PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER (3340501)

FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT TRANSFER:

Heat transfer deals with the study of rates at which exchange of heat takes
place between hot source and cold receiver.

In process industry there are many operations which involve transfer of

energy in the form of heat. E.g. Evaporation, distillation, drying etc.

Also the chemical reactions carried on commercial scale take place with
evolution or absorption of heat.

Industrial Applications:

Heat transfer methods find a variety of applications in the chemical process

industries.

Heating and Cooling of Batch Tanks……..

This application will allow the user to calculate the time it takes to heat up
and then cool a batch vessel or tank.

The heating methods supported are:

 Steam Jacketing or Coil

 Electrical Heating Jacket

The cooling methods supported are:

 Water Jacketing or Coil

 External Cooler (Heat Exchanger)

CONDUCTION:

It is the transfer of heat from one part of a body to another part of a same
body or from one body to another which is in physical contact with it,
without appreciable displacement of particles of a body.

When heat is transferred through conduction, the substance itself does not
flow; rather, heat is transferred internally, by vibrations of atoms and
molecules. Electrons are also carry heat, which is the reason metals are
generally very good conductors of heat. Metals have many free electrons,

PREPARED BY RAKESH VASAVA

 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER (3340501)

which move around randomly; these can transfer heat from one part of the
metal to another.

CONVECTION:

It is the transfer of heat from one point to another point within a fluid (gas
or liquid) by mixing of hot and cold portions of the fluid.

RADIATION:

Radiation refers to the transfer of heat energy from one body to another, not
in contact with it, by electromagnetic waves through space.

STEADY STATE AND UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER

Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal e from a body, at a high

temperature, to another at a lower temperature. This transfer of thermal
energy may occur under steady or unsteady state conditions. Under Steady
state conditions the temperature within the system does not change with
time. Conversely, under unsteady state conditions the temperature within
the system does vary with time.

Examples of steady state heat transfer

A steam turbine in a power plant is operating at constant load, constant

temperature, constant flow hour after hour while there is steady state heat
transfer of heat lost from the turbine's housing to the room air.

Examples of unsteady state heat transfer

Think about when you cook an egg, for those of you who do not cook, just
pretend. When you take an egg out of the refrigerator it is at a temperature
of about 5 oC . If you place it in a pot of boiling water, heat is transferred
from the egg’s surface to its center. The temperature throughout the egg is
changing with time, eventually cooking the egg.

PREPARED BY RAKESH VASAVA

 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER (3340501)

Temperature

Temperature is the measure of the average thermal energy in a system or

body. We use three common scales to measure temperature: Fahrenheit,
Celsius and Kelvin. The Fahrenheit scale sets the freezing point of water to
32 ⁰ F and the boiling point of water to be 212 ⁰ F, whereas the Celsius
scale sets the freezing point of water to be 0 ⁰ C and the boiling point of
water to be 100 ⁰ C. The Kelvin scale is an adaptation of Celsius that sets
absolute zero to be 0 K. At absolute zero, atoms cease to move and there is
no longer any thermal energy. For reference, one of the coldest materials
that is frequently used is liquid nitrogen, which has a temperature of 77 K,
which is -196 ⁰ C or -321 ⁰ F.

Heat

Heat is an important concept for both scientist and engineers. The term
"heat" is different from temperature in that it is not the measure of thermal
energy, but rather the measure of the transfer of thermal energy

PREPARED BY RAKESH VASAVA