The World of Ideas present-day Iraq, is the only writing system

which can be traced to its earliest prehistoric

Media – refers to the communication channels through
origin
which we disseminate news, music, movies, education,
promotional messages and other data 3. Printing Press

Culture- can be defined as all the ways of life including
arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are
passed down from generation to generation
 Globalization and identity, globalization and
human rights, globalization and culture, or
globalization and terrorism are some concepts
related to the study of globalization by many
scholars.
 Among these concepts, the one that offers
special insights is globalization and media.
 Situations created through globalization and
media make people conceive they belong to
one world called global village, a term coined by
Marshall MacLuhan in early 1960’s, a Canadian
media theorist
Globalization and Media
Globalization which refers to economic and political
integration on a world scale, has a crucial cultural
dimension in which the media has the central role.
In that sense, media globalization is about how most
national media systems have become more
internationalized, becoming more open to outside
influences, both in their content and in their ownership
and control
 The printing press is a device that allows for
the mass production of uniform printed
matter, mainly text in the form of books,
pamphlets and newspapers. It
revolutionized society in China where it was
created
Consequences of the Printing Press
1. The printing press changed the very nature of
knowledge. It preserved knowledge which had
been more malleable in oral cultures. It also
standardized knowledge
2. Print encouraged the challenge of political and
religious authority because of its ability to
circulate competing views. Printing press
encouraged the literacy of the public and the
growth of schools.
 Lands and culture were learned by people
through travels. News around the world were
brought through inexpensive and easily
obtained magazines and daily news paper
 People learned about the world. Indeed,
printing press helped foster globalization and
knowledge of globalization
Diamond Sutra from Tang-dynasty China

Five Time Periods in the Study of Globalization and

Media

1. Oral Communication
 Of all forms of media, human speech is the
oldest and most enduring.
 Humans are allowed to cooperate and
communicate through language. 4.Electronic Media
 Languages as a means to develop the ability
to communicate across culture are the  refers to the broadcast or storage media
lifeline of globalization that take advantage of electronic
technology.
 Language contributes to the formation of
culture. Language is in a sense the substance  include television, radio, internet, fax, CD-
of culture ROMs, DVD, and any other medium that
2. Script requires electricity or digital encoding of
information.
 Writing is humankind’s principal technology
for collecting, manipulating, storing,  In the 20th century, the only available mass
retrieving, communicating and disseminating media in remote villages was the radio
information. while film was soon developed as an artistic
medium for great cultural expression. The
 Writing may have been invented
most powerful and pervasive mass media is
independently three times in different parts
television as it brought the visual and aural
of the world: in the Near East, China and
power of film with the accessibility of radio.
Mesoamerica.
The introduction of television was a
 Writing is a system of graphic marks
defining moment in globalization.
representing the units of a specific language.
Cuneiform script created in Mesopotamia,

5. Digital Media
 Computer is considered the most important
media influencing globalization. Computers give
access to global and market place and
transformed cultural life.
 Our daily life is revolutionized by digital media.
People are able to adopt and adapt new
practices like fashion, sports, music, food and
many others through access of information
provided by computers. They also exchange
ideas, establish relations and linkages through
the use of skype, google, chat, and zoom.
 Indigenization is connected with the specific
faiths with ethnic groups whereby religion and
culture were often fused into a single unit. It is
also connected to the survival of particular
ethnic groups.
 Vernacularization involved the rise of
vernacular language endowed with the
symbolic ability of offering privileged access to
the sacred and often promoted by empires
 Nationalization connected the consolidation of
specific nations with particular confessions and
has been a popular strategy both in Western
and eastern Europe

Popular Music and Globalization  Transnationalization complemented religious

nationalization by forcing groups to identify
Music participates in the reinforcing of boundaries of
with specific religious traditions of real or
culture and identity. Popular music explains the
imagine national homelands or to adopt a more
complex dynamics of globalization not only because it is
universalist vision of religion
popular but music is highly mediated, is deeply invested
in meaning and has proven to be an extremely mobile
and resourceful capital .
Global Population and Mobility
The Globalization of Religion
The Global City
 Religion has the most difficult relationship with
Global Demography
globalism
Global Migration
 Religious people are less concerned with wealth
and all that comes along with it (Longhorn,2015) - he said “Just as the great industrial
cities grew from the industrial era, global cities are the
 Globalist are less worried about whether they
product of the global economy. Any definition of a
will end up in heaven or hell
global city starts with its economy and with its place in
 Globalization implicates religions in several the larger global economy”
ways. It calls forth religious response and
GLOBAL CITY
interpretation.
An urban center that enjoys significant competitive
 Religions played important roles in bringing
advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized
about and characterizing globalization. Among
economic system. The term has its origins in research
the consequences of this implication for religion
on cities carried out during the 1980s, which examined
is that globalization encourages religious
the common characteristics of the world’s most
pluralism.
important cities. However, with increased attention
Transnational Religion and Multiple Glocalization being paid to processes of globalization during
subsequent years, these world cities came to be known
 Throughout the 20th century migration of faiths
as global cities.
across the globe has been a major feature.

 One of these features is the deterritorialization

of religion. In such instances, transnational
national communities are constructed and
Global cities are “strategic sites” that manage and guide
religious hierarchies perform dual religious and
the global economy. Many of these cities were already
secular functions that ensure the groups’
centers for international trade and banking.
survival
BRANDING OF GLOBAL CITIES
 Indigenization, hybridization or glocalization are
processes that register the ability of religion to A city's brand is not only a valuable resource of a city
mold into the fabric of different communities in but also a driving force for city development, in that the
ways that connect it intimately with communal brand value of a city directly affects the flow of capital,
and local relations information, commodity and talent into the city. A clear
city brand strategy can enhance the city's standing and
Forms of Glocalization
strengthen its cohesion. (Global City Lab, 2019)

Indic ators
of a Global City
1. Seats of Economic Power -
2. Economic Opportunities
3. Economic Competitiveness
4. Centers of Authority
5. Centers of Political Influence - Cities that house
major international organizations
6. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL CITY (LONGHORN,
2015)
Economic Attribute. No city is a global city unless it is an
economic powerhouse, dominant in finance, trade,
manufacturing, or business services.
Population Size. All global cities are big cities-three
million people or more. It takes size to offer all the
attributes needed to be a global city.
Human Capital. This means having a storehouse of
smart, educated, creative people. The percentage of the
population with a college degree counts. So does the
number of universities and their quality.
Culture. A strong economy pays for the museums,
universities, symphonies, and theaters that make a city
more than a labor pool. This is also a draw for global
citizens who have a palette of places to live, work, and
do business.
Tourists. Because global cities are so big, so vibrant, so
much fun, they are magnets for tourists. Tourists
themselves are a major export industry: they come from
outside to buy what a city has to offer.
Connectivity. For the most part, this means air and
digital connections to the rest of the world. If global
cities are where global citizens meet, then a major
airport with a full schedule of nonstop flights to other
global cities is crucial.
Quality of Life. This includes public transit, the
environment, safe streets, good health care, and
efficient and honest local government. A reputation for
corruption, pollution, or crime will damage a city's
competitive power.
Global Demography
 The term demography was derived from the
Greek words demos for “population” and
graphia for “description” or “writing,” thus the
phrase, “writings about population.”
Achille Guillard- a Belgian statistician, that coined
global demography in 1855
Bills of Mortality - The origins of modern demography
can be traced back to the John Graunt’s analysis which
was published in 1662.
 Demographic transition started in mid- or late
1700’s in Europe. During that time, death rates
and fertility began to decline
 High to low fertility happened 200 years in
France and 100 years in the United States.
 In other parts of the world, the transition began
later. It was only in the 20th century that
mortality decline in Africa and Asia, with the
exemption of Japan. In India, life expectancy in
India was only 24 years in the early 20th century
while the same life expectancy occurred in
China in 1929 until 1931.
 Fertility decline in Asia did not begin until the
1950’s and so on. 184 In the case of Japan, it
was until the 1930’s that “total fertility rate did
not drop below five births per woman” 185 This
resulted in rapid population growth after the
Second World War affecting the age structure
of Asia and the developing world.
 Specifically, the baby boom in the developing
world was caused by the decline of infant and
child mortality rates. The West, on the other
hand, experienced baby boom that resulted
from rising birth rates.
Theory of Demographic Transition
Stage 1 - Pre-industrial society, death rates and birth
rates are high and roughly in balance.
Stage 2 - Developing country, death rates drop rapidly
due to improvements in food supply and sanitation,
which increase life spans and reduce disease.
Afghanistan is currently in this stage
Stage 3- Birth rates fall.
Stage 4 - There are both low birth rates and low death
rates.
Stage 5 (Debated) – Increased in infertility rates

Global Migration
 GLOBAL MIGRATION is a situation in which
people go to live in foreign countries especially
to find a job. Though it can be often seen as a
permanent move rather than a complex series
of backward or onward series.
 MIGRATION is often conceptualized as a move
from an origin to a destination, or from a place
of birth to another destination across
administrative borders within a country or
international borders.
Types of Migration
INTERNAL MIGRATION - This refers to people moving
from one area to another within one country.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION - This refers to the
movement people who cross the borders of one country
to another.
Reasons for Migration
A push factor induces people to move out of their
present location
A pull factor induces people to move into a new
location.
Cultural Factor - Can be especially a compelling push
factor, forcing people to emigrate from a country.
Forced international migration has historically occurred
for two main cultural reasons: slavery and political
instability.
Socio-political Factor - Situation of war, oppression and
the lack of socio-political rights are the major factors of
migration in contemporary time. Lack of political rights
and prevalent exploitation of a particular group or
community in any nation state act as push factors for
migration to get away
Environmental Factor
“Environmental migrants are persons or groups of
persons who, for compelling reasons of sudden or
progressive changes in the environment that adversely
affect their lives or living conditions, are obliged to leave
their habitual homes, or choose to do so, either
temporarily or permanently, and who move either
within their country or abroad”. This definition
comprises the people who have been displaced by
natural disasters and those who choose to migrate
because of worsening environmental condition of a
particular area. The environmentally caused migration
can be internal as well as international
Economic Factors
‘Remittances are more stable and predictable as
compared to other financial flows and, more
importantly, they are counter-cyclical providing buffer
against economic shocks. In conflict or post–conflict
situations, remittances can be crucial to survival,
sustenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. In
providing primarily for household livelihoods,
remittances are spent on general consumption items in
local communities that contribute to local economies by
supporting small businesses.
Perspectives on the Role of Religion in the
Globalization Process
1. The Modernist Perspective.
It is the perspective of most intellectuals and academics.
Its view is that all secularizations would eventually look
alike and the different religions would all end up as the
same secular and “rational” philosophy. It sees religion
revivals as sometimes being a reaction to the
Enlightenment and modernization.
2. Post-Modernist Perspective.
the Enlightenment, modernist structures of capitalism,
bureaucracy, and even liberalism. The core value of
post-modernism is expressive individualism.
3. The Pre-modern Perspective
It is best represented and articulated by the Roman
Catholic Church, especially by Pope John Paul II.
Secularization -is understood as a shift in the overall
frameworks of human condition; it makes it possible for
people to have a choice between belief and non- belief
in a manner hitherto unknown