Operating system

OS LAB

Lab Journal -01

MUHAMMAD ZAIN UL ABDIN

01-135221-040
BS(IT) 4-A
Objective:
This lab is intended to provide an overview of the basics of computers.
Attempt the following tasks.

Task 1 :
Explain: the following topics (250 words for each part)

1.OS
 Operating system is a system software that controls and manage computer hardware
and software resources of a computer system.
 It acts as layer between user and computer hardware and control execution of all
kinds of programs.
 The primary purpose of an OS is to enable applications to interact with computer’s
hardware and to manage system hardware and software.
 It is a low-level software that supports a computer’s basic function such as
scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals.
 An OS provides an environment in which applications can run and interact with the
users.
 An OS provide a GUI that allows users to interact with computers.
 OS handles memory management and CPU scheduling.
 Provide security features.
 OS support application development.
 OS provide networking support.
 An OS is an essential part of a computer system that helps the user to run various
other software. i.e. MS Office, calculator, Games, Notepad, etc.
 OS helps us to communicate with machines without knowing machine language.

Some examples of operating systems include

 Apple macOS
 Microsoft Windows
 Google's Android OS

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  Linux Operating System
 Apple iOS

2.Linux OS
 Linux is an open-source operating system that runs on a wide variety of hardware
platforms.
 It is known for its stability, security, and flexibility.
 Linux is used in a variety of settings, including servers, desktops, and embedded
systems.
 Linux is free to use, modify, and distribute.
 Linux is known for being a very stable and secure operating system. This makes it
less vulnerable to bugs and security exploits.
 Linux is a very flexible and customizable operating system. It can be run on a wide
variety of hardware platforms, from small embedded devices to supercomputers.
 It is also available in a wide variety of distributions, each with its own unique
features and focus.
 Linux is a free and open-source operating system, which means that there are no
licensing costs.
 Linux is known for being a very secure operating system. This is due to the fact that
it is regularly audited by security experts.
 Linux is a very reliable operating system. This is due to the fact that it is used in a
wide variety of production environments.
 Linux can be used for a wide variety of purposes, including servers, desktops, and
embedded systems.
 Examples of Linux: Servers, Web hosting, Embedded system, Desktop computing
etc.
 Linux is a powerful and versatile operating system that can be used for a wide
variety of purposes. It is a great choice for users who want a reliable, powerful, and
affordable operating system.
Examples of LINUX:

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  Ubuntu
 Fedora
 Debian
 OpenSUSE
 Red Hat

3.Components of Linux
Bootloader:
 The software that manages the boot process of your computer.
 For most users, this will simply be a splash screen that pops up and eventually
goes away to boot into the operating system.

Kernel:
 This is the one piece of the whole that is actually called Linux.
 The kernel is the core of the system and manages the CPU, memory, and
peripheral devices. The kernel is the lowest level of the OS.

Init system:
 This is a sub-system that bootstraps the user space and is charged with controlling
daemons. One of the most widely used init systems is systemd, which also happens
to be one of the most controversial.
 It is the init system that manages the boot process, once the initial booting is
handed over from the bootloader.

Daemons:
 These are background that either start up during boot or after you log into the
desktop.

Graphical server:
 This is the sub-system that displays the graphics on your monitor.
 It is commonly referred to as the X server or just X.

Desktop environment:
 This is the piece that the users actually interact with.
 There are many desktop environments to choose from.
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  Each desktop environment includes built-in applications.

Applications:
 Desktop environments do not offer the full array of apps.
 Just like Windows and macOS, Linux offers thousands upon thousands of high-quality
software titles that can be easily found and installed.
 Most modern Linux distributions include App Store-like tools that centralize and
simplify application installation.
 For example, Ubuntu Linux has the Ubuntu Software Centre. which allows you to
quickly search among the thousands of apps and install them from one centralized
location.

4.Open Source
 Open source software is software that is distributed with its source code, making it
available for use, modification, and distribution with its original rights.

 Open source software is often released under a license that grants users the right to use,
modify, and distribute the software for any purpose.

 There are many benefits to using open source software.

 One benefit is that it is free to use and modify.

 This can save businesses and organizations a significant amount of money.
 Another benefit is that open source software is typically very reliable and secure.

 Some popular examples of open source software include

 Linux operating system

 Apache web server
 MySQL database server
 Python programming language
 WordPress content management system
 Android mobile operating system

 Open source software has revolutionized the software industry.

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  It has made it possible for anyone to develop and distribute software, regardless of their
financial resources.
 Open source software has also led to the development of some of the most popular and
widely used software in the world.
 Here are some of the key principles of open source software development:
 The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
 The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you
wish.

 The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.

 The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.

5. Distribution File System

 A distributed file system is a file system that is distributed across multiple servers.
 This allows users to access files from any computer on the network, as if they were stored
locally.
 DFSs are often used in large organizations, where users need to be able to access shared
data from different locations.

 DFSs offer a number of advantages over traditional file systems, including:

 DFSs can be scaled to store large amounts of data.

 DFSs are typically more available than traditional file systems, because they are not
reliant on a single server.
 DFSs can offer improved performance for applications that need to access large
amounts of data.
 DFSs can provide enhanced security features, such as access control and encryption.

 Some examples of DFSs include:

 Network File System (NFS)

 Server Message Block (SMB)
 Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)
 Lustre

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  Enterprise computing

 DFSs are used in HPC environments to store and access large datasets.
 DFSs are used in cloud computing environments to provide scalable and reliable storage
for applications.

Task 2 :

Write the difference between Linux and Unix ?

Linux:

 Linux is an open-source operating system, which means that it is free to use,

modify, and distribute
 Linux supports a wide variety of hardware platforms.
 It is supported wide variety of computer platforms and it includes multiple
software features that handle computer resources which allow us to do tasks.
 C and other languages are used in this operating system.
 It supports more files than Unix. Also provide
higher security.

 It is use on devices like mainframe, smart watches

and severs.

Unix:
 Unix is a proprietary operating system, which means that it requires a license to
use.
 Unix is typically only supported on high-end hardware.
 Unix is a powerful and multitasking operating system that behaves like a bridge
between the user and the computer.

 C and assembly language are used in this operating system.

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  It supports less files than Linux. Also provide higher security.

 It is majorly used on workstation severs

Task 3 :

Why Open source operating systems are preferred for the Servers?

 Open source operating system Improve Security and Transparency.

 Linux is well-known for being a more secure operating system than its proprietary
competitors.

 Most open-source software benefits from that same level of security.

 Because every open-source application makes the source code available, it can be vetted
by anyone.

 Open source operating systems are free to use and distribute, which can save businesses
and organizations a significant amount of money on licensing costs.
 Open source operating systems are very flexible and can be customized to meet the
specific needs of the user.
 Open source operating systems are known for their high performance and reliability. This
is because they are typically developed by a community of experienced developers.
 Open source operating systems have a large and active community of users and
developers who provide support and troubleshooting assistance.
 Open source operating systems are the most popular choice for web servers. This is
because they are reliable, secure, and affordable.
 Open source operating systems are also popular for database servers. This is because they
can handle large workloads and provide high performance.
 Open source operating systems are a great choice for servers because they are reliable,
secure, affordable, and flexible.

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