VALUATION

SPECIFICATION AND
ESTIMATING, COSTING,
Bricks. Brick walls u n .to
Thickness of Wall for Dierent Sizes of which shall be coneian
4-8. multiples of hall
brick
idered y
shall be measured in
including 3 bricks in thick
of the
actual thickncss as shown in the
he inclusive of the mortar joints as 10 cm actual thickness of wall b
irrespective

in thickness, the
heiow For wallin which is more than ahree 1
bricks
0.5cm and above
shall
including
be taken as
as 1 cm
mcasured to the neare one centimetre.
Fractions an
fractions below 0.5 cm shall be neglected.
Wall Thickness
Type of brick
(Size of brick considerod) brick 1 brick 1bricks 2 brick 2 bricks 3 bricks
a Modular bnck- 40 cm 50 cm 60 cm
10 cm 20 cm 30cm
20cm x 10cm x 10cm

Traditional brick- 10" 20" 25" 30"

10" 5 x 3" (62.5cm) (7Scm)
(25cmx 12.5cm x 7.5Scm) (12.5cm) (25cm) (37.5cm)|(50cm)
c) Traditional brick-
9" 13 18" 22 27"

(23cmx 1lcm x 7.5cm) (11 cm) (23cm) 34 cm) (45 cm) (56cm)| (67cm)
4-9. Minimum Thickness of the walls when Stress calculations are not toh
made
The thickness of wall depends on unsupported height and length of the wall, load and win
pressure acting on the wall and also quality of bricks and mortar used for the wall.
The recommended minimum thicknesses of walls are given below provided the length of wi
as memtioned shall be measured between buttressing or cross-walls properly bonded built into the m
walls to give lateral support and shall not be more than 10 metres. Thickness of the wall shall noth
less than 1/16th of the storey height and storey height is not more than 4.8m. The walls external o
iniernal shall be built in cement mortar 1:6or lime mortar 1: 3 with burnt first class bricks th
concreie blocks. The thickness of me
plinth walls shall be 10cm more than superstructure wals
menuoned below.

Minimum thickness of Masonry Walls of Residential and Business Buildings:

Siorey Height of wall
Thickness of wall in centimetre.
above above plinth Ground First Second Third Fourth
plinth level in Metres| floor floor
level floor floor floor

3.5 20(any length)

2 6.5 20 20
10.0 S0
20 20
13.5 40 30 30
16.5 20 3.
50
40 40 30
30
Multistoried buildings with R.C.C. 4,
of internal alierations of framed structure is more chan
planning than masonry build economical and flexible fan flexible for
buildings should be 20cm (or one brick) thick to prevent buildings. The outer walls of R. a fo
up frame

used for the same.

soaking of rain water. Hollow Dn may D
 METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE
Some simple Estimates: (A) Quantity Estimate of a Symmetrical wall
cross-section for a
Fig. 4-3 shows the plan and Roof
in length. Prepare quantity estimate for
wall 5 metres
T
Level
items: (1) Earthwork in excavation in Super
the following structure
Lime concrete (18:36:100) in foundation,
foundation, (2) wall
in foundation and plinth,
1st. class brickwork (1:4)
(3) brickwork (1:6) in superstructure wall, (5) 20
(4) 1st. class
(1:2:4) with water proofing
D.P.C. 2.5cm D.P.C.
Ploor
2.5cm thick P.L
ompound.
1. Earthwork = Plinth
Quantity
Estimate :
3.15 cu m.
88 30 height
x 70em(breadth) x 90cm(depth) =
G.L cm

Smlength) 20cm(depth) =0.10cum Plith Wall

concrete = Smx 70cmx
2 Lime
foundation and plinth 40 2nd Footing
Brickwork in cm
3.
= Sm x 50cmx 20cm =
0.50cu m
50
Is foocing cm lstFoting
Sm x 4Ocm x
20cm =
0,40 cum
2nd. fooding =

1.35 cu m
Lime
Concrete
30cm x 90cm =

Plinth wall =Sm x

2.25 cu m
Total 70 cm

4.1st class
brickwork in superstructure 3.5 cu m
CROSS SEGTION

20cm x 3.5m
=
Sm x
1.00 sq m. Outside of Wallplinth Offset
Sm x 20cm =
D.P.C. =

5. 2.5cm thick

But to
be estimated as above.
Quantities can
breadth and height against 5.0m
denote the respective length, after ruling out
are prepared
the dimensions
estimates PLAN
measurement sheets
as below.
FIG. 4-3

CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES
MEASUREMENT
AND Total
DETAIL Quantity
Breadth Height
No. Length or Depth
Iem Description of item 0.70cu m
20 cm
0.70cu m
No. 70 cm
Earth work in excavation
5m
1.
2 1st. class brickwork (1:4)
in foundation and plinth 20 cm 0.50
5m 50 cm
Ist. footing 50cm 20 cm
0.40
5m 40 cm
2nd. footing 40cm 1.35
90 cm 2.25 cumn
5 m 30 cm
Plinth wall 30cm 3.5 cu m

3. Ist. class brickwork (1:6) 3.5 m 3.50 1.00 sq m

20 cm
in superstructure wal. 5m 1.00
20 cm
5m
4.
2.5cmthick D.P.C.(1:2:4)1 excavation = 070 cum. (2) Ist. class bricKWOI ick
2
***

quantitios (1) Earthwork in

:
superstructure
= 3.5CU m,
atio brickwork in
plinth
andsq
=
2.25cm, (3) 1st. class
D.P.C. o 1.00 m.
 52 ESTIMATING, COSTING, SPECIFICATION AND VALUATION
(B) Comparative cost between two types of Foundations.
You are required to select the economical type of continuous foundation between c
masonry spread footing and a concrete
raft footing, shown in Figs.4-4 and 4-5
between conventiong
Justify your selec- respectively.
tion by comparing the cost
of two types per one metre
length. Given rates are (i)
Earthwork =Rs. 7.50/cum BRICKWORK -375- BRICKWORK
i) 75mm IN CEMENT 375
brickflat soling IN CEMENT
= Rs. 5.3S/sqm. MORTARR MORTAR
(1:4) 500 90 (1:4)-
(ii) Lime concrete (18: 625 90
36 100) =
Rs. 500/cu m. 750- 90 CONC.
17.OFVOL-
(iv) Lean cement concrete 75- 90
1000 - 90
(1:4 8) =Rs. 700/cu m
(v) 50
Cement concrete (1:2 75
: 4)
including 1% reinforc- -1200- 1200-
75 B.F.SOLING
ement and hire and labour Li50 LIME CONC.(18:36:100) L75 B.F.SOLING
charges for shuttering = Rs LEAN CONC.(1:4:8
IS0 R.C.C. (1:2:4)
1500/ cum, (v) Brickwork CONTINUOUS MASONRY
in cement mortar (1:4) = SPREAD FOOTING CONTINUOUS CONCRE
Rs 700/cu m. FIG4-4 RAFT FOOTING
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm FIG.4-5
DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND
CALCULATION OF WITH
Ttem Description of item QUANTITIES COST
No. Length Breadth Height
m m
Quantity Unit Amoun
For masonry m Rate
Rs. P. ofrate P
Rs.
spread footing
Earthwork in excavation 1.00
75mm brick flat soling
1.00
1.20 1.05
1.26cum 7.50 cu m 9.45
Lime concrete (18:36:100) |1.20 6.60
1.00 1.20 1.20sqm 5.50 sqm
Brickwork(14) for footings 1.00
0.15
0.15 0.18cum 500.00 cu m 90.00
1/2(1.00 0.45 0.34
-do- above footings .50)
1.00
0.375 0.375 0.14
. Earthwork in filling(=Vol. of 1.00 1.26-(1.2x 0.075 0.48cum 700.00 cu m 336.00
excavation-masonry work) -0.18- 0.48 7.50 cu m 3.83
For R.C.C. raft foundation
0.51cum
Total445.88
Earthwork in excavation 1.00
2 75mm 1.20 1.05 9.45
brick flat soling 1.00 1.20 1.26cum 7.50 cu m
3 75mm 6.60
thick lean conc.(1:4:8) 1.00 1.20 sq
|1.2 m 5.50 sq m
A 0.075 0.09
0.075 63.00
R.C.C.(1:2:4) including 1% 700.00 cu m
reinforcement and shutering 1.00 1.20 270.00
5 1.00
0.15 cu m
196.00
Brickwork (1:4) 0.375 0.75 0.18cu 1500.00 196
6. Earthwork in filling 1.00 0.28cum 700.00 cu
1.26-(1.2x .075) m
0.09 0.18 0.28 4.0
cu m
0.62cun 7.50 Total 549.70
 METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE 53
Masonry spread footing should be selected, that is cheaper by Rs. 549.70 Rs. 445.88 Rs. 103.82
metre length of foundation.
per
Note:-Quantity of brickwork for Symmetrical walls having a number of footings with equal
risers can be worked out quickly and accurately as illustrated below.
Fig. 4-6 shows the cross-section of a foundation wall having regular risers of footing h.
Average area
B 2 H G
2
:. Quantity of masonry for footing =Lx B D2 x H
F B
where L Centre line length of the wall.
B2
FIG.4-6 2
Quantity Estimate of a Retaining Wall running two-way - Estimate the
quantities of lime concrete and brickwork in the retaining wall from the figure 4-7.
Note that - B
The iength of a layer
-2.5m cm
for the long side
(overall length 2.5m)
has been considered
out to out and for the
short side (overall 30
length 2m) it has been cm
0
calculatedfrom out up B
m
to the meeting point B
B 40
ofthe respective layer cm
with the long side.
Adding these lengths
.

45
total length has been cm
taken in the estimate
and further clarified in 55cm
the explanatory notes. FIG. 4-8. bcm-
FIG. 4-7.
PLAN SECTION ON B-B
DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND
QUANTITIES
Item Description of
No. Length Total
no. Item Breadth Height Quantity Explanatory notes
1. Lime concrete 3.95 m 0.55 m 0.20 m 0.44 0.44cum 3.95 2.5+(2-.55)
in foundation
2 Brickwork for
5..
(a) 45 cm layer 3.95 m 0.45 m 040 m 0.71 3.95 (2.5-0.05) +
(6)40 cm layer 3.90m 0.40 m 0.50 m 0.78 (2-0.05-0.45)
.0 3.90 (2.5-0.10) +
3.90 m
(2-0.10-0.40)
m
(c) 30 cm layer
0.30 0.50 m 0.59 3.90 (2.5 -.15)+
9. (d) 20 cm (2-0.15-0.30)
layer 4.00 m .20 m 0.40 m0.32 4.00 (2.5 -0.15)+
2.40cum (2-0.15-0.20)
 VALUATION
5A SPECIFICATION AND
ESTIMATING, COSTING,
Works
4-10. Different Methods for Estimating Building
The quantities of various items such as earthwork
in excavation, foundation concrete, brickwork
in foundation and plinth, brickwork in superstructure, etc. can be estimated by any of the following

three methods:-
method or P.w.D. method
(1) Long and Short wall or 'out-to-out' & 'in-to-in'
(2) Centre line method.
(3) Crossing method.
-

'in-to-in' method: In this method

(1) "Long and Short wall' or 'out-to-out' and walls
considered as long and measured
the longer walls in a building (generally in one direction) are
in a perpendicular direction of the long walls, are
from out-to-out; and the shorter or partition walls,
of work. These lengths of
considered as short walls and are measured from in-to-in for a particular layer
and height of the corresponding layer and
long and short walls are multiplied separately by the breadth
are added to get the quantity. Such lengths of long and short walls vary in every layer offooting
To calculate the lengths of long and short walls determine first their centre to centre lengths indivicdually
from the plan Then the length of the long wall, out-to-out may be calculated after adding half breadthofwall
at each end to its centre to centre length. Thus the length of the short wall measured in-to-in may be found
out after subtraction of half breadth at each end from its centre to centre length. The length of the long wall
generally decreases from earthwork to brickwork in superstructure and in the case of the short wall, its length
increases (see Fig 4-12). Thus the length oflong wallis found out by adding one breadth ofthe footing to
the centre to centre length of that footing. The length ofshort wall is found out by subtracting one breadt
of the footing from the centre to centre length.
In some of the working examples it may be noticed that a wall is considered as a short wall atone
and as a long wall at the other end. Such a case arises in a wall which joins as a long wall with another lo
wall previously considered. The joining end of the wall later considered as long wall is actually treated a
short end. such a wall is termed a Long-Short wall in this book.

(2) Centre line method - In this method calculate the total centre line length of walls in a building and
multiply the same by the breadth and depth of the respective item to get the total quantity at a time. For
different sections of walls in a building, the centre line length for each type shall be worked out separately
In case of partition or verandah walls joining the main walls, the centre line length shall be reduced by half
of the breadth of the layer of main wall that joins with the partition or verandah wall at the same level Number
of such joints are studied first to calculate the centre line length.
By this method estimates may be prepared more quickly and this method is as accurnte as the otne
methods Only in the case of an unsymmetrical wall which is generally rare, no advantage may be claimed
by this method over others as the centre line length varies at every layer. But to estimate circular. hexagonal
octagonal. etc. shaped building this method is specially useful

(3) Crossing Method- In this method calculate the overall perimeter of the building and subtract from
this, four times the thickness of the wall to obtain the centre line length
Internal walls are grouped separately to their sections and measured in between the internal faces of tn
main wall at that level
Principally this method is the same as the centre line method but differs in the process of
find the centre line lengths calculation
English Method of taking out quantities- The
dimension sheet used for taking-off is
foolscap sheet divided into main sections each section
having four columns. Column (1) is terme
timesting" and is used for setting the number of the item. Column (2) is known'dimension column
In this column measurements are wntten Column( 5) is called 'squaring column'.
Quantities worked o
5

u09

W
O/0 N2°E-
08 0xx2-2°E =
TTVM
LHOHS

08
08
 SPECIFICATION AND
VALUATION
56 ESTIMATING, COSTING,
n case of foundation concrete, masonrywork with different footings or for superstructure walls
wall is symmetrical (as
to centre lengths remain constant, provided the section of the
centre to centre lengths are to
strated in the next article). But for unsymmetrical sectioned wall the centre
be calculated for each fooing individually.
Centre line the method- Fig. 4-10 represents plan and section of the samc rench as in the previous
method which is 80 cm wide and 60 cm deep. It is required to calculate the volume of earthwork for the
trench
Centre line for long wall = óm - half trench width from each side = 6m - 40cm 40cm = 5.20Om

6m

a
G L
80
A
80
cm
80cm

SECTION A-A
(ENLARGED)
CENTRE LINE
PLAN
FIG. 4-10
Centre line for short wall = 4m - 40cm 40cm = 3.20m
Total length of centre line of all walls = 2(5.20+ 3.20) = 16.8m
. Earthwork in excavation = Sum of centre line x width x depth
= 16.8m x 80cm x 60cm = 8.064 cu m
Mathematically the same result as in previous method of 8.064 cu m is obtained. But for a clear
conception let us investigate how the whole earthwork is considered by the centre line method if work
preceeds along the centre lines by means of a diagram as shown by shaded lines in the above figure.
Following the Fig. 4-10 line ab + bc + cd + da = total length of centre line. Let us first
excavale the line 'a' to 'b' with 40 cm width on each side, but not beyond 'a' or b'. Similarly
excavate lines bc, cd and da. Investigating the excavation follow ing the shaded lines it is observed that
blocks in which the letters a, b, c ,and d are marked have not been considered at all i.e. it appcars that
these blocks are remaining unexcaved, whereas biocks opposite to them have been consideredtwice (as
shown by double haiched lines). Now, the adjacent block of a which has been considered twice may
represent once its equal and opposite block 'a'. Similarly the Blocks b', 'c' and 'd' are to be renresented
by their respective adjacent and equal blocks. Therefore, by centre line method the entire work has been
considered and no portion has been left ou without excavation or considered twice. It is important to
note that at corners of trench or walls n0 addition or subiraction of the centre line is required. port
 wS'2
Jworug

w'2

w 09

wT2.-

1 wo wou
ISIP 3/5 wo8'2
wS'Z
wp'
wç*2

wg2-
 AND VALUATION
62 ESTIMATING, COSTING, SPECIFICATION
method-
Long and Short wall
Item Description of item No. |Length|Breadth HeightQuantiy Explanatory notes
m m
No.
1. Earthwork in excavation 15.104.10 2.50 52.28 cum
2. Brick flat soling 5.10 4.10 20.91 sqm
Cement concrete (1:2:4) in
foundation 5.10 4.10 4.18 cu mn
4 Ist class brickwork in cement|
mortar
40 cm long walls 4.80 0.40 0.80 3.07 4.80 4+2 0.40
40 cm short walls 3.00 0.40 0.80 1.92
30 cm long walls 4.60 0.30 1.20 3.31
30 cm short walls 3.00 0.30 1.20 2.16
20 cm long walls 4.40 0.20 0.60 1.06
20 cm short walls 3.00 0.20 0.60 0.72
Total |12.24 cum
Estimates for item nos. 5 to 7 are same as that worked out by centre line Note that for such
unsymmetrical walls estimation by adopting long and short wall method is easiermethod.
than centre line method
Example 4. Estimate of a Symmetrical Boundary wall-
-20 M 8024
Lscm
2.5M SEC.OF
- PANEL

Cm

20cm F204
cm
20cm 30
cm
15cm

BRICK FLAT SOLING

50cm
-2-5MH SECTION-BB
20cm 20cm
10cm TH
PANEL
100-2M
50-1 M T
50.1 M-
GATE
25M
FIG. 4-14
PLAN ON XX
Estimate the cost of the boundary wall from the given
drawing Fig. 4-14 and specifications.
-
bumt
General specification - Foundation- Soling 2nd class bricks. Cement
brick chips 1:4:8. Masonry -Ist class brickwork in cement mortar 1:6. concrete witn otclass
brickwork in cement mortar I:6. Coping on thewall-cement concrete withSuperstructure wall hing
inside and outside -cement pointed l:4. Kates - Take local current rates. stone chips 1:2:4. Wall Tim
 METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE 63
Centre line length 2[(100.2 -0.20)+ (130.2 -0.20)] =460m [See No. (3) of page 69]
For earthwork in excavation after deducting gate opening 460-(2.5-2 x0.10) +2x0.15 (offsets) 458 m

DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF

QUANTITIES
Item Description of item No. Length |Breadth Height| Quantity Explanatory notes
No. m m m

1. Earthwork in excavation for|

foundation 458.00 0.50 0.65 |148.55 cu m
Earthwork in filling | 1/sth of excavation 29.79 cu m
3. 2nd class brick flat soling 458.00 0.50 229.00 sq m
Cement concrete (1:4:8) in
foundation I |458.00 0.50 34.35cu m
5. |Ist class brickwork in cement
mortar (1:6) in foundation
Ist footing I457.80 0.30 0.20 27.47 |457.80 460-(2.5-2x
2nd footing 457.70 0.20 0.20 18.31 0.10)+2 x0.05 (offset)
Total 45.78 cu m
6. 1st class brickwork (1:6) in
superstructure
pillars 184 0.20 .0.20 2.10 15.46 184 460+2.5
No addition for end
pillar due to a closed
traverse
7. 10 cm thick Ist class
brickwork for panels 420.90 2.10 883.89 sqm |420.90 460- 184 x
0.20-2.30 (gate)
8. Cement pointing (1:4) inside|
and outside
panels 2 |420.90 2.10 1767.78
184| 0.60 2.10 231.84 0.60 4 x 0.20 -2 x0.10
Pillars (projections)
Gate pillar gate face not in
contact with panel L 0.10 2.10 0.42
Total 2000.04 sqm
9.
Cement concrete (1:2:4)
coping 420.90 x qdos 1.65
Panels (semicircular) 2
Segment of circle
area4/3 a xh(apx.),
x x 0.05 1.23 a = half span, r = rise
*
Pillars (segmental) 1.84 4/3 Q.10
Total 2.88 cu m
64 ESTIMATING, COSTING, SPECIFICATION AND VALUATION

ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE COST

Item Description of item Quantity Unit Rate Unit of

No. Rs. P. rate
Amount
Rs. P
1. Earthwork in excavation for foundation 148.55 cu m 1,200.00 % cu m
2. Earthwork in filling 29.79 cu m 600.00 % cu m
1,782.68
2nd class brick flat soling 178.74
229.00 sq m 40.00 sq m
A Cement concrete (1:4:8) in foundation with 9,168.00
overbumt brick chips 34.35 cum 850.00 Cu m
1st class brickwork in cement mortar (1:6) 29,197.50
in foundation 45.78 cu m 850.00 cu m
6. 38,913.00
Ist class brickwork in cementmortar (1:6)
in superstructure 15.46 cu m 870.00 cu m
7. 10 cm thick Ist class brickwork in 13,450.20
cement|
mortar (1:6) 883.89 sqm 85.00 sq m 75,130.65
Cement pointing (1:6) 2000.04 sq m 8.00 Sqm
9. Cement concrete (1:2:4) coping with 16,003.20
stone chips including embeding nails
head down 2.88 cu m2,000.00 L cu m_ 5,768.00
Total Rs. 1,89,591.97
Add 5% Contingency = Rs.
9,479.60
Add 2"/2 % Work = 4,739.80
charge Rs.
Grand total = Rs. 2,03811.37

Example - 5. Quantity estimate of an unsymmetrical boundary wall abutting the boundary land.

2 0 M- 80-2 M-

cm

E
G.
20 cm
****|

20cm 30 cm-

15 cin

-50 cm- LgRICK

-2-5M FLAT
SOLING
SECTION.AB
20cm
1002 M- 20cm
50-1 M-
50.1N Ocm -2.SM-
GATE

FIG. 4-15 1 0 cm TH PANEL

PLAN ON XX
 METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE 65
Prepare quantity estimate of the unsymmetrical boundary wall from the given drawing shown in the
Fig. 4-15. General specifications are the same as in the previous example.
DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF
QUANTITIES
Item Description of item No. Length Breadth Height Quantity
No. Explanatory notes
m m m
1. Earthwork in excavation
for foundation Due to one sided offset
Long walls 130.20 0.50 0.65 84.63
Short walls 98.40 0.50
|length of short wall
0.65 63.96 |98.40 100.20 -2 x 0.90
Deduction for gate opening 2.30 0.50 0.65 0.75(-ve) 2.30 =2.50 -2 x 0.10
Total 147.84 aum|No foundation offset
2. Earthwork in filling 1/s of excavation |29.57 cu mwithin gate
3. Brick flat soling
Long walls 2 130.20 0.50 130.20
Short walls 2 98.40 0.50 98.40
Deduction for gate opening 2.30 0.50 |1.15(-ve)
Total 22745sq m
4. Cement concrete in
foundation (1:4:8)
Long walls 2 130.20 0.50 0.15 19.53
Short walls 2 98.40 0.50 0.15 14.76
Deduction for gate opening 1 2.30 0.50 0.15 0.17-ve)
Total 34.12 cu m|
5.
1st class brickwork in
foundation, 1st footing
Long walls 130.20 0.30 0.20 15.62
Short walls 2 99.60 0.30 0.20 95 99.60 100.20-2 x0.30
|2nd footing-
Long walls 2 130.20 0.20 0.20 10.42
Short walls 2 99.80 0.20 0.20 7.98
Deduction for gate opening 0.30 =
2.30 0.20 0.14(-ve) 99.80 100.20-2 x020
- do- 2.30 0.20 0.20 0.09 (-ve)
Total 45.74 cu m
6.
1st class brickwork (1:6) in
superstructure
Pillars **. 184 0.20 15.46 cu
0.200.20 m|184-2[130.2-2x 0.20/2
+100.2-2x 0.20/2]+2.5
7. 10 cm thick 1st class
brickwork (1:6) for panels 1 420.90 2.10 883.89sq m|420.90 2 (130.20+99.80)
-184 x 0.20-2.30 (gate)
8.
Cement pointing (1:4)
For pillars 184 0.60 .10 231.84 0.60=4 x 0.20 -2 x 0.10
For panels both faces 2 420.90 2.10 1767 78(1.e. excluding contact
Gate pillars portions not
1767.78partion of panel with
in pillars.)
contact with panel 2 0.10 2.10 0.21
Total 1999.83
sqm
Item No. 9 is same as in the previous example No. 4
66 ESTIMATING, COSTING, SPECIFICATION AND VALUATION
411. Partition wall-(A) Partition wall havingthe same section as that of main wall
oomed building Fig. 4-16 shows the plan and cross section ofwallof a building. Estimate the
quantities for the following items (1) Earthwork in excavation in foundation, (2) Lime concrete in foundation,
(3) 1st class brickwork in foundation and plinth, (4) 2.5 cm thick damp proof course and (5) 1st class
brickwork in cement mortar in superstructure.

SECTION OF MAIN WALLS-

6.60 M.
20cm
P 0.P.C.T L
3ELEVATION
m
OF PA RTITON LE

ROOM ROOM 40 cm LAYER OF PARTITION

3mx4mn 3mx 4mn s0 cm50cnLAYER OF PARTITION

20cm 20cm 20cm

-LIME CONCRETE
F0cm-OF PARTITION WALL -70cmj
PLAN .5m
a D 1.2x 2.Im 4.2m
W 1.0x 1.2m SECTION.RQ
FIG.4-16 Affer removal ofearth (ENLARGED)
FIG. 4-16(B)
6.40M-
7.5cm L.C.ovER
10 cm R.c. SLAB

20cm

25cm D.P.c
70cm 70cm
P
70cm GL.
7
Jcm
85
PLAN FOR FOUNDATION TRENCH 50cm
LIMECONC
FIG.4-17
70 cm
SECTION-XX
=
Ceatre line method : The total length of centre line wall
length of centre line for the partition wall. Length of centre line for the main outc

x
=2( 6.60 -2 x 020/2+4.40-2 x
020/2)+4.40-2 0.20/2=2(6.40+4.20) +420 25.4
 METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE 67
For earthwork in excavation from the foundation plan it is found that where the centre line of the
partition wall joins with the centre line of the main outer wall at the same level the portions AB and CD from
the centre line of the partition wall has already been excavated for the main wall. So these
portions each equa
to the half of the trench width shall be deducted from the total length of centre line 25.40 m. Otherwise, excess
quantity will be estimated.
So, the actual length ofcentre linefor earthwork in excavation =25.40-2 x70-24.70 m.
To estimate earthwork thi_ centre line length shall be multiplied by its breadth and depth.
As the foundation concrete of the partition wall joins with the main wall at the same level and the
width of earthwork and concrete work is same the total length of centre line 24.70 m remains constant for
concrete work.
For brickwork of differentfootings the same principle ie. deduction by half the width of footing with
which the partition wall joins at the same level shall be made per junction as shown in fig. 4-16(B).
Thus,centre line lengthfor brickwork,Ist footing 50cm -25.40-2x=24.90 m; for 2nd footing
40 cm =25.40-2x25 m and so onfor 30 cm wall.This net centre line length shall be multiplied by
the respective breadth and height to estimate the quantity.

DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES

Item Description of item No. Length Breadth Height Quantity Explanatory notes
No. m m m

1. Earthwork in excavation 24.70 0.70 0.90 15.56 cu m

2. Lime concrete in foundation 24.70 0.70 0.20 3.46 cu m
3. 1st class brickwork
in foundation and plinth
Ist footing 50 cm 24.9 0.50 0.20 2.49 24.90 25.40-2x0.50/2
2nd footing 40 cm 25.00 0.40 0.20 2.00 25.00 25.40-0.40
Plinth wall 30 cm 25.10 0.30 0.50 3.77 25.10 25.40-0.30
Total 8.26 cu m
4. 2.5 cm thick D.P.C. 25.20 0.20 5.04 25.20 25.40 0.20
Deduction for door openings 2 1.20 0.20 0.48(-ve)
Total 4.56 sqm
5. 1st class brickwork Same length as that of
in superstructure 25.20 0.20 3.30 16.63 |20 cm wide D.P.C.
Deduction for openings
Doors 120 0.20 2.10 1.01(-ve)|
WindowsS 1.00 0.20 1.20 0.96(-ve)|
Part lintel over
Doors 2 1.20 0.20 0.15 0.07(-ve) Nodeduction for ends of
Windows 4 1.00 0.20 0.15 0.12(- ve)intels in walls as the sec. area
each is less than 0.10sam
Total cu
1447 Cu
Total 14.47 mOr
m(as per I.S.)
ABSTRACT OF QUANTITIES
** 15.56 cu m
1. Earthwork in excavation
2. Lime concrete in foundation 3.46 cu m
3. Ist class brickwork in foundation and plinth *** 8.26 cu m
4. 2.5 cm thick damp proof course 4.56 sq m
5. Ist class brickwork in superstructure 14.47 cumn
68 ESTIMATING, COSTING, SPECIFICATION AND VALUATION

(b) Long and short wall method.- Referring to the plan of Fig. 4-17
Centre to centre length of long walls = (3.00+0.20 +3.00) +2 x0.20/2 6.40 m

Centre to centre length ofshort walls = 4.0 +2 x 0.20 /2=4.20 m

DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES

Ttem Description of item No. Length Breadth Height| Quantity Explanatory notes
No. m
m m
1. Earthwork in excavation
Long walls 2 7.10 0.70 90 8.95 7.10 6.40 +2x 0.70/2
Short walls 3 3.50 0.70 0.90 6.61 3.50 = 4.20-2x 0.70/2
Total 15.56 cu m
2. Lime concrete in foundation
Long walls 7.10 0.70 0.20 1.99 |Lengths same as earthwork
Short walls 3.50 0.70 0.20 1.47 for same width at a same level
Total 3.46 cu m
3. 1st class brickwork
in foundation and plinth
Longwalls
Ist footing 50 cm 2 .90 0.50 0.20 1.38 6.90 6.40 +2 x0.50/2
2nd footing 40 cm 6.806.80 0.40 0.20 1.09 6.80 6.40 +0.40
Plinth wall 30 cm 2 6.70 0.30 0.50 2.01
Short walls
lst footing 50 cm 3.7 0.50 0.20 1.11 |3.70 =4.20 -0.50
2nd footing 40 cm 3.80 0.40 0.20 0.91 3.80 4.20-0.40
**
Plinth wall 30 cm 3 3.90 0.30 0.50 1.76
Total 8.26 cu m
4. 2.5 cm thick D.P.C.
Long walls 6.60 0.20 2.64
Short walls 2 6.60 6.40 +0.20
3 4.00 0.20 2.40 |4.00 4.20 -0.20
Deduction for door openings .20 0.20
0.48-ve
Total 4.56 sq m
1st class brickwork
in superstructure
Long walls 6.60 0.20 30 8.71
Short walls 3 4.000.20 3.30 7.92
Deduction for openings Same as c.L method
2.16-ve)
Total 14.47 cu m
 ESTIMATING, COSTING, SPECIFICATION AND VALUATION 69
Example-3. The plan for parapet walls of a roof is shown in Fig. 4-13. Estimate the
quantity of brickwork of the parapet wall for a height 1.2m
(1) Long and Short wall method-
llm
Considering all horizontal walls as
Long wall measuring out-to-out
Total length of Long walls =
6m+(3m +2 x 10cm) + Sm + (2m + 10cm) FF2
11 m + (1.5m + 10cm) + (2.5m + 10cm) =
31.5m
1.S
2.5m-
Considering all vertical walls as Short walls
measuring in-to-in
Total length of Short walls = (4m -2x10cm) 10cm
+ 1.5m + (5m-2x10cm) + (2.5m -10cm) +
(2.5m-10cm) + (7.5m-2x10cm) + (3m-10cm) 10em
25.1m
Total length of the parapet wall
.31.5m + 25.1m = 56.6m
ROOF PLAN
Quantity of 10cm brickwork
56.6m x 1.2m = 67.92 sq m. FIG. 4-17.
óm = + 2.5m + 3m + 2.5m + 5m
(2) Crossing method:- Outside perimeter of the wall
+ Sm 57m =
+ 1.5m + 2.5m
+7.5m + 2m + 3m + l1m + 4m + 1.5m
=
=
Deduct four times the thickness of wall 57m-4x10cm 56.6m
=
= 67.92 sq m.
56.6 x 1,2m
Quantity of 10cm brickwork in this as that of crossing
Centre line method : The process of calculation is same
(3) corner of the wall, from outside, reduce the outer
line from a
method. Because to reach the centre and
of a wall both horizontally vertically i.e reduce the outer
dimensions by half of the thickness be formed
traverse can by four corners. So the
corner. A closed
dimension by wall thickness for one
four times the thickness of the wall to
wall should be reduced by
length of outer perimeter of the number of bends beside the four comers
centre line. There may
be any
calculate the total length of-the at such other corners as explained in the
addition or subtraction is necessary
on the traverse but no
previous article earthwork.
dimensions by crossing or centre line method
of centre line from inner
To calculate the length with the total inside length.
of wall is to be made along
addition of 4 times the thickness outer walls of buildings having samne
brickwork in superstructure for
Estimates from earthwork to Thus estimate for cornice or any such work
of the above methods.
section can be made by any one the process of calculations by any one of
of a building can also be done adopting
around the perimeter
the above methods.

In of wall:
of Building Estimate: this process calculate (1) the total leneth
-
(4) A practical process superstructure wall with D.P.C. plastering and
Cost of wall per unit length up to plinth levelß (5) Cost or the unit cost by the total length of wall
(2)
finishing per unit length; (4) Work out
the total cost by multiplying
the roofing with ceiling plastering, flooring,
for opening portions; (o)tnus ind out cost tor
(5) Deduct the cost tne cost for the respective total areas; (8) by addine
areas; (/work
door and window shutters for unitestimate Out total
ora building can be prepared by persons those who know the unit
all these costs a closed detailed
records.
cost from their previous
 SPECIFICATION AND VALUATION
70 ESTIMATING, COSTING,
from the Main Wall.
(B) Partition and Verandah dwarf walls having Cross Section Different
the given plan and sections
Estimate the
of a two roomed building from
quantities of the following items
shown in the 4-18 and Fig. 4-19.
Fig.
(2) Lime concrete in foundation. (3) Ist class brickwork
(1) Earthwork in excavation in foundation.
in 1:6 cement mortar in foundation and plinth. (4) 2.5 cm thick damp proof course and (5) Ist class
brickwork in 1:6 cement mortar in superstructure.

W
D 1x2.Im
W=1.2x1.5m
20 ROOM ROOM
3.5m x3.5m 3.5m x4.8 m

5 40cm 20cm 30cm

cm
SOcm

50 cm
40cm D
60cm vER
60cm 60cm
80cm
PLAN
SEC AA SEC.BB SEC-CC
FIG.4-18
FIG.4-19
-

(a) Centre line method.

for main outer wall
Length of centre line = 15.00 m
+3.5 +2.0 x
Back and front 2(3.5 +0.20 0.30 /2)
= 2(4.8 +2 x 0.30/2) = 10.20 m
Sides Total 2 5 . 2 0 m
ers

a
because
for all items works in this estimate, of
(This length of
centre line remains constantline is required).
no addition o r subtraction of the length centre of
walls. = 3.80 m
For partition and verandah
=
Partition wall 3.50 +2 x 0.30/2 3 . 7 5 mm
= -0.30/2 -0.30/2
Verandah front (3.5 +0.20 +0.30 +0.05)
=
+ 0.30/2 = 1.35 m
Verandah side 1.35 -0.30/2
Total 8.90m
=
4 nos. (marked by stars)
the main wall
Number ofjoints with with whicn u
half of the width from the corresponding section ofthe main wall
(For each joint occurs when three walls meet at a place)
deducted. Note that a joint
at the same level shall be
= 7.3 m.
line for earthwork 8.90 -4 x 0.80/2
Length of centre
= m. S nol
8.90 - 4 x 0.60/2 =7.70
concretework
Length of centre line for and verandah dwart wa ai
line length for the concrete work for the partition ach
[Note that the centre Joins with the Ist footing 60 cm brickwork for o
earthwork, because uhe same deducted
same as that for 4-18 width cm is
the each section). So, halfthe of 60
same level al joint (see lig.
wall at the
joint
 METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE 71
DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALcULATION OF QUANTITIES
Item Description of item No. Length Breadth|Height Quantity Explanatory notes
No. m m m

Earthwork in excavation in
foundation
Main wall 25.20 0.80 0.90 18.14
Partition and verandah
walls 7.30 0.60 0.70 3.07
Total 21.2lcu m
2. Lime concrete in foundation
Main wal 25.20 0.8 0.20 4.03
Partition and verandah walls 7.80 0.60 0.20 0.94
Total 4.97 cu m
3. Ist class brickwork in
foundation and plinth
Main wall
Ist footing 60 cm 25.20 0.60 0.20 3.02
2nd footing 50 cm 25.20 0.50 0.20 2.52
Plinth wall 40 cm 25.20 0.40 0.70 7.06
Partition and ver. walls
Ist footing 40 cm 17.900 0.40 0.20 0.63 7.90 8.90 -4x 0.50/2
Plinth wall 30 cm 8.10 0.30 0.70 1.70 8.10 8.90 -4x 0.40/2
Total 14.93cu m|
4.
Damp proof course
25 cm thick
Main wal 25.2 0.30 7.56 3.50 3.80 -2x 0.30/2
Partition wall 50 0.20 0.70

Deduct door sill 2 1.00 0.30 0.60(-ve)

Total 7.66 sq m
5. Ist Class brickwork
I cement mortar (1:6)
in superstructure
Main wall 25.20 0.30 3.30 24.95
Partition wall 50 0.20 .30 2.31
Deduct for openings
Doors 1.00 0.30 2.10 1.26 (-ve)

Windows 1.20 0.30 1.50 2.70(-ve

Total 23.30cu m
 SPECIFICATION AND VALUATION
12 ESTIMATTNG, COSTING,
method-Centre to centre lengths of different walls have been worked out
(b) Long and Short wall
below
For main walls 30 cm 0.30
*

x
7.50
or entire 2 +0.20) +2x-
Entire back front, Long walls (3.5 2
=
-5.10 m
Entire 4.8 +2.x
right or left, Short walls 2
For partition and verandah walls
0.30 =3.80 m
Partition, Short wall =3.5 +2 2
0.30 0.30 3.75 m
Verandah front, Long - Short wall (3.5 +0.20+ 0.30 +0.05)- 2
= 1.35 m
=
Verandah left side, Short wall 1.35 -0.30, 0.30
with the 30 cm main long wall. So this end
verandah joins front wall
(Note that the right hand side of So the verandah front wall is named
verandah front wall is treated as Short while the other end as Long.
of
as Long-Short wall as described in the article 4-10.)

CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES
DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND
Explanatory notes
Description of item No. Length BreadthHeight Quantity
Item
m m
No.
1. Earthwork in excavation
in foundation
Main walls 0.80/2
2 8.30 0.80 0.90 11.95 8.30 7.50+2x
Long walls 0.80/2x
2 4.30 0.80 0.90 6.19 4.30 5 . 1 0 - 2
Short walls
Partition walls- x 0.80/2
3.00- 0.60 0.70 1.26 3.00 3.80 -2
Short wall
Verandah dwart wall 3.70 3.75+0.70/2-0.80/2
.70 0.60 0.70 1.56
Front, Long-Short wall. 0.60 135-0.70/2-0.80/2
Left side, Short wall 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.25
Total 21.20 cu m
foundation
Lime concrete in
Main walls 0.80/2
Long Walls 2 30 0.80 0.20 2.66 8.30 7.50 +2 x
0.80/2
Short walls 2 4.30 0.80 0.20 1.38 4.30 5.10-2 x
Partition wall
0.60 x 0.60/2
Short wall 3.20 0.20 0.39 3.20=3.80 -2
Verandah dwarf wall 3.75 3.75+0.60/2-060/2
Front, Long-Short wall 3.75 0.60 0.20 0.45

Left side 0.75 with 60 Cm

Short wal 0.60 0.20 0.09 |Lime conc. levels =
0.75 135
ofmain wall
|0.60/2-0.60/2
Total 4.97 cu m
 METHOD OF BUILDING ESTIMATE 73
Item Description of item No. Length Breadth HeightQuantity Explanatory notes
No. m m m

3 Ist class brickwork in

foundation and plinth in
cement mortar (1:6)
Main walls
|Long walls
Ist footing 60 cm .10 0.60 0.20 1.94 8.10 7.50 +2 x 0.60/2
2nd footing 50 cm 8.00 0.50 0.20 1.60 8.00 7.50 +2 x 0.50/2
Plinth wall 40 cm 2 7.90 0.40 0.70 4.43
Short wall
Ist footing 60 cm 4.5 0.60 0.20 1.08 4.50 5.10 -2 x 0.60/2
2nd footing 50 cm 4.60 0.50 0.20 0.92 4.60 5.10 -2 x 0.50/2
Plinth wall 40 cm 2 .70 0.40 0.70 2.63
Partition wall
Short wal-
Ist footing 40 cm 3.30 0.40 0.20 0.27 3.30 3.80 -2 x 0.50/2
Plinth wall 30 cm .40 0.30 0.70 0.72 |40 cm levels with 50 cm of
mail wall

|Verandah dwarf wall

Front, Long-Short wall
Ist footing 40 cm .70 40 0.20 0.30 3.70 3.75 +0.40/2-0.50/2
Plinth wall 30 cm 3.70 0.30 0.70 0.78 3.80 3.75 +0.30/2-040/2
|Left side,short wall 0.07
Ist footing 40 cm 0.90 0.40 0.20
Plinth wall 30 cm 1.00 0.30 0.70 0.21
Total 14.93 cu m
4. 2.5 cm thick damp proof
course
Main walls
Long walls 7.80 .30 4.68 7.80 7.50 +2 x 0.30/2
Short walls 2 4.80 .30 2.88 4.80 5.10-2 x 0.30/2
Partition wall .50 0.20 0.70 3.50 3.80 2 x 0.30/2
Deduction for door 2 1.00 0.30 |0.60 (-ve
Total 7.66 sq m
S. Ist Class brickwork in
cement motar in
superstructure
Main walls- 15.45
7.8 0.30 3.30
Long walls
80 0.30 .30 9.50
Short walls
3.50 0.20 3.30 2.31
Partition wall
Deduction for openings- 1.00 0.30 2.101.26 (-ve)
Doors D
Windows W 20 0.30 1.50 2.70 ve)
Total 23.30cu m
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