Present and Past

Participles
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 Present participles
 Present participles are regular verbs and they are formed
simply by adding '-ing' to the base form of the verb.
 Sleep → Sleeping
 Wait → Waiting
 They are sleeping when I got there. (verb: present continuous)
 They were sleeping when I got there. (verb: past continuous)
 He is waiting for more than an hour. (verb: present continuous)
 He was waiting for more than an hour. (verb: past continuous)
 Present participles used as verbs

 Present continuous: You are studying English grammar.

 Past continuous: I was working when it happened.
 Present perfect continuous: I'm tired because
I've been running.
 Past perfect continuous: Kaz was exhausted.
He had been running.
 Future continuous: I'll be waiting for you.
 Future perfect continuous: I will have been waiting for two
hours.
Present Participles used as Adjectives

To interest → Interesting

To tire → Tiring
I was trying to make things interesting.
He tries his best but his tiring job won't give him a
rest.
A tiring lesson
An interesting book
 Present Participles in Participle Phrases
 Shaking with excitement, I boarded the plane.
 Sitting in the yard, the old woman watched the world pass by.
 Participle phrases are phrases that have a participle at the
beginning, followed by a modifier, an object, or a
complement.
 The entire phrase tends to act as an adjective, modifying
nouns or pronouns. The present participle phrase describes a
situation that is occurring at the same time as the main action.
Pay attention that the tense of the rest of the sentence
does not matter.
Present Participles in Participle Clauses

 I lost my phone (while) walking back from work.

 He walked out (as he was) whistling to himself.
 Participle clauses are independent clauses that use the
participle form of a verb. Mainly, they are used
to shorten the main clause. Participle clauses tend to
indicate time, reasons, and situations.
 Source: "Present Participles" in the English Grammar |
LanGeek
 Past participles
 The past participle is the third principal part of a verb. With regular verbs,
we can simply form past participles by adding '-ed,' '-d,' or '-t' to
the base form of the regular verb. Check out the examples:
 To look → Looked
 To work → Worked
 Besides adding '-ed', '-d', or '-t' to a verb, there are several irregular
verbs in English that form their past participles in different ways. It's
important to memorize these irregular verbs because they don't follow the
typical pattern. For example:
 To be → Been
 To write → Written
Past Participles used as verbs: Tenses

 Present perfect: I've met him before.

 Past perfect: I had already heard the song.
 Future perfect: They'll have finished by now.
 Third conditional: If I hadn't missed the train, I would
have been here by now.
 Modals in the past: He could have tried harder.
 Passive form: Apple company was founded by Steve
Jobs.
 Past Participle Adjectives

Past participles can also be used as adjectives in

participial phrases to modify a noun or a pronoun.
Take a look at the examples:
He was dead tired.
I was really bored while I waited for you.
Broken window
Bored student
 Participle Phrases

I finally found the hose stolen from my

garden.
We read the mails sent by our fans. (= We
read the mails that had been sent by our
fans).
 Participle Clause

Having worked out all day, Harry was

drained.
The cake, having been baked by my
grandmother, was delicious.
Source: "Past Participles" in the English
Grammar | LanGeek