✮⋆˙LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR TEXTS✮⋆˙

Linear Texts
- traditional texts
- need to be read from beginning to the end
- grammatical structure and arrangement of words.
- one reading path, which is decided by the author
- Printed texts
- take time to find the information readers are searching for.

EXAMPLES:
- Novel: narrative work of prose fiction that tells a story about specific human
experiences
- Poem: piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song that
is nearly always rhythmical and stanza
- Letters: written, typed, or printed communication
- Textbooks: book that contains detailed information
- News Articles: inform and educate readers on current affairs/events
- Essays: short piece of writing about a specific topic

Non-Linear Texts
- does not need to be read from the beginning to the end
- visual elements
- multiple reading paths
- digital texts
- more information
- more information efficiently

EXAMPLES
Tables: representations of data organized into different categories by rows and
columns.
Pie Chart: which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the
whole.
Sequence Chart: helps visualize the order of steps of a process or a timeline of events,
etc.
Bar Graph: bars to compare data according to given categories
Venn Diagram: COMPARISON
Character Map: illustrates the personality elements, flaws, relationships, and the
ultimate journey of a fictional character.
Flow Chart: picture of the separate steps of a process in sequential order.
Line Graph: uses lines to represent the data on continuous changes over a specific
amount or period of time.

*These kinds of information can be transcoded from linear to non-linear.

● When a text is too long, transcoding helps to make it shorter

which makes reading faster
● When a text holds too much information that makes it difficult
to understand, process, remember - transcoding makes it
easier to understand and remember as it is converted to
simplified and more visual format
● When important information needs to be highlighted, these
can be presented into graphs, charts or tables.

⋆｡ﾟ☁︎｡⋆｡ ﾟ☾ ﾟ｡⋆ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A WEBSITE

Website - Merriam Dictionary (n.d.) defines Website as “a group of World Wide Web
pages usually containing hyperlinks to each other and made available online by an
individual, company, educational institution, government, or organization.”

Home page - the front page of a website

Slider - term that refers to a slideshow
Header - top on the website
- It contains a number of clickable components, like a logo, navigational tags,
login buttons, and more
Navigation Menu - organized list to other links/site pages
Sidebar - vertical column that appears on the side of a webpage that gives extra info
Call to Action - Its needed to take some action on the web
Footer - very bottom of the web page
- contains a copyright notice, link to a privacy policy, sitemap, logo, contact
information, social media icons, and an email sign-up form

WHAT'S A URL???
- Universal Resource Locator
- incorporates the domain name, along with other detailed information, to create
a complete address (or “web address”) to direct a browser to a specific page
online called a web page
- Every web has a unique url
Protocol - how data is transferred between the host and a web browser (usually the http
or https)
Domain - name ng web
Path - location of a page
ANU ANG HTTP
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundation of the World Wide Web and is
used to load web pages using hypertext links.

*HTTPS is HTTP with encryption. The only difference between the two protocols is that
HTTPS uses TLS to encrypt normal HTTP requests and responses. As a result, HTTPS is
far more secure than HTTP. A website that uses HTTP has http:// in its URL, while a
website that uses HTTPS has https://.

What is TLS???
Transport Layer Security, or TLS, is a widely adopted security protocol designed to
facilitate privacy and data security for communications over the Internet. A primary
use case of TLS is encrypting the communication between web applications and
servers, such as web browsers loading a website. TLS can also be used to encrypt other
communications such as email, messaging, and voice over IP (VoIP).

Encrypt - means to convert (information or data) into a cipher or code, especially to

prevent unauthorized access.

Content of the Website

Title of the web page
The author
The year published
The article
Ads (ugh)

-`♡´-Academic Writing-`♡´-
- Helps scholars, students, analyze research and construct an effective argument.
- Pieces of evidence- based arguments
- Formal style of writing

COMMON ACAD WRITING

- Research Paper - Essay
- Literature Reviews
- Theses
- Reports
 - Conference
- Acad blogs

Basic Order Skills in selecting sources

2 types of sources
-Primary sources
- are much more reliable because it come from the person itself
● Primary sources are original
● Direct evidence
● Original thought
● Not modified

Examples
● Artworks
● Poems
● Photographs
● Speeches
● Personal narratives
● Diaries
● Interviews
● Autobiographies
●
-secondary sources are primary sources that is transferred to a new document
● Late created by someone
● Summarized
● Did not experience the happening

EXAMPLES
Edited works
Textbooks
Literary criticism and interpretation
Dictionaries
Biographies
Newspaper editorial/opinion pieces

Essential Ws

Who is the author

Where is the name of the publication
When is the date written
What is the title and is all about

For news reports

- validate the news by counterchecking

Blog articles
- Clear authorship
- -cohesive
CREDIBILITY
- Check if the author is credible
- See their background
- Body of work
- Google the author

RELIABILITY
- Trustworthiness
- List of references

VALIDITY
- Check the year
- Timeframe of 5 years
Exceptions include historical data, theories, reports on trends and innovations

⋆ ˚｡⋆୨ ʚɞ ୧⋆ ˚｡⋆ PREPOSITIONS⋆ ˚｡⋆୨ ʚɞ ୧⋆ ˚｡⋆

- Express a number of relationships, including time, location, means or agent,
manner, state, quantity, or measure and purpose or reason.
Phrase - grp of words that acts in a sentences a single part of speech

Prepositional Phrase - grp of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun
or pronoun
How to spot prepositional phrases?
Look for prepositions
Not a conjunction
Prepositions are different from clauses
ADJECTIVE VS ADVERB PHRASE

Adj - prepositional phrases describes or modifies noun or pronouns then it functions as

an adjective phrase

Adverb Phrase - when a prepositional phrase is used as an adverb

- Modifies as a verb, an adjective, or adverb
LAST NA TEH KAYA PA BA????

☆⋆｡𖦹°‧★Independent and subordinate Clauses☆⋆｡𖦹°‧★

Independent Clause (aka simple sentence)

- Contains subject and verb

- Complete idea
- Stand on its own
- Has the most basic elements that make it a sentence

May have more than one subject or verb connected by “and” & “or”

S+V

SS + V

S + VV
SS + VV

COMPOUND SENTENCES
2 independent clauses together
, : ; + conjunctive adverb

Subordinating Clause (Dependent Clause)

- Can't stand by itself

- Relies to the other clause
- Sentence fragment
• Because China has caused extensive marine damages

• Even though the Philippines is a small country

• Which hit the resupply boat by the AFP

A comma is used ONLY when a dependent clause goes before an independent

clause in a sentence.

When you combine an independent clause and a dependent clause using a

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION. You will have a COMPLEX SENTENCE.
 AYAN TAPOS KA NA TEH ⸜(｡˃ ᵕ ˂ )⸝♡

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ฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅINTRODUCTION TO POETRYฅ^•‫^•ﻌ‬ฅ
(based on my notes bc maam I hasn’t posted the topic itself yet)

Poetry - written composed language that appeals to a sentence

- Rhythmical composition
- Creative use of words
*Poetry isn’t easily defined

ELEMENTS OF POETRY
- Image
- Sound
- Form

Image - pics created by a poet

- Appeals to the 5 senses
- Imagination

Figures of Speech - make connections between 2 different objects

Tone - author’s attitude towards the subject
- Mood
- How he/she delivered the poet

Sound - the words being emphasized

- Stress some words

Rhymes - repeat the sound of the stressed syllable

Refrain - group of lines repeated at regular intervals

SOUND DEVICES
Onomatopoeia - act of creating or using words that include sounds of objects
Alliteration - repetition of consonant sounds
Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds

Form - basta alam nyo na yun

Line - structure of the poem

Stanzas - division of poems
Kinds of Stanzas
- Couplet
- Triplet
- Quintet
- Quatrain
- Setset
- Sepset
- Octave

Denotation - literal meaning

Connotation - emotional effect of a word
Meter - a structure in which each line contains a set amount of syllables
Rhyme Scheme - pattern according to the end of words

TYPES OF POEMS

Free Verse - no rhyming/rhyming scheme/no number of stanzas/ no number of lines

used
Cinquain - 5-line stanza
Limerick - nonsense poem? With 5 lines
Haiku - unrhymed Japanese verse ( 5-7-5)
Concrete - words that are arranged in the image
Sonnet - 14 lines using any of a number of formal rhyme scheme w/ 10 syllables
Ballad - poem or song narrating in short lines
Acrostic Poem - certain letters in each line in phrases or sentences

FIGURES OF SPEECH
- Figurative language
- Adds color, interest, and to awaken the imagination
- Mostly authors use these to help the reader visualize
- We can use it everywhere
- Opposite of figurative language

4 categories
- Sound Devices
- Grp of Opposites
- Grp of Comparisons
- All the rest
Sound Devices
- Alliteration - repetition of consonant sounds
Ex: Bob brought the box of bricks to the basement

- Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds

Ex: How is hollow long and loud

- Onomatopoeia - use of sounds that imitate the sounds associated with the
objects or actions
Ex: The wood crackled in the fireplace

Group of Comparisons
- Simile - the words like or as, implied between of 2 dissimilar objects things that
have smth in common
Ex: Totoy was white as a sheet after he walked out of the horror movie.

- Metaphor - no like or as pero seym like the simile

Ex: All the world's a stage

- Personification - inanimate object or abstraction which is endowed with human

qualities or abilities
Ex: That kitchen knife will take a bite out of your hand if you don’t handle it safely.

All the Rest

- Hyperbole - exaggeration terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened
effect
Ex: It’s raining cats and dogs (kawawa si mingyu hayst)

- Synecdoche - a part is used to represent the whole

Ex: Can I buy you a glass
Par, check out my new wheels

- Metonymy - change of name, substitute of the thing names for the thing meant
- Concept or object entirely with a related term
Ex: The pen is mightier than the sword
From the cradle to the grave
I have never read Milton
The White House will be making an announcement around noon today
 - Irony - use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning
- Form a situation where the meaning is contradicted

Verbal Irony - opposite of what they mean

- Sarcastic
Situational Irony - one’s expectations to be thwarted
- Also opposite happens

- Apostrophe - speaker directly addresses someone who can’t respond

Ex: yung grades natin
Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I need you to.

Group of Opposites
- Oxymoron
- Puns
- Antithesis
Imagery Devices
- 5 senses

Tactile Imagery - anu touch

Auditory Imagery - sounds
Olfactory Imagery - smell
Gustatory Imagery - taste
Visual Imagery - sight
Kinesthetic Imagery - movement