NAME: AKUA KWARTEMAA MENSAH CLASS: 1S9

CHEMISTY VACATION ASSIGNMENT

QUESTION ONE
a. Pauli‘s exclusion principle states that, the total number of electrons that
can fill any one orbital must be two and they must have opposite spins.

b. i. Dilution factor refers to the number of times the volume or concentration

of the stock solution is diluted.
ii. Mass concentration is the mass of a substance dissolved in 1dm3 of
solution.

c. Mass of CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH
= 12+ (1×3) + 12 + (1x 2) +12+ (1x2) + 12+ (1X2) +12 + 16 +16+ 1
=102g/mol
Mass of H
= (1x3) + (1x2) + (1x2) + (1x2) +1
=8g/mol
8
×100 % = 7.8%
102

d. m (mg) =5g
m (o2) =11g
M (mg) =24
M (o2) = 16 x 2 = 32
5
N (mg) = 24 = 0.2083g/mol
11
N (o2) = 32 = 0.34375g/mol
n(Mg) 2
=
n(0) 1
 0.2083 2
=
nO 1
0.2083
N (O2) = 2
N (O2) = 0.10415
0.34375-0.10415 = 0.239mol
Oxygen will be in excess of 0.239mol so Magnesium will be the limiting
reagent.

e. i. The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
ii. The law of definite proportion states that a compound always contains
the same elements in the same fixed ratio by mass
iii. The law of multiple proportion states that, when two elements combine
to form different compounds, the ratio of masses of one element that
combines with a fixed mass of the other element can be expressed in whole
numbers.

f. Pb(NO3)2
Let oxidation number for N= x
2 + x + (-2 x 3) = 0
X–4=0
X = +4

g. i. Not following the correct procedure can lead to low experimental yield
ii. Using wrong equipment can also lead to low experimental yield

h. i. molar mass of Ca(OH)2

=20 + 2(16 +1)
= 74 g/mol
1ppm = 1mg/L
74
50 x 1000000 = 0.003705g/dm3
ii. 1ppm = 1 mg/L
 1 mg 1 mol
50ppm x 1000 × 74 gmol = 0.000675mol/dm3
iii. A primary standard must have high purity, known concentration and
stability.

QUESTION TWO
a. i. to find moles for carbon;
m = 0.228 M = 12 n=?
m=nxM
0.228 = n x 12
N = 0.019 mol
To find moles for hydrogen
m = 0.1g M = 2 n=?
m=nxM

0.1 = n x 2

0.05mol = n

To find moles for nitrogen

m=? C = 0.1 V = 0.0172 M= 36.5

m=CxVxM

m =0.1 x 0.0172 x 36.5

m = 0.06278g

m=nxM

0.06278 = n x 36.5

1.72 x 10-3 = n

ii. to find the empirical formula,

 C N H

0.019 1.72 x 10-3 0.05

11 1 29

Empirical formula = C11NH29

To deduce molecular formula,

Empirical formula mass x n = molecular mass

175 x n = 116

N=1

b. Molecular formula = ( E. F. )n = (C11NH29)1 = C11NH29

i. decomposition reaction
ii. Neutralization reaction

c. Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
Moles of HCl = 2 x 0.075 = 0.15 mol
n( Fe) 1
=
n(HCl) 2
n(Fe) 1
=
0.15 2
0.15
N (Fe) = 2 =0.075 mol
Mass of pure Fe = n x M
= 0.075 x56 = 4.2 g
Mass of impurity = 5.0 – 4.2
=0.8g
0.8
Percentage impurity = 5 × 100=16 %

d. c. HCl + Na2CO3 NaCl + H2O + CO2

 di. m = 2.92g V = 0.4dm3 M = 36.5 C=?
m=CxVxM
2.92 = C x 0.4 x 36.5
14.6
C = 2.92 = 5 moldm3
dii. m = 8.2g V = 0.25dm3 M= 106 C =?
m=CxVxM
8.2 = C x 0.25 x 106
26.5
C = 8.2 =¿ 3.23 moldm3
diii. m = 8.2g V = o.25dm3 M = 106 C =?
8.2
n = 106 = 0.077mol
0.077
C = 0.25 =0.31 gdm 3

e. i. the 2nd Ionization energy of Li is greater than the 1st ionization energy of
Be because when an electron is removed from lithium , the effective
nuclear charge increases, making it more difficult to remove another
electron, as compared to beryllium which has lost no electrons.
ii. 12Mg : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
2 2 6
13Al : 1s 2s 2p 3s2 3p1
Mg has higher ionization energy because the electrons to be removed are
in the 3s orbital which has a higher penetrating effect than the 3p orbital.
iii. phosphorous has higher ionization energy than silicon because across a
period from left to right, there is a general increase in ionization energy.
iv. nitrogen has higher ionization energy than oxygen because the 2p sub-
shell has three electrons which are in three separate orbitals, which gives
nitrogen more stability than oxygen which has four electrons in the 2p sub
shell
v. Be : 1s2 2s2
B: 1s2 2s2 2p1
 Beryllium has higher ionization energy because the electrons to be
removed are in the 2s orbital which has higher penetrating effect than the
2p orbital.

f. 2Al + 6HBr 2AlBr3 + 3H2

8
ii. n(al) = 27 = 0.2962mol
n( Al) 2
=
n( AlBr ) 2
0.2962 2
=
n( AlBr ) 2
N(AlBr3) = 0.2962 mol
m=nxM
m = 0.2962 x 267
m = 79g
iii. to find the amount of excess reagent,
10
n( HBr)= 81 = 0.1234
n(HBr ) 6
=
n (Al ) 2
0.1234 6
=
n (Al ) 2
N(Al) = 0.0412
Amount of excess reagent left after reacting = 0.2962 – 0.0412 = 0.255g
iv. actual yield = 6g theoretical yield = 79g
6
×100 %=7.6 %
79