Professional Documents
Culture Documents
P.E. Revision Xii
P.E. Revision Xii
School
Revision 2023
th
Class: 12 -- Sub: Physical Education
Education
Ch.1
Myntra
MANAGEMENT OF SPORTING EVENTS
Functions of Sports Events Management (Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing Controlling)
Various Committees and their Responsibilities (pre; during and post)
Fixtures and its procedures – Knock-Out (Bye and Seeding) and League (Staircase and Cyclic)
Functions of Sports Events Management:
Planning: Planning is the foremost function in sports as it gives a view of future course of action.
Organising: Organising is a next step after planning. It is a process of execution of the plan.
Staffing: This refers to identifying key staff positions, and ensuring that proper talent is serving that specific
job duty in order to achieve the aims and objectives of an organization.
Directing: Directing personnel is a leadership quality, and includes letting staff know what needs to be
done, by whom and also by when. It includes supervision of personnel while simultaneously motivating
them.
Controlling: It involves establishing performance standards, measuring actual performance and comparing
them for irregularities.
Formation of Committees:
To organise any sports event, various committees are formed for its systematic and smooth conduct.
Formation of committees should be based on three levels of management – top, middle and lower
levels.
Pre-Tournament: -
To prepare the budget of tournament.
Education Myntra
To prepare schedule or programme of the tournament.
To prepare the grounds/courts/track and sports equipment.
To form various committees for organising tournament.
To send invitation/information to various teams.
To make arrangement regarding boarding and lodging.
To arrange prizes and certificates.
To set fixtures.
During-Tournament: -
To ensure proper arrangement during opening and closing ceremony.
To check the grounds/ courts/track and sports equipment.
To ensure that tournament is being organised as per schedule.
To check the arrangement of refreshments for players and officials.
To make necessary announcements.
To impart first aid and medical facilities.
To prepare scoresheet and provide updated information to media.
To maintain proper discipline.
Post-Tournament: -
To give away the prizes and certificates.
To give detailed result and information to media.
To return security fund to departing teams.
To collect records related to tournament.
To make the payments to officials and clear the bills.
To prepare the balance sheet (income and expense of tournament).
To give mementos to guests.
TOURNAMENTS
„A series of contest between a number of competition.‟ Tournament is a series of games/matches
played among players/teams to determine the winner.
Importance/objectives of tournament.
To demonstrate skills.
To evaluate one‟s sporting performance.
To motivate players.
Education Myntra
To attract people towards sports.
For healthy entertainments.
For selection of players.
For development of national and international integration.
To develop social qualities.
Types of tournament
1. Knock out tournament 2. League tournament
3. Combination tournament 4. Challenge tournament
FIXTURES/HEATS
It is a process of arranging the teams in systematic order in various groups for competitive games /matches/
physical activities.
Bye: - It should be given to any team by random lottery system, after allotting to seeded teams (previous or
last years‟ winners). Teams who got bye they don‟t need to play that round (primary round).
Reasons to give bye: -
Uneven distribution of teams in tournaments.
Separate pooling for previous winners.
To avoid one team playing more matches in a day.
Calculation of rounds: -
Number of rounds will be based on next highest power of 2. So if PO2 is 8 then 2x2x2= 3rounds. If PO2 is
16 then 2x2x2x2=4rounds.
Allotment of BYEs/Method of fixing BYEs.
1st Bye to be given last team of Lower Half
2nd Bye to be given first team of Upper Half
3rd Bye to be given to first team of Lower Half
4th Bye to be given to last team of Upper Half
Seeding: It a process to place good teams/players in such a way that they do not compete in early stage.
Special seeding: It is a process good teams/players do not participate in the preliminary rounds. In special
seeding, the seeded players or teams, participate directly in the quarter-final or semi-final.
In this tournament, each team plays with every other team. It can be called the best type of tournament
because it provides every team with the opportunity to show its best performance.
Single League Tournament:-
In this every team plays with every other team once and the total number of matches is determined by
formula:-
N (N-l)/2 where N refers to the total number of teams.
Example : If 8 teams are taking part, then total number of matches to be played.
N (N - I)/2 = 8 (8 - 1)/2 = 8 (7)/2 = 56/2 = 28 matches
In this method fixtures are made just like a ladder When Number of teams are „Even‟
or a staircase. This is the easiest method because, Team 1 is fixed on the top of the right hand side
no bye is given to any Even or Odd number of Teams are rotated in clockwise direction
Teams. e.g. for 5 Teams: Number of matches = N(N-1)/2
1-2 Number of rounds = N-1
1-3 2-3 When Number of teams are „Odd‟
1-4 2-4 3-4 Bye is fixed on the top on the right hand side
1-5 2-5 3-5 4-5 Teams are rotated in clockwise direction
Number of matches = N(N-1)/2
Number of round = N
Methods of deciding the winner in league tournament.
If Tie remains, the teams that scored maximum number of goals is declared as winner.
If still there is a Tie - A match is once again held between those teams.
Common postural deformities-knock knees, flat foot, round shoulders, Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scoliosis
and bow legs and their respective corrective measures.
Special consideration (menarche and menstrual dysfunction)
Female athlete triad (osteoporosis, amenorrhea, eating disorders)
Knock Knees, also known as Genu valgum, is a Exercises like horse-riding and keeping the pillow
knee misalignment that turns the knees inward. between the knees and standing erect for some time
are the best.
Performing padmasana and gomukhasana regularly
can help strengthen muscles of the legs and realign
the knees.
Strengthening exercises can be simple, such as leg
raises while seated or lying down.
Using of walking callipers is also a big help at pre-
puberty stage.
Flat foot is also known as pes planus or fallen Exercises like walking, standing or jumping on toes
arches. It is a condition that may be diagnosed by and heels in all four directions, skipping rope,
looking at the arch of the foot or by taking the water strengthens the muscles of foot which help to
print test. develop the arch in the foot. Activities like picking
up marbles with toes, writing numbers in the sand
with the toes will also help in developing the arch.
Yoga asanas like Adhomukhsavasana performed in
Surya Namaskar, Vajrasana and other therapeutic
massages are also helpful in developing the arch.
Round shoulders is a postural deformity in which strengthening and stretching of muscles and trying to
shoulders are bent forward from the ideal alignment, correct the imbalance of muscles by doing chest
thereby giving a narrow curve to upper back stretches, T stretch, wall stretch, Handclasp stretch
and planks, pull ups, reverse shoulder stretch, etc.
Developing the habit of keeping the spine straight is
also helpful in correcting rounded shoulders. Yoga
asanas like Chakrasana, Dhanurasana, can be useful
in correcting rounded shoulders.
Kyphosis is also known as Hunch Back or round Strengthen back muscles, provide stability and make
upper back. It is a condition of the spine where the muscles more flexible should be performed. Physical
curvature of the upper back gets exaggerated or therapy, swimming, exercise/ gym ball exercises,
increases, forward rounding of the back. exercises with bands, and Yoga asanas like
Dhanurasana, Chakrasana and Bhujangasana should
be performed to get optimum benefits. Using a flat
bed with a thin pillow while sleepingis also helpful .
The term Lordosis comes from the Greek lordos The individual may require use of braces, or even
which means bent backward. surgery. Largely, weight loss to help posture, and
The spine curves a little in the neck, upper back, and daily physical therapy to strengthen muscles and
lower back. These curves, which create the spine’s S range of motion prove quite helpful. Exercises to
shape, Lordosis is a spinal deformity in which the develop strength in the pelvic region like sit-ups,
angle of arc of the lower back is reduced. This leads sitting against the wall and pushing the trunk
to an increase and exaggeration of normal concavity backward and lying on the back and raising upper
of the lumber region of the spine. extremities and legs together will give significant
It is also known as sway back. benefits. Yoga asanas including Dhanurasana and
Halasana will be helpful. Use of braces, weight
reduction, maintaining a good posture and taking a
balanced diet are helpful in reducing the problem.
Scoliosis is a position in which the spine is tilted to Some children may need to wear a brace to stop the
either side of the body. It is a position of exaggerated curve from worsening. Others may need surgery to
lateral curvature or sideways curvature of the spine. keep the problem from worsening and to straighten
the spine. Exercises like hanging on the horizontal
bars and swinging should be done on opposite side
of the C-shaped curve. Aerobic activities with slow
pace and breaststroke in swimming are helpful and
also give good results. In yoga Trikonasana and
Adhomukhasana should be performed to straighten
the spine.
Bow Legs, also known as Genu varum, is a position Use of braces and modified shoes can be along with
of knees in which legs look like a bow, when the sufficient intake of balanced diet can prove to be of
legs curve outward at the knees while the feet and help. Walking on the inner edge of the feet may also
ankles touch. help.
Menarche: Menarche (first menstruation) is usually considered the point of sexual maturity for girls.
Female Athlete Triad. The term „triad‟ was first described by American college of sports medicine in 1992,
and the three components to describe the triad were:
(a) low energy availability with or without eating disorder, / disordered eating
(b) dysfunction of menstruation / amenorrhoea
(c) (c) low bone density/ osteoporosis
Ch.3 YOGA AS PREVENTIVE MEASRUE FOR LIFESTYLE DISEASE
Ch.4 physical education and sports for children with special needs
Paralympics:
Paralympics is a mega sports event involving athletes with a range of disabilities, and is organized by the
International Paralympic Committee. The range of disabilities includes impaired muscle power (eg.,
paraplegia and quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome, spina bifida), impaired passive range
of movement, limb deficiency (eg., amputation or dysmelia), leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia,
ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment and intellectual impairment.
Special Olympics:
Special Olympics is the world‟s largest sports organization for children and adults with intellectual and
physical disabilities, providing year-round training and competitions to 5 million athletes and Unified Sports
partners in 172 countries. The concept was the brainchild of Eunice Kennedy Shriver, who in 1962 initiated
a day camp called Camp Shriver for children with intellectual disabilities at her home in Potomac,
Maryland.
Deaflympics:
Sports for hearing impaired were started long back, the first games, known as the International Silent
Games, were held in 1924 in Paris with 148 athletes from nine (9) European nations participating. The Silent
Games were the first ever for any group of people with disabilities and also the secondly created internally
competed games after Olympics. Winter Games were instituted in 1949 at Seefeld, Austria.
Balanced Diet:
Balanced diet can be defined as one which contains different types of foods in such quantities and
proportions that the need for calories, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients is adequately met.
Group 1. Energy giving foods Group 2. Body building group Group 3. Protective or
regulatory foods
This category includes foods rich This category includes foods rich This group include foods
in carbohydrate and fat in protein providing vitamins and minerals
1. Cereals and roots and tubers 1. Milk and milk products I. Fruits-
2. Sugar and jaggery 2. Meat and meat products, fish, (a) yellow and orange fruits
3. Fats and oils egg or poultry (mango, papaya)
3. Pulses (b) citrus fruits (lemon, orange,
4. Nuts and oilseeds mausambi)
(c) others (apple, banana etc.)
II. Vegetables
(a) Green leafy vegetables
(spinach, mustard, fenugreek etc.)
(b) Yellow and orange vegetables
(carrot, pumpkin)
(c) Others (beans, okra,
cauliflower etc.)
(d) Root vegetables- potatoes and
yam (arvi) are rich in
carbohydrates
NUTRITION:
It is anything that we can digest, absorb and utilize, for various physiological functions of the body
including growth and development.
Proteins
Proteins build and repair body Milk and milk products, fish,
cells eggs, poultry, meat, legumes
Proteins form part of various and grains
enzymes, hormones, and
antibodies
Also provide energy (4 Kcal/g)
Fats
Fats provide energy (9kcal/g); Visible Sources-vegetable oils,
Fats help transporting desi ghee, vanaspati ghee,
fat-soluble vitamins; butter, margarine, Invisible
Fats are part of cell Sources- Cheese Meat, poultry,
membranes, membranes around fish, milk and milk products,
nerves, hormones, bile (for fat nuts and seeds
digestion)
Water
Micronutrients are required by the body in relatively small amounts. Vitamin and Minerals are
micronutrients.
1. Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body cells
and are not passed out of the body as easily as water-soluble vitamins.
Niacin (vitamin B3) Needed for energy metabolism; whole-grain cereals, pulses,
meat, poultry, fish, vegetables
• important for nervous system, (especially mushrooms). Eggs
digestive system, and skin and milk and milk products lack
niacin but are rich sources of
EAA- tryptophan which can be
converted to niacin in the body
when required. 60 mg of
tryptophan can be converted to
provide 1 mg niacin.
Needed for protein and amino
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal, acid metabolism and also Meat, Poultry, fish, Nuts,
pyridoxine and pyridoxamine) involved in activity of many sunflower seeds, pulses, whole
enzymes required for grains, spinach, bananas,
carbohydrate, fat and protein potatoes.
metabolism.
• It also helps in making white
blood cells and heme in
haemoglobin.
Vitamin A
(Retinol and its
precursor*, beta- carotene)
Vitamin A from animal sources
Needed for vision in dim light, (retinol): milk, cheese, cream,
healthy skin and mucous butter, egg yolk, liver, Beta-
membranes, growth of skeletal carotene (from plant sources):,
and soft tissues, immune system dark green leafy vegetables; red
health and yellow fruits and vegetables
(carrots, pumpkin, mangoes,
papaya)
Vitamin D Needed for proper absorption of Egg yolks, liver, fatty fish,
calcium and phosphorus; fortified foods. When exposed
deposition of calcium to sunlight, the skin can make
and phosphorus in bones vitamin D.
Minerals are inorganic elements which are required by the body needs for various physiological functions.
There are minerals required in larger amounts called macro-minerals and those required in smaller amounts
are called micro-minerals (trace minerals).
Macro-minerals
Fitness Test – SAI Khelo India Fitness Test in school [Age group 5-8 yrs/ class 1-3: BMI, Flamingo
Balance Test, Plate Tapping Test; Age group 9-18yrs/ class 4-12: BMI, 50mt Speed test, 600mt
Run/Walk, Sit & Reach flexibility test, Strength Test (Abdominal Partial Curl Up, Push-Ups for
boys, Modified Push-Ups for girls)];
Computing Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR);
Rikli & Jones - Senior Citizen Fitness Test - Chair Stand Test for lower body strength, Arm Curl
Test for upper body strength, Chair Sit & Reach Test for lower body flexibility, Back Scratch Test
for upper body flexibility, Eight Foot Up & Go Test for agility, Six Minute Walk Test for Aerobic
Endurance;
AGE GROUP 5-8 YEARS | CLASS 1 to 3 At AGE GROUP: 9-18+ YEARS | CLASS 4 to 12 For
Primary class 1-3, Class 4 to 12,
The senior citizen‟s fitness test (SFT) was developed by Rikli and Jones for older people aged between 60
to 94 years.
Cardiorespiratory system consists of two parts. They are 1.Cardiovascular System 2.Respiratory System
Injuries Types
Soft tissue injuries (eg., muscles, ligaments) Abrasion – injury caused by falling on rough
Skin injuries or firm surface.
Laceration – tears in the skin.
Incision – cut caused by a sharp edge of an
object.
Puncture wound – wound caused by piercing
by a sharp and pointed object.
Avulsion – tearing away of a part of the skin.
Contusion – bruise caused by a direct blow to
some part of the body. eg., knee of a player
knocks against the thigh of another person.
Sprain – injury of ligament of joints, caused
by the violent overstretching of ligament in a
joint or the movement of the joint in abnormal
directions.
Strain – injury of muscle or tendon, three
types– mild, moderate, severe.
Joint injuries “Dislocation is the displacement of contiguous
surfaces of two or more bones which are in a
joint.” It is caused by an external force which
forces the joint to move beyond the limits of a
joint..
Newton‟s First Law of Motion (Law Of Inertia) According to the first law, a body will remain at rest
or continue to move at a constant velocity unless
acted upon by an external (resultant) force.
Newton‟s Second Law of Motion (Law of As per the law, the rate of change of momentum is
Momentum) proportional to the resultant force and takes place in
the direction of the resultant force.
Newton‟s Third Law (Law of Reaction) According to this law, there is an equal and opposite
reaction for every action, and this reaction acts with
the same Momentum and the opposite velocity for
every action.
Equilibrium is defined as a state of balance or a stable situation, where opposite forces cancel each other out
and where no changes are occurring.
Types of Equilibrium
With respect to the state of a body, equilibrium may be divided into two categories:
1. Static equilibrium.
2. Dynamic equilibrium.
Larger base
Greater weight
Lower centre of gravity
When anticipating an oncoming force
Extending the base of support in direction of expected force
Greater friction between body and surfaces it contacts
Centre of Gravity: The Centre of gravity is the point at which all the weight or mass of a body may
be considered to be concentrated.
Friction & Sports: Friction is a force that opposes the motion between two surfaces that are in touch.
Types of Friction
A. Static friction :
C. Fluid friction: It opposes the motion of objects traveling through the fluid (gas, air, and water).
Projectile in Sports:
A projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity. Projectiles travel with a parabolic
trajectory due to the influence of gravity.
Personality; its definition & types (Jung Classification & Big Five Theory);
Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports;
Psychological Attributes in Sports – Self Esteem, Mental Imagery, Self Talk, Goal Setting
Personality:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word persona, the mask.
Personality is defined as „the characteristic set of behaviours, cognitions and emotional patterns that
evolve from biological and environmental factors.‟
Types of Aggression
1. Hostile Aggression: The term „hostile‟ refers to being „opposed‟, therefore hostile aggression refers
to violent and angry behaviour where the intent and primary goal is to harm the other.
2. Instrumental Aggression: The term „instrumental‟ refers to „serve as a means‟ ie., aggression is
being used just as an instrument to gain advantage or win and not because of anger or enmity.
3. Assertive Aggression: It's the ability to speak up for ourselves in a way that is honest and respectful.
Concept of Talent Identification:The process by which children are encouraged to participate in the sport
they are most likely to succeed, based on selected parameters.
Micro Cycle: The duration of this cycle is 3 to 10 days and is thus considered the shortest cycle of training.
Meso Cycle: The duration of this training cycle is 3 to 6 weeks and is thus termed a cycle of medium
duration.
Macro Cycle: The duration of this cycle is 3 to 12 months and it is, thus, considered the most extended
cycle of training.
Static Strength: Static strength is also called isometric strength. It is the ability of the muscles to act against
resistance. This type of strength is not seen directly.
Dynamic Strength: Dynamic strength is also known as isotonic strength. Movements are visible when
someone uses dynamic strength.
Strength Endurance: The muscle can overcome resistance under fatigue or for as long as possible.
Isometric Exercise: These are the exercises that are not visible as there are no direct movements.
Isotonic Exercise: These are exercises in which movements can be seen directly.
Isokinetic Exercise: this method was introduced by J.J. Perrine in 1968 and involves a particular type of
muscle contraction called isokinetic contraction, generally used in sporting events like rowing and
swimming. These exercises are performed on specially designed instruments.
Endurance:
Basic Endurance: This is the ability of a person to resist fatigue in which the load is of medium intensity
and involves aerobic muscular metabolism.
For example, jogging, cycling, and swimming for more than 30 min. Basic endurance forms the base for all
other types of endurance.
General Endurance: it is the ability to do such sporting movements for a prolonged duration that are
general. This type is not specific to any sport and can be developed by performing general exercises.
Specific Endurance: this is the ability to perform movements of a particular sport to resist fatigue. Specific
endurance varies from activity to activity as it depends on the nature of fatigue.
Speed Endurance: This is the ability to resist fatigue in cyclic activities that last up to 45 seconds. The
classic example of this endurance type is a 400m sprint in track and field. This type of endurance is majorly
dependent on the power and capacity to produce energy.
Short Term Endurance: This ability is needed for activities lasting 45 seconds to about 2 min. The most
appropriate example for short-term endurance is an 800m run. This endurance depends majorly on speed
endurance and strength endurance.
Medium Time Endurance: In this endurance is needed to resist fatigue in activities lasting from 2 min. to
about 11 min. The most common example of this type is 1500m and 3000m run and 100m rowing. As in
short-time endurance, this type of endurance also depends on speed and strength endurance, but to a limited
extent.
Long Time Endurance: This type of endurance is needed for activities that last for more than 11 min.
This type of endurance is required in events like marathons, cross country, etc13
C. Repetition Method:
Speed:
The capacity of an individual to perform successive movement of the same pattern at a fast rate.
Types of Speed:
Reaction Ability: Reaction ability is the ability to react quickly to a stimulus or signal. It depends entirely
on the coordinative abilities of an individual. Different games and sports have other signs like visual,
auditory and tactile, to name a few. And to respond to such signals accurately and as quickly as possible is
known as reaction ability. It can be further classified into simple and complex reaction abilities.
2. Acceleration Ability: Acceleration ability is the ability to achieve a high locomotion speed from a
stationary position. It depends significantly on the explosive strength, technique, and movement frequency.
This ability is essential in almost every game and sport but greatly influences sprinting events.
3. Movement Speed: Movement speed can be defined as the ability to perform a single movement in the
minimum possible time. It is highly related to acyclic sports, but its importance in cyclic sports is limited to
the initial phase. It is dependent on the technique and explosive strength.
4. Locomotor Ability: Locomotor ability is the ability to maintain maximum speed when in motion for the
maximum possible duration or distance. It is essential in sports like 100m and 200m sprints, speed skating,
and short sprints in cycling. Locomotor ability depends highly on the mobility of the nervous system. The
chances of improving locomotor ability are relatively low.
5. Speed Endurance: Speed endurance is a combination of two words, speed and endurance. It is the ability
to do the movement with high speed for a longer duration, i.e., under fatigue. It depends highly on anaerobic
capacity, technique, and psychic factors.
Flexibility
Flexibility is also known as the range of motion around a joint. It is the ability to execute a movement
with greater amplitude or range.
Types of Flexibility:
Passive Flexibility: the ability to do movements with greater amplitude and with external help is known as
passive flexibility.
Active Flexibility: the ability to perform a movement with greater amplitude without external help is called
active flexibility.
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a. Static Flexibility: it is required for movements done while the individual is in a static position, i.e.,
standing, sitting, or lying.
b. Dynamic Flexibility: it is required for executing movements when an individual is moving.
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Coordinative Abilities
The coordinative abilities are those abilities of an individual that enable the individual to do various
activities correctly and efficiently.
1. Orientation Ability: it is the ability to determine and change the position and movements of the body in
the required time and available space in a definite field of action (such as a volleyball court, skating rink,
a football ground) and a moving object (like a ball, opponent, partner).
2. Differentiation Ability: It is the ability to attain a high fine-tuning of movement phases. It is the ability
to achieve a high level of accuracy.
3. Coupling Ability: it is the ability to coordinate body part movements with one another and about a
definite goal-oriented body movement. Coupling ability is essential in sports where activities with a high
degree of difficulty have to be done, such as gymnastics and team games.
4. Rhythm Ability: Rhythm ability is the ability to perceive the rhythm of a movement and do the exercise
with the required rhythm. It also denotes the ability to reproduce rhythm stored in motor memory, in
motor action.
5. Reaction Ability: Reaction ability is the ability to react quickly and effectively to a stimulus. It can be
further classified into simple and complex reaction abilities.
6. Adaptation Ability: Adaptation Ability is the ability to adjust or completely change the movement
programme based on changes and anticipated changes
7. Balance Ability: Balance Ability is the ability to maintain equilibrium or balance throughout the
movement and regain balance quickly after disturbing balance movements. It is further classified into
two types: (a) Ability to maintain balance during stationary position or slow movements. It depends on
kinaesthetic, tactic, and to some extent on vestibular sense organs.
(b) Ability to maintain or regain balance during rapidly changing positions. It depends primarily on the
functional capacity of the vestibular sense organs