MEASURES OF VARIATION

MEASURES OF VARIATION /VARIABILITY

• Variability means “scatter or spread”. Therefore measures of variability
refers to scatter or spread of scores around central tendency. The measures of
variability indicates how the distribution scatter above or below central
tendency.
WHY DOES VARIABILITY MATTERS
• It matters because the amount of variability determines how well you can
generalize results from the sample to your population.

3 MEASURES OF VARIATION AND ITS FORMULA FOR

UNGROUPED DATA
UNDROUPED DATA
❖ Ungrouped data is defined as the data given as individual points
(i.e. values or numbers) such as 15, 63, 34, 20, 25, and so on..
Example: 140, 145, 160, 176, 188, 189, 195,198, 210, 300
1. RAGE
• it is the spread of data from the lowest to the highest value in the
distribution. It is also the easiest measures of variation to calculate.
FORMULA: R=H-L
WHERE IN: R- rage
HV- highest value
LV- lowest value
Example statement:
This are the amount of time spent on phones daily by 8 high school
students.
(min) 217, 310, 238, 405, 64, 98, 89, 140

2.types of formula
1.population:
• Is the entire group that you want to draw a conclusions about. Generalization
of study.
Ex: all, everything, everyone etc.
2.sample:
• It is the specific group that you will collect data from a population.
Ex: 15 CAS students, 9 dogs, 3 friends.
 2.STANDARD DIVIATION:
❖ Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a
set of values. It quantifies how much individual values in a data set differ
from the mean (average) of the set. A higher standard deviation indicates
greater variability, while a lower standard deviation suggests more
consistency.

2. VARIANCE:
• measurement of the spread between numbers in a data set. The sum
of sum of differences between entries and mean, devided by
number of population or sample -1.
CONVERTING RAW SCORE TO
Z-SCORES AND VISE VERS

RAW SCORE:
❖ A raw score is known as the original score or observation that did
not get transformed yet. It can also be denoted as the x- score.
Z-SCORE (standardize score):
❖ A z-score specifies the precise location of X value within a
distribution. The sign of the z-score (- or +) signifies weather the
scores is above the mean (positive) or below the mean (negative).

How to convert raw score to z-score?

Z-SCORE(STANDARD SCORE) FORMULA

Where
X is the raw score
μ is the mean
σ is the standard deviation

EXAMPLE
Final Exam score
• Z-scores are often used in academic settings to analyze how well a
student’s score compares to the mean score on a given exam.
• For example, suppose the scores on a certain college final exam are
roughly normally distributed with a mean of 85and a standard
deviation of 5. If a certain student received a 93on the exam, we
would calculate their z-score to be:
SOLUTION:
Z = (x – μ) / σ
z = (95-89)/5
z = 1.2
This means that this student received a score that was 1.2 standard
deviations above the mean.
HOW TO CONVERT Z-SCORE TO RAW SCORE

(X) RAW SCORE FORMULA

Transforming a z-score to an x-value

▪ To transform a standard z-score to a data value x in a given
population, use the formula. X= μ+ zσ

Z= 5 X= μ+ zσ
μ=6 = 10+ 6(5)
σ = 10 = 10+30
= 40

=
= 1
1 0
0 +
+ 3
3 0
0

=
=
4
4 0
0
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND CORRELATION

Normal distribution
• A normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution for a random
variable x. The graph of a normal distribution is called the normal curve. A
normal distribution the following properties.

Example:
The scaled test scores for the St. Therese College Mathematics Test are normally
distributed. The normal curve shown below represents this distribution.

The standard normal distribution

• There are infinitely many normal distributions, each with its own mean and
standard deviation. The normal distribution with a mean of D and a standard
deviation of 1 is called the standard normal distribution.
 Z-score table
Standard normal table:

EXAMPLE : Suppose that we gathered data from last year’s final chemistry exam
and found that it followed a normal distribution with a mean of 60 and a standard
of 10. What proportion of student scored less than 49 on the exam?
To find the proportion of students who scored less than 49 on the exam in a normal
distribution with a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 10, you can use the z-
score formula:
Where:
X is the score (49 in this case),
Μ is the mean (60),
σ is the standard deviation (10).
Calculate the z-score for X=49:
Z= 1.1
CORRELATION:
➢ A correlation is a relationship between two variables. The data can be
represented by the ordered pairs where (x, y), where, x is the independent
for explanatory) variable and y is the dependent (or response) variable.
➢ The graph the ordered pairs (x, y) is called scatter plot. A scatter plot can be
used to determine whether a linear (straight line) correlation exist between
two variables
EXAMPLE Is there a relationship between the number of hours spent
by students in a mobile game and their scores in a logic quiz?