Different Summing amplifier circuits

1. Summing amplifier with 3 inputs

2.

3.
Binary weighted D/A Converter
R/2R Ladder D/A Converter
 O

Non linear OP AMP circuits are the circuits which produce output of different shape with
respect to input. Example for such circuits are Comparators

comparator is an electronic circuit, which compares the two inputs that are applied to
it and produces an output. An op-amp consists of two input terminals and hence an op-
amp based comparator compares the two inputs that are applied to it and produces the
result of comparison as the output.

Non-Inverting Comparator
A non-inverting comparator is an op-amp based comparator for which a reference
voltage is applied to its inverting terminal and the input voltage is applied to its non-
inverting terminal. This op-amp based comparator is called as non-
inverting comparator because the input voltage, which has to be compared is applied
to the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp.

The op-amp is in open loop configuration and hence its output is in saturation. The saturation level
at the output may be positive or negative depending on the input signal. Here op-amp acts as a
comparator and compares the input signal with the reference voltage.
If the difference between the two signals is positive, op-amp goes into positive saturation i.e.
Vo = +Vsat . If the difference between the two signals is negative, op-amp goes into negative
saturation i.e. Vo= -Vsat.
Inverting Comparator

For the positive half cycle of input signal, the output goes into negative saturation i.e. –Vsat In
negative half cycle of input signal, the output goes into positive saturation i.e. +Vsat. . The input
and output waveforms are shown below.
Inverting comparator with clamping diodes

Diodes D1 and D2, shown in Fig. 14.20 are used to protect the opamp from damage due
to excessive input voltage (Vin). The difference input voltage (Vid) of the opamp is
clamped to either + 0.7 V or – 0.7 V because of the diodes D1 and D2. Hence the diodes
are called clamping diodes.
A circuit that can detect when an input voltage is bigger than or smaller than a given reference
voltage (Vref) is called a non-zero crossing detector. It is the comparator in which input is
applied to non-inverting terminal and reference voltage is applied to inverting terminal through
one RC circuit. 2 resistors R1 and R2 with bypass capacitor 𝐶𝐵𝑦 connected to
𝑉𝐶𝐶 and produce reference voltage to inverting terminal . Circuit diagram, Input/ Output
response ( transfer characteristics) and waveforms are shown in the following figure.

Circuit diagram Input/ Output response ( transfer characteristics)

Waveforms

If the difference between the two signals is positive, op-amp goes into positive
saturation i.e. Vo = +Vsat .
If the difference between the two signals is negative, op-amp goes into negative
saturation i.e. Vo= -Vsat.
Capacitor removes any power supply ripple And noise appearing above this cut off frequency.
Example
Calculate duty cycle of output weave form in following comparator

Solution
𝑅2 2𝑜𝑜𝑘
Vref = VCC = 15V =5V
𝑅1+𝑅2 300𝑘

𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Duty cycle = 𝑇𝑜𝑛+𝑇 𝑂𝐹𝐹 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

Time period = 3600

Hysteresis is incorporated by adding regenerative (positive) feedback, which creates two switching
points: the upper trigger point (UTP) and the lower trigger point (LTP). After one trigger point is
crossed, it becomes inactive and the other one becomes active. Example for comparator with
hysteresis is Schmitt trigger

Schmitt trigger
A Schmitt trigger circuit is also called a regenerative comparator circuit. The Schmitt Trigger
is a logic input type that provides hysteresis or two different threshold voltage levels for rising and
falling edge. This is useful because it can avoid the errors when we have noisy input signals
from which we want to get square wave signals.
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
When the input signal is applied at the inverting ( -ve terminal) terminal and ground is
connected to the inverting ( +ve terminal) terminal of Op-Amp through R1 and R2
combination, it is called Non-Inverting Schmitt Trigger.
Non-Inverting Schmitt Trigger
When the input signal is applied at the non-inverting (+ve terminal) terminal and ground
is connected to the inverting (-ve terminal) terminal of Op-Amp through R1 and R2
combination, it is called Non-Inverting Schmitt Trigger.