0 Summary 1.1 Elementary Set Theory and Countability 1.2 Point Set Topology .. 1.3. Sequences of Real Numbers 14, Series of Real Numbers 1.5. Function and Their Properties . 1.6 Limitand Continuity LY. Differentiability &its Application 1.8 Reimann Integral and Function of Bounded Variation 1.9. Sequence and Series of Function .. 1.10 Function of Several Variables 1.11 Measure Theory. Linear Algebra 2.0 Summary 2.17 Vector Spaces 2.2. Linear‘Transformation and its Properties 2.3 Matrices andl Their Properties 24 Diagonalizability and Canonical Forms 25 Inner ProductSpaces 2.6 Bilinear Form and Quadratic Form, Group Theory (Modern Algebra) 3.0 Summary 3.1 Number Theory Page No. 1-38 39.49 50-53 54-70 71-86 87-93 att 112-125 126-138 139-152 183-178 179-182 238-227. 228-240 241-287 334-354 385-370,Iv. va. 3.2. Relatign and Basie Algebraic Structure 2.3. Basic Group Properties 34 Concept of Subgroups 3.5. Concept of Homomorphisin 3.6 Normal Subyroupe and Quotient Group 3.7 Sylow Package Ring Theory (Modern Algebra) 4.0 Summary 4.1, Ring Structure & Properties... . deals nen 4.3. Homomorphism & Quotient Rings . 4A Rings of Polynomial - Rix... 48 PID/URD/ED/ Field 46 Field Extension / Galois Theory Complex Analysis 5.0 Summary 4.2. Subring 5.1 Complex Number System 8.2. Function of Complex Variable 5.3 Analytic Functions & Their Properties 54 Singularities & its Classification 5.5 Complex Integration... 5.6 Liouville's Theorem &&its Application 5.7 Power Series, 5.8 Taylor's and Laurent's Expansion 5.9. Meromorphic and Rational Functions 5.10 Conformal Mappings 5.11 Maximum Modulus Principle & Schwarz Lemma .. Topology 6.0) Summary 6.1 Topology Functional Analysis 7.0 “Summary 7 Functional Analysis Appendix 1. Model Practice Set-1 Tl. Model Practice Set-2 Model Practice Set'3 .. Model Practice Set-4 .. ‘371-372 373-378 379-383 384-390 391-396 397-403 404-417 418-421 422-425, 426-429 430-441 442-450 451-459 460-483 484-486 487-490 491-500 501-505, 806-513, 514-519 520-526, $27-542 543-548 549-555, 556-563, 864-582 583-620 621-625 626.636 637-645, 646-654 655-662 663-672 Ol oweeeseeseeeeseceeagecoeae4uaesegeseeeeoe : Unit: REAL AMALYSIs-summery Lie By Real Analysis Elementary set theory, finife, countable and uncountable sets, Real number system a complete ordered field, Archimedean property, supremim, infimum. Sequences and series, convergence, limsup, limint, Bolzano Weierstrass theorem, Heine Borel theorem, Continuity, uniform continuity, diflerentiability, mean value theorem. Sequences and series of functions, uniform convergence. Riemann sums and Riemann integral, Improper Integrals. Functions of several variables, directional derivative, partial derivative, derivative as a linear transformation, inverse and implicit function theorems. a 1.0. Summary 1.1 Blementary Set Theory and Countability : 39.49 1.2. PointSet Topology 50:53 13. Sequences of Real Numbers a 54-70 14 Series of Real Numbers wn 71-86 1.5 Function anid Their Properties sa ‘ 87-93 1.6 Limitand Continuity sn 94-11 L7-_Dilferertiabilty & its Application 112-125 1.8 Reimann Integral and Function of Bounded Variation... 126-138 1.9 Sequence and Series of Function .. 7 139-152 1.10 Function of Several Variables nnn 153.178 1.11 Measure Theory . : = | 179-182 © O1PS HOUSE, 26, Jia Sarai, Hauz Khas, Near |..T., New Deihi-110010 ( 88-09-22-1388 @ o11-20537527 @ info@dipsacademy.com EP wardipsacademy.comFEB on. ner:ne: pe matenatcs Prove oe ShoePap La ELEMENTARY SET THEORY AND COUNTABILITY FUNCTION OW A SE’ Arlation f from anon-emply set Ato another non emply set B is said to be a function if each element x A corresponds to a urique clement ye B and the ywhich corresponds in this way to a given x is denoted by. /(x) and is called the value of xunder f Classification of Functions One-One (injective) Funetion: We say a function j:A-+ 2 fs one-one if Fla)= 1) 2 KEKE eA 1.e.no two elements in the domain correspond to the same element in the range. Onto (Surjective) Function: A function f:A>2 is said to be an onto function or a suijective function if every clement of B has @ pre-image in A ie. if J(A)=Borrange of fis the co-domain of f One-One Onto (Bijective) Function : ‘The map f:A-»B is bijective if tis one one as well as onto Remark: It depends upon domain and co domain respectively for a function to be one ane and onto Counting of Pune Leh and 8: bowo finize sets having main elements respectively : i) Total number of functions from A to'B is n® or |B” (ii) Number of one-one functions from A to Af" Pu ifn em Blo itnem where *p, = AL > omy . HOUSE, 28, via Sarai, Hauz Khas, Neat LIT, Naw Delh-11006 @ 88.00-22-1986 011-26597827 db ips ACADEMY (ii) Let 1sn x (ii) If x ig any positive real number then there exist a positive integer n such that (iit) For any real number x, there exist an integer n such that 2 < x Supremum of a set: Let SCR, then the smallest of all the upper bounds of a set Sis called the Supremum of the set S. or Least Upper Bound (Lab) of the set & £ supe S then it is called greatest element of the set. Infimum of the set: Let Sc, then greatest of all the lower bounds of a set Sis called the Infimum of the set S or Greatest Lower Bound (g.Lb) of the set S. If infS¢S then itis called smallest element of the set Interval:Let Sbe a subset of R then we say $ is an interval if whenever a,b¢S ‘such that axb then VacxxeS Properties: ‘3 Empty set and singleton sets are intervals. % If S is an interval and supS=2, inlS * @ ‘then’S'is denoted by. (aA), {a B], [as 8), (a, 8} (depending whether they até member of Sornot) Length of interval ~sup S- inf An interval Sis called an open interal if sup S and inf $ both does notbelong to S An interval $ is called closed interval if sup $ and inf § both belongto S. © DIPS HOUSE, 28, sia Sarai, Hauz Khas, Near LL.T., New Dathi-170016 Dips icnvtiiv Order Completeness Property (OCP) of it: Every non efipty bounded subset of R has Suprenmum and Infirm in R- Neighbourhood of Point: Let ScR,aeR We say Sis a Neighbourhood of a, if there exist an open interval I such that ae/and [cS Adherent point:Let aeR-and SER, then a is called adherent point of $if for every > 0 (a-4,a43)nsa9. Isolated Point: Let a= and ScR, thena is called Isolated point of S, if there exist 6>6, such that (a-5,a+5)nS={a} Limit Point: Let a€R and SR, then ais called Limit point of §, if for every 3 > 0, (2-4,a+8)nS-lahed Interior Point set SCR and aeR We say ais an interior pointot S if there exist 5 >0 such that (a-6,a+6)cS Set ofall interior points of Sis denoted by S* Exterior Point: Let aeR and ScR, We say ais an exterior point of S ifitis an interior point of S* in (where S* means complement of $ in R) Set ofall terior polntof Sil dendted by xt S Condensation Point: letaeR and Scr, then ais-called condensation point of $ if for every 550, (a~6,445) must contain uncountable members of S. Hence if Sis not countable, then there exists ‘point inf S such that xis condensation point ofS. 86.00-22-1980 @ 011-26537527 @ info@eipsacademy.com | wow dipsacademy com @m@enrwtnm2 ea & eee Ba hee@ecosseenesesesarvreseec eee cencse-e2e Dips icity Boundary Point: a ¢ R is said to bea boundary point of $ CR ifitis neither an interior point’ of Snor an exterior point of S. Set of all boundary points of Sis denoted by Ba(s) Open Set: A set Sis called open set, if it is neighbourhood of each ofits point. Closed Set: A set Sis called closed set, if it contains all its limit point. Derived Set: Collection of all limit point of a siven set Sis célled derived set of S and it is denoted by s° Perfect Set: If S set Dense Set: A set $ is said to be Dense setin then Sis called perfect any set Xiff $= Bolzano Weierstrass Theore: 3 “Every infinite bounded subset of R has a limit point.” Results and Properties % If Sis a bounded non-empty subset of R. Then inf Sa;.,,vaeN, then .) is called strictly decreasing or decreasing sequence, Limit Point of a Sequence: Areal number p isa limit point of a sequence © DIPS HOUSE, 26, Jie Sera}, Haz Khas, Near I..T., New Deihi-1100%6 @ @6-00-22-1986 M 011-26897527 @ inlo@aipsacademy.com | www.cipsacadeny.com ips AeADEMY 4a,)itve>0, a, 2(p-6, pte) for infinitely many values of n Remark: Areal number pis not a limit point of a sequence (a,}, if there exists at least one neighbourhood of p which contains only finite number of elements of (a,) Existence of A Limit Point : Bolzano Weierstrass Theorem: Every bounded sequence has.a limit point. Subsequence: Consider a map. f:N-+N defined by ‘f(k)=n, and let (n,) be a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers, ‘Then for any sequence (q,), the sequence (,,) is defined as « subsequence of (a,) ‘Complementary Subsequences: Let (ay) and (a,,) are subsequences of (a,) then define Si={n Im en) and S=[m [me EN} then (a) and (a,,) axe complementary subsequences if @ SUs,= Let (a,) be a sequence of real number and 1 bbe‘a real number, (eR) then we say is.the limit of the sequence (24) ior any 6>0,3m ef such that ) tim(a, li (b,) = @-b & aa(z)-f*} ; provided, b, #0 VneN and bo () _ Rm(ka,)=klim(a,)=k-a;vk eR Results: x Limit of a convergent sequence is unique. ® — limlu,-]=0e limy, ® if lima, =a and a, 2b, vn 2m,meN ‘Then a2 b(a,beR) mAbounded sequence (a,) is convergent @ it has unique limit point. = Every bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence. % Teach of the two subsequence (2,.) to 1. Then (a,)also converges to (= (@yn)' and (a,,) are complementary. subsequences of (a,)) If (ny) and (am) converges to then different limit, ) cannot converge. © DIPS HOUSE, 26, Jia Sarat, Have Khas, Near 11.7, New Delhi-110016 ‘ane (ae, ) ofa seguentce (ai): converses 32 Unt: REALANALYSIS- summary ADVANCED ANALYSIS OF A SEQUENCE: Limit Superior: Let (@,) be a sequence of real numbers which fs bounded above, Define SUP (4, gy os Qyas By = supfay, ay, ay~} supa, ‘Then (b,) iS defined which is monotonically decreasing “Then limit superior of (a,)is denoted by limsupa, and is defined as inf {bf by,b,,--} Note: if (,) is not bounded above ‘Then limit superior of (a,) is defined as Tia, =limsup a, = 40 Limit Inferior: et (@,) bea sequence of real mumbers which is bounded below: Define 6, =Inf {4,055.05 Oy Garr & =inf {a,,y,..} eq =inf fay ay. 0} Then ¢, <¢, 545... ie., (¢,) is monotonically iricreasing sequence: Now, limit inferior of (a,) denoted by lima, or liminf(a,) is defined to be sup{e,,¢,,¢y,.} Note: If (a,)is not bounded below then we define lim a, 88.00-22-1386 1 011.26597527 © info@sipsacademy.com {B www.cipsacademy.comHE) csee-ner snr -Puretatnonates Pres Shed Pap 5 ‘TYPES OF SEQUENCES Convergent Sequence: Acsequence (a, is said to be convergent iff luait superior is equal to the limit inferior and they exist finitely ie Tima, -lima, =1(1eR), then 1 is called the limit of the sequence (a,) Divergent Sequence: A sequenice (a,) is said to be divergent if lima, -lima, == (infinite) or lima, = lima, =~ (infinite) Oscillatory Sequence: A sequence (a,) sequenceif lima, «iim a, Finitely Oscillatory Sequence’ Asequence (a,) is said to oscillate finitely ifboth ima, and lima, exist finitely and lima, +lima, Infinitely Oscillatory Sequence: Asequence (a,,} is said to be oscillate infinitely, ifboth lim, and Timi a, exist infinitely and lima, “Tima, Properties on Limit Superior and Limit Inferior Let (a,) be a bounded sequence and 1eR Then limsupay=t iif for each ¢>0 (i). -a, > I+ ¢ for infinitely many values of n. (ii) a, <1+e for all except finitely many values of n Let (a,) and (B,) are two bounded sequences, Then () if a, 5b, YmeR-> limsup a, slimsupb, is said to be oscillatory © DIPS HOUSE, 26, Jia Sarai, Hauz Khas, Near T., New Delhi-110018 (@ 86-00-22-1366 @ 011-26537527 Dips ienveay and'liminf a, ithas constant subsequence. Sequence, of natural: number. is convergent iff it is eventually constant Ifa sequence of natural numbers is not divergent then subsequence. Cauchy Sequence: : it has constant A sequence (a,)is said to be @ Cauchy soquenceif ¥ £>0,ameN st fa,-ay]<6, whenever n 2m @ info@sipsecademy.com E} wirw.cipsacatemy.com a & e@# epc2am@eevemoeO@OigsranenatBé& ae me_ m@ ea BoDips ieativ Cauchy's Criterion for Convergence: A sequence (a) of real numbers is convergent iff tis a Cauchy sequence Cauchy's General Principle of Convergence (cere) A necessary and sufficient condition for a sequence (a,) to be convergent is that v e>0, 3meN such that [0 then lim(aa,...4,)" Corollary: If a,>0 and lim! Then — lim(a,)"=2 Cesaro’s Theorem: Let ima, =a aad limb, =b where abeR then” im +A. Sandwich theorem: Let (a,):(2,)Aéq) are sequences of real number and 3meN such that a, $b, Seq, Yn 2m and lia, then lime, =! © DIPS HOUSE, 26, Jie Sarai, Havz Khas, Neor 11.7, New Delhi-110016 G& 88.00-22-1386 011-26637527 info@dipsacademy.com — wow.dipsacademy.com Unit: REAL ANALYSIS -Summary, Integral as’a lishit of sum : seo) pt Sa(Qe frre on ty me where fis continuous, Results: If a,20,¥neN and lima, . then.120. ws “It (a)a(2,)be two sequences such that a, a. Phen af >a? However, the converse may not be true. & Let (a,)be a sequence such that a2 -va?, iff |d,|>Ja| as n+tn IRF Pir atone Yer sshd Fae 4. SERIES OF REAL NUMBERS Definition: Let (a,) be « sequence of real numbers, $a, ive, infinite sum of the members of the sequence, is defined as series of real numbers. kis also denotedby Sa, Sequence of Partial Sums (SOPS): Suppose Da, is an infinite series then we define a sequence (S, }as follows: sa S,=0,+, 4, +4, +...44, ,and soon ‘The sequence (S,) is called the sequence of partial sums of the series Ya, Convergent Series: Aseries Tia, is sai to be convergent series ithe sequence (S,) of partial sums of Da, is convergent. Andit lms, = then Sis called the sum of the series a, and then we write it as Divergent Series: The sexies Ja, is said to be divergent series, if the sequence (s,)-of partial sums of Ya, is divergent. Oscillatory Series: The series Ya, is said to oscillatory series if the sequence (S,) of partial s ms of Ya, oscilates ‘© DIPS HOUS @ inioasip jcademy.com 26, sia Sarai, Hou2 KR38, Near LT, Ne DeIhi-t100%6 % 98-00-22-1306 @ 011-20557527 ‘wodipsace ips AeNBEGY Necessary condition for convergence of a series: I the series Ya, converge, then ma, =0 Note: % Converse of the theorem need ot be true. ima, #0 then Sia, cannot converge. _ Telescopic Series: Let {a,} be a sequence of real numbers. Define Bn Then Yb and Ye, are called telescopic Remark:lf (S, denote the sequence of partial sum ofthe series Sib, and if (t,) denote the sequence of partial sum of the series ‘Then (S,) and (f,) are convergent iff (a,) is convergent. Thus Yb and Ye, are convergent iff (a,) is convergent. Cauchy's General Principal of Convergence A necessary and sufficient condition for a series Sa, to converge is that Ve>0,ameN such that [guy Haga ha tayjee OnE Pringsheim’s Theorem: If a series Yu, of positive: smonotosiie’ decredéing: terns” converges then not only uf, 0 ‘but also” iy, 0. a8 n-$05 Result: 2s A positive term series converges iff the sequence of its partial sum is bounded above. 2 The sequence of partial sum of a series with negative terms can be shown to be monotonic decreasing and hence a \demy.comDips icine series with negative teims convergés iff the sequence of its partial sum is bounded below. ‘Itmay similarly be sGen that a series of negative terms can either converge or diverge to - wm Asseries Su, whose terms are not necessarily positive may fail to be convergent even if the sequence (S.). {is bounded above. JEST FOR CONVERGENCE OF POSITIVE ‘TERMS SERIES First Comparison Te If Du, and Y', are positive terms series, ke>0, 3mEN ouch that u, Su, converges. (i) Yu, diverges > Sy, diverges. Second Comparison Test: Wf Sou, and Le, are two positive term series euch that vn2m then, ) Xp, converges = Tim, converges. (il) Tuy diverges = Yu, diverges. P-Series Test: 1 The series DA is convergent iff p>1 Limit form Comparison Test: Let Su, and Sv, be two positive termn series such that lim = Then Su, and 5 together. + (Lisfinite and non-zero}. converge or diverge Remark: If 1-0 of ==, then the conclusion of the above test may not hold good. (© DIPS HOUSE, 26, Jia Sarai, Hauz Khas, Near |.1.7., New Oelhi-1100%6 @ 88-00.22-4386 011-26697527 = Unit: REALANNSIS- Summary Result: If Yio, is a convergent series of positive terms then Y-% is also convergent. D’Alembert's Ratio Test : Let Ya, be @ positive term series such that ‘Then i) Ya, converges if t>1 (i) Ya, diverges it 2<1 (iii) Test faile if 123 Rabbe’s Test: Let Tia, be a postive term series such that Then (i) La, converges if 2>i (3) Ya, diverges if 11 (iii) Test fails if 121 Cauchy’s n" Root Test ¢ Let Sa, be a positive term series such that lim(a,)" =t Then (0. Zig cosiverges if1<1 iit) Ya, diverges if T>1 (iil) Test faite at 1-1 Definition: THe, infinite integral | f(x)ae is sald to be convergent (divergent), ete ae ee @ inlo@dipascodemy.com B} www.dipsacademy com_ Cauchy's Integral Test: If u(x) is a non-negative, monotonically decreasing and integrable function such that uln}= ty VneN, then the series ou, is convergent it {uaa i ocwergnt Result: The series tp Zinio nionionny ?”?) converges if p>1 and diverges if 0< ps2 © Alternating Series: Acseries of the form 4 ~2 4% + where u,>0,VneN is called an aiternading isdenotedby F(a)", © Absolute Convergence: Hf Sa, is 4 series of real numbers such that J’ja,{is a convergent series Then Ya, is called an absolutly convergent Result: Let Tu, be absolutely convergent series, Then Sous also convergent ‘The converse of this is not true i a’convergent series may not be absolutely. convergent, © Uonditional Convergence: A series Sou, is said to be conditionally convergent, if 8) Luis convergent, and ) Yous not absolutely convergent CSIR - NET JRE : Pure Aathomatics Previous Year Solved Paper L Dips itiveiv ‘SOME MORE TESTS: Leibuitz’s Test for Alternating Sertes: D(-1Y" uy, satisfies fan alternating = Oya suavn Gi) ims Then, the series J (-1)"" u, converges. ‘Remark: The alternating series (-1)" will not be convergent if Gither yy eR or ima Digchifet Test: (i) (@) ss monotonic and converges to 0 (i) SOPS of YA, is bounded thea Suh, fs convergent 3, Abel Test : ()(q,} is monotonic and bounded. i) Sh, i0 convergent sien Sesh in converse 5. FUNCTION & THEIR __ PROPERTIES © “Inverse function: Let _f:X-3Y be.a one-one, onto function: ‘Then the function g:¥—3 X which associates to each element ye¥ the unique element xX such that f(x)=y is Known as inverse function off. ‘The inverse function g of ff is denoted by f ‘S HOUSE, 28, Jia Sarai, Haws Khas, Near H.7., New Deihi-M0018 @ 66-0022-1386 @ 011-26897577 @ isioweiasacademy.cam f] ww-dipsscsdemy.com“Then, we have f*:¥ +X f'W)=* Domain of Definition: such that Let y= f(x) bea rule, ScR on which f becomes real valued function ie,ifSbeasubsetof R & f:S>R bereal valued function then Sis called domain of definition. We sometimes denote domain of definition’as ‘Dod’ Properties of logarithmie Function: ee * | 5.1 CLASSIFICATION OF PUNCTIONS Let a,b,c be positive real numbers eee te aro © Algebraic Function: = Afunction y= f(x) is said to be an algebraic ‘fit is a root of the equation of the form = log,a smlog.a, meR va Po(x)u" +p (x)y +P, (x)= 0 % log,a=tael where p,(x) are polynomial in xeS,00 is not an algebraic function then it is said to 105, be a transcendental function on S. 7 Forexamples: f(x) = x" © Periodic Function: aR ct A function f(x) is said to be periodic function ‘Some Important Graphs: fel a ae eps MBER Of stich that re FO = F(x) 5 V e€ Dod x) xsin{ 2) vx eR - (0) Peles lveek 10) and ite bu and such 1 is fled a period of f © Fundamental Period: The smailest positive period 1eR" for a periodic function f is defined as the fundamental period of f © DIPS HOUSE, 26, Ha Sarai, Hav Khas, Noar IT, New Dol-ri0016 @ B8-00.22.1986 HE O11-26507627 @ info@dlpsacademy.com E3 www.dipsacadeny.com =eBE 2 errane oreo Prosser Pp ; Properties: = Sum or difference of two periodic fanction may not be periodic ‘S48 f and gare two functions defined on R such that g is periodic. Then fog is periodic on R Periodicity is a domain based property. ‘ — Aperiodie function may ormay not have fundamental period. = ifafunction has a fundamental period! 1Then af (bx +c) +d “has-period fi abedeR Sf fifewnf, are periodic functions with periods pouty, Fespectively ‘Then the linear combination of f's is periodic f 37 ER 54.7 eQVi=1 2.0 Bounded Function : Let SER and f:S>R be a function. ‘Then f is boundeditf f(S) is bounded in R ie. 2a,feR such that aS f(x)R then ff is said to be monotonically increasing iffor x, f(x)sf(a)i¥ mes © 01S HOUSE, 2 IPS AEADEWY (strict inequality hold then f is called strictly increasing function) (Gi) _f is said to be monotonically decreasing, 2 fla)2 fla)Vxmes If strict inequality hold then fis called strictly decreasing function. Results: = If f is monotonically increasing (decreasing) function. Then —f is monotonically decreasing (increasing) function, % If fs, >X, is monotonic on X, and f,:X;—>% is monotonic on Xp then fy» f;:X,r% is monotonic on X, ‘Sum of two monotonically increasing (decreasing) fumction is monotonically increasing, (decreasing) % Difference “df two monotonically increasing (decreasing) function may not be monotonically inereasing (éccreasing). % _Prociuct of two monotonically mnereasing (decreasing) functions may not be monotonically increasing (decreasing). Even Function and Odd Function: A function [2S +R is said to be an even function f fR-X=s(oivxes and_ fig called an odd function Sivees Results: ts If f isa even and differentiable function on R, then "(xis an odd functioi. If F(x) is an odd differentiable function on R, then /"(x)is an even function. Jia Sarai, Hauz Khas, Nee LT, New Delni-110016 @ 86-00.22.1386 & O11-26537527 @ info@uinescademy.com B} werw.cipsacademy.com@eeeeeceoceooaoannpeoasveooen@esunuvee 008808000 Dips ieninny Sxnceanceserarisnes 6. LIMIT €@ND CONTINUITY 61 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION ¢ General Principle For Existence of Limit (GPEL): Let = ScRandacs’ [may or may not be member of $). Let. f:S9R We say re Ris the limit of / ° forany ¢>0, 360 such that xx efx: 00, there exists'6>0 such that [Flel-a|ce whenever (a—8© if given 2>0, there exists a positive'number k such that Ir (o-i] Also then we write tim f(x): or “F(x las x0 A fiinction f is said to tend to 1 as xX -o if given ©>0, there exists a positive number k such that Wr) whenever x<-k Also then we write Jim f(x)=1 or F(x) 108 x-9~0 function f is said to tend to as x tends to a, ifgiven k > 0, however large, there exists a positive number § such that f(x)>k whenever 0<[x—al<5 Also then we write lim f (x)= or f(x) roasx a Afunction f is said to tend to -< as x tends toa, ifgiven 5.0 ;however large, there exists a positive number 5 such that L)<-k whenever 0 <|¥ Also then we write lim f(x) © or f(x) 28637527 @ info@sipsacademy.com fa www.dipsacademy comips ACADEMY 62 Co’TINUOUS FUNCTION Definition; Let SCR be a subset of R and f:S-PR bea real valued function. ‘Then we say / is continuous at aS if any of the following condition is satisfied: @ aes-s’ (ic. ais an isolated point of S). (aes and tm sl)=s(e) (.e.limitof, f exist at x =a and equal to the value ef the function), Result ‘If limit point of $ is not member of S, ‘Then that limit point is called point of discontinuity for function, m= At isolated points, f(x) is said to be continuous if itis defined there at. Second Definition of Continuity: Let ScRR and f:S > bes function then we say fis continuous at the point @¢5 <2 for every sequence (x,) in § such that (x,) a> F(%) > f(a) Results: wa Ifwe can find two sequences (@,).(b,) in S such that (a,),(b,) converges to a but lq), {a} converges to different limits. ‘Then f is not continuous at If we can find a aéquesier ¢4;)° which converges to a. but f(a,) does not converges at all ‘Then f is not continuous at x ‘TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY Removable discontinuity): discontinuity (simple Let SER and f:S>R bea function, © O1PS HOUSE, 28, 1 . e Sarai, Havz Khas, Near LL... New Deihi-110016 @ £8.00-22-1380 @ o11-20597827 fo@dineacademy.com 3] Wew.cipsacadamy.com Unitd: REAL ANALYSIS =Sugamary If limf(x) exist but either f(x) is aot defined at x=2 or it lim (2) £2) ‘Then we say that the function has removable discontinuity at x= @ is defined and Discontinuity of first kind or (Jump discontinuity): A-function f:SR is said to have discontinuity: of first kind (or Jump discontinuity) at x=a iffat this point LLL, and R-HLL. both-exist but not equal. Furthermore, () A function fis said to have a discontinuity of the first kind from the left to a if LHL exist but itis not equal to f(a). (i) A function f is said to have a discontinuity of first kind from the right to a if RELL. exist but it is not equal to F(a). Note: Jumpat (x=«) jim F(x) ~ lim f(x) Discontinuity of second kind (Mixed discontinuity): Afunction / (x) is said to have adiscontinuity of second kind (or mixed discontinuity) at x=a, if any of RHL or LHL or both does not exist at x= a Algebra of Continuity: Let Sq Rand f tig real valued be functions on’S. Let a, beiR suppase that ae" and f fg are continuous at a ‘Then (i) Linear céfgbination of f and g Le. af +g is continuous at x=a (i) Product of f and g ie, fg is continuous at x= a