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AN028 - Building An Auto-Ranging DMM
AN028 - Building An Auto-Ranging DMM
AN028 - Building An Auto-Ranging DMM
Introduction
The development of LSI A/D converters has carved the In effect, the user has available a near perfect system. The
pathway for a new category of low cost, accurate digital key to a successful design depends, almost exclusively, on
panel meters (DPM) and digital multimeters (DMM). The the individual’s ability to prevent adding errors to the system.
ICL7103A and ICL8052A A/D pair represents an excellent
The purpose of this application note is to describe the
example of this new breed of converter products available
operation and potential pitfalls of a 10µV resolution (VREF =
today. The outstanding attributes of this pair include:
100mV) 4 1/2 digit autoranging scheme using the
• Accuracy guaranteed to ±1 count over the entire con- ICL7103A/ICL8052A pair. Two auto-ranging circuits are
version range. included within the text. Each is discussed in terms of its
• Guaranteed zero reading for 0V input. advantages and disadvantages. The following section, Basic
Circuitry is intended to familiarize the reader with the
• Single reference voltage. circuitry common to both designs.
• Over-range and under-range signals available for auto-
ranging.
• TTL compatible outputs.
• Six auxiliary outputs for enhanced interfacing capability.
DISPLAY
ANALOG
IN HI INPUT
10
R LADDER ICL8052A
IN LO ICL7103A
11 14
ANALOG 13
GROUND
7 18 27
REFERENCE
INPUT
OVER-RANGE
UNDER-RANGE
AUTORANGING
CONTROL LOGIC
STROBE
DIGIT DRIVE 1
0.1R
AC Converter
(90K) 0.01VIN With the addition of a precision rectifier and a low pass filter,
AC measurements can be made. The precision rectifier
0.01R
(9K) 0.001VIN shown in Figure 3 is a conventional circuit used for this
application. Tolerances can be reduced below ±1% by
0.00111R
(1K) adjusting a single potentiometer. The user can expect
REED RELAYS
ONLY dependable accuracy over a frequency range of 40Hz to
40kHz.
FIGURE 2A. TYPE A
VIN
R
(1MΩ) TO A/D
2
Application Note 028
for this application. It did not generate current spikes on the The table below defines when each decimal point should be
5V supply line and it remained stable during supply on.
fluctuations due to variations in LED current.
OPERATING
Decimal Point Logic MODE D.P.5 D.P.4 D.P.3
The anode of each decimal point used, (DP5, DP4, DP3) is DCV, ACV 2V Scale 20V Scale 200mV Scale
connected to the common anode pin of its respective 7 (B) (C) (A)
segment display. The position of the zero bit in the shaft 200V Scale
(D)
register and the operating mode (kΩ or Volts) of the auto-
ranging system determines which decimal point will be on. kΩ 2kΩ (D) 20kΩ (C) 200kΩ (B)
2MΩ (A)
DIGIT 5 DIGIT 1 NOTE: The letter in parenthesis indicates the location of the zero bit
in the shift register.
D.P. = DECIMAL POINT
The two rotary switches (SW1, SW2) and the two transistors
(Q1, Q2) provide the necessary switching. The only addition
D.P.5 D.P.4 D.P.3 to this circuitry is a single LED and a 180Ω resistor. Connect
the anode to 5V and the cathode (through 180Ω resistor) to
FIGURE 4. PRECISION RECTIFIER AND LOW PASS FILTER register A, and the LED will differentiate between the 200mV
and 200V scales or the 2kΩ and 2MΩ scales.
3
5 4 3 2 1
150Ω 7447
150Ω a +5V D.D.5 D.D.4 D.D.3
b LED
4.7k c B1 200mV DIGIT 5 DIGIT 4 DIGIT 3
150Ω d B2 DECIMAL DECIMAL DECIMAL
e B4 220Ω
POINT POINT POINT
f B8
g RBI 150Ω 150Ω
4
47k
A C SW2
+5V BUSY ACV kΩ
4-1/2 DIG/3-1/2 DIG LSD D1
SW1
+5V POLARITY D2 ACV DCV
1kΩ RUN/HOLD D3 kΩ
0.1µF COMP IN D4 DCV
150Ω
150Ω
-15V -15V MSB B6
150Ω
REFERENCE B4
ID101
REF. CAP 1 B2
10µF
AC REF SUPPLY +15V +15V
1k
300k
CONVERTER -15 1/4 - 7482
IN
DCV DCV
1/4 - 7406
kΩ
ACV †† kΩ ACV
INPUT #1
+5V
TERMINALS OHMS
ACV 900kΩ CONVERTER 6.8µF 1/4 - 7462 +5V
†A +5
DCV +15V 1 16
kΩ 90kΩ + 47k A
B +5 B 1/4 - 7482
8007
- C 1 14
30kΩ
74196
RESISTOR LADDER 9kΩ +5 kΩ -15V D 1/4 - 7403
C
#2 74121
1.5k 8 9 #3
D +5
1kΩ † RELAYS ARE ZESTRON #278 4 1A 1/4 - 7406 7 8 10µF
DCV kΩ †† DIRECTION OF SHIFT MUST BE REVERSED
2N4119
FOR OHMS MEASUREMENT
ACV V-
INTEGRATOR
OUTPUT
OVER-RANGE OR
UNDER-RANGE
7474 CLEAR
PULSE
(D5 • STROBE)
7474 CLOCK
(D1 • STROBE)
ICL7103A
OPERATING
MODE
INTEGRATOR
OR COMPARATOR
TIME CONSTANT
CONTROL
(D + Q)
Design Characteristics The 7474 D flip-flop controls the 3 1/2 - 4 1/2 digit mode of
the ICL7103A, but it has a rather interesting twist to insure
This section is intended to familiarize the reader with
sufficient auto-zero time.
individual characteristics of each design.
The integrator and comparator time constants are each
Auto-Ranging
reduced by a factor of 10 at the beginning of auto-zero if
The basic idea behind Circuit #1 (Figure 5) is to extend the auto-ranging is required. However, the ICL7103A doesn’t
auto-zero time whenever an over-range or under-range enter the 3 1/2 digit mode until the input data to the 7474 is
condition exists. If the auto-zero time is not long enough, it is clocked into the register. This occurs 900 counts after auto-
possible for the auto-ranging circuitry to continuously rock zero begins (D1 strobe). The system completes the
between two adjacent scales. Basically, this phenomenon is remainder of auto-zero and the subsequent conversion in
due to a residual deintegrate charge stored on the auto-zero the 3 1/2 digit mode at 10 times the normal conversion rate
cap after an over-range condition has occurred. The scale (approximately 33ms). The 7474 is then cleared 100 counts
will increment up one decade but an under-range may result after the next auto-zero begins (D5 • strobe) and a 4 1/2 digit
on the next conversion (VIN NET = VIN ACTUAL - mode is resumed. If subsequent auto-scaling is not
VRESIDUAL). The 74121 extends auto-zero to 250ms necessary, the system continues to operate in the 4 1/2 digit
whenever an under-range or over-range occurs. This time mode and, if it is necessary, the integrator and comparator
extension should enable the auto-zero loop to behave time constraints remain in a 3 1/2 digit mode but the
properly. ICL7103A returns to a 4 1/2 digit mode when the 7474 is
When an under-range or over-range occurs, several things cleared. Eight hundred counts later the data is strobed into
happen. First, the true output of the 74121 goes high, the register and the ICL7103A once again enters the 3 1/2
enabling a shift pulse. At the same time the Q output goes digit mode and another 3 1/2 digit conversion cycle begins.
low, causing the ICL7103A to hold in auto-zero. Nine hundred The integrator and comparator will remain in the 3 1/2 digit
clock pulses after the beginning of auto-zero, the coincidence mode and the ICL7103A will switch to the 4 1/2 digit mode
between D1 and strobe generates the clock pulse that shifts for only 800 counts of auto-zero (900 counts for the first
the active bit in the register. Approximately 250ms after the auto-zero after over-range or under-range) extends the
beginning of auto-zero, the single shot will clear and another effective auto-zero time to 1720 counts instead of 1000
integrate/deintegrate cycle begins. The process will repeat on (1810 for the first auto-zero after over-range or under-range).
subsequent under-range/over-range conversions. One auto- The faster time constants of the integrator and comparator,
range cycle requires approximately 450ms (200ms of in addition to the extended auto-zero, ensures proper
integrate/deintegrate and 250ms of auto-zero). operation of the auto-zero loop and eliminates the possibility
of oscillating between adjacent ranges.
Circuit #2 (Figure 6) utilizes the 3 1/2 - 4 1/2 digit mode of
the ICL7103A to auto-range in approximately one-tenth the
normal conversion time. The system is designed to operate
in a normal 4 1/2 digit mode until auto-ranging is necessary.
6
Application Note 028
7
Application Note 028
errors are present, clean the PC board, as any leakage For Intersil documents available on the internet, see web site
current path must be removed. Also be sure the auto- http://www.intersil.com/
zero and reference capacitors are high quality, low Intersil AnswerFAX ( 321) 724-7800.
leakage capacitors.
[1] A016 Application Note, Intersil Corporation
• Unusually large amount of count instability. Communications Division, “Selecting A/D Converters,”
- Check noise on the power supplies. If large current AnswerFAX Doc. No. 99016.
spikes or 60 cycle noise are present, the converter will
appear noisy. Also, if the comparator translation network [2] A017 Application Note, Intersil Corporation
(36k, 300k) is way out of the adjustment, the comparator Communications Division, “The Integrating A/D
will not respond consistently to a zero crossing. Converters,” AnswerFAX Doc. No. 99017.
[3] A018 Application Note, Intersil Corporation
Generally Speaking Communications Division, “Do’s and Don’ts of Applying
• Minimize stray capacitance A/D Converters,” AnswerFAX Doc. No. 99018.
• Keep analog lines short [4] A019 Application Note, Intersil Corporation
Communications Division, “4 1/2 Digit Panel Meter
• Build system around a stable analog ground Demonstrator/Instrumentation Boards,” AnswerFAX
Doc. No. 99019.
References
[5] A023 Application Note, Intersil Corporation
Communications Division, “Low Cost Digital Panel
Meter Designs,” AnswerFAX Doc. No. 99023.
FIGURE 8.
All Intersil semiconductor products are manufactured, assembled and tested under ISO9000 quality systems certification.
Intersil semiconductor products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design and/or specifications at any time with-
out notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
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