‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‬

‫ﺧﻂ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑﻫﺎﻯ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻯ‪ :‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨﺮﺟﻮ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻰﺭﻭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺧﻂﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺧﻂﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻳﺰﻭ ﻭ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻯ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻯ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ‪ ،‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻯ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺧﻂﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2-1‬ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-1‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪2-1‬‬
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 ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻏﺬﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻛﺸﻰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪2-1‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺭﻛﻦ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺸــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻱ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺯﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺷــﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1/4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪A0‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺰﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷــﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬
‫‪0/7‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1/4‬‬ ‫‪1/4‬‬ ‫‪A0‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪0/5‬‬ ‫‪0/7‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪A0‬‬
‫‪(A0) A1‬‬
‫• ﺧﻂ ﺩﺭ ‪ 9‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪0/35‬‬ ‫‪0/5‬‬ ‫‪0/7‬‬ ‫‪0/7‬‬
‫‪0/25‬‬ ‫‪0/35‬‬ ‫‪0/5‬‬ ‫‪0/5‬‬ ‫‪(A1) A2 A3 A4‬‬ ‫• ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻯ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺑﻌﺪﻯ‬
‫‪0/18‬‬ ‫‪0/25‬‬ ‫‪0/35‬‬ ‫‪0/35‬‬ ‫‪A2 A 3 A 4‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪0/13‬‬ ‫‪0/18‬‬ ‫‪0/25‬‬ ‫‪0/35‬‬ ‫‪A4 A5‬‬
‫• ﻫﺮ ﺳــﻪ ﺧﻂ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳــﺮ ﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩﻯ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫‪ -2-1-1‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‪ :‬ﺧﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺳﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳــﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻯ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫• ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻯ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ‪ 2‬ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻂﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-2‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﻣﻰﺁﻳﺪ‪) .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺷﻜﺴــﺘﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﻭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ‪ 0/5‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-1‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟــﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ،2-1‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫــﺎﻯ ﺧﻄــﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤــﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -2-2‬ﺣﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﻂ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ -2-2‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﺪ‬
‫‪ A‬ﺧﻂ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﻧﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻂ ﭼﻴﻦ‬

‫‪ B‬ﺧﻂ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﭘﺮ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ‬
‫‪ C‬ﺧﻂ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﺷﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻧﺪﻩﻱ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻭ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬

‫‪ D‬ﺧﻂ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺑﺮﺵ‬
‫‪ E‬ﺧﻂ ﭘﻬﻦ ـ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺵ‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻂ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬

‫‪ F‬ﺧﻂ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﻂ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫‪ G‬ﺧﻂ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ d‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎ )ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ( ﺧﻂ ﭘﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2-1-2‬ﺗﺮﺳـﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-3‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺧــﻂ ‪ 0/5‬ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ ﺭﺳــﻢ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ -2-3‬ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺧﻂﻫﺎ )ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺧﻄﻰ ‪(0/5‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﭘﺮ‬
‫‪d‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺧﻂﭼﻴﻦ‬

‫‪d‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﺑﺮﺵ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺯﻙ‪ ،‬ﭘﻬﻦ‬

‫‪d‬ﻭ ‪d‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

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‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﺳــﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃــﻮﺭ ﻛــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟــﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-4‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪2-4‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺧﻂﭼﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂﭼﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂﭼﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂﭼﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺑﻪﺳﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺧﻂﭼﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﺧﻂﭼﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺑﻪﺳﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﺧﻂﭼﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺧﻂﭼﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮﺱ‬

‫ﻳــﺎ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻨﻰ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺷــﻮﺩ )ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻫﻢ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2-2‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺨﺘﻪﻯ ﺭﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻼ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﭼﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﭼﺴــﺒﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﺳــﺖ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺨﺘﻪﻯ ﺭﺳــﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﭼﺴــﺒﺎﻧﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-3‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺒﻪﻯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺨﺘﻪﻯ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴــﺰ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳــﭙﺲ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﻴــﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺒﻪﻯ ﺑﺎﻻﻯ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﻪﻯ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻰ‬

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 ‫ﺏ( ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻟﺒﻪﻯ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﺘﻪﻯ ﺭﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺩ( ﭼﺴﺐ ﺯﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺝ( ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﺒﻪﻯ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻰ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﻪﻯ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ ﻭ ﭼﺴﺐ ﺯﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪2-3‬‬

‫• ﺧﻂ ﺍﻓﻘﻰ ﺍﺯ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﻰ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻛﺸﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺒﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻯ ﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻟﺒﻪﻯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺩﺳﺖ ﭼﭗ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(2-4‬‬
‫‪ -2-3‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪﻯ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫• ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ 60‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 85‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤــﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺘﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳـﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺧﻂ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(2-5‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -2-4‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ‬

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 ‫• ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻯ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻯ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻓﻘﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺧﻄــﻮﻁ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻜﻰ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻰ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(2-6‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -2-5‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻴــﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻝ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎﻯ ﻣﺘﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺏ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘــﺎً ﺭﻭﻯ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺩﻫﻴــﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺒﻪﻯ ّ‬
‫ﻧﻈــﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻛــﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ‬
‫)ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ( ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺧــﻂ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺑﺎ ﺧــﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺸــﻴﺪ‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(2-7‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻯ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ )ﺗﻰ( ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪2-6‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(2-7‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -2-7‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻰ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻳﺎﺑﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪﻯ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﺪ؟‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺧﻂ ﭘُﺮ ‪ 0/5‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺧﻂ ﻧﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﭼﻪﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬

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 ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻭ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ )ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘــﺪﺍ ﻳــﻚ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ‪ A4‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳــﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺭﺳــﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﭽﺴــﺒﺎﻧﻴﺪ )ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂﻛﺶ ﺗﻰ(‪ .‬ﺳــﭙﺲ ﻛﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺗﺮﺳــﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬

‫)ﺏ(‬

‫)ﺝ(‬
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 ‫)ﺩ(‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪2-8‬‬

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