TASK 12 - PORTAFOLIO-GUTIERREZ MICAELA - Compressed

UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS
ARMADAS –ESPE
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

MECHANICS
HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL

MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
MAY-SEPTEMBER
STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
LUIS PATRICIO GONZALEZ RUIZ
First Partial
UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS –ESPE
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MECHANICS
HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
MAY-SEPTEMBER
STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
MERA JOHN
TEACHER
NOTE
As the scanned image does not show the work done, it was transferred to a platform so that the content can be appreciated in a better way, as well
as the image, the link to it will be provided
https://miro.com/app/board/uXjVMH6bPJc=/
ARMADAS –ESPE

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MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
MAY-SEPTEMBER
STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
DATE:
18-05-2023
PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PASSIVE SIMPLE
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GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
DATE:
22-05-2023
TASK 4
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GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
DATE:
22-05-2023
TASK 5
SUMMARY
Further investigations disclosed that the primary damage was caused by the total
separation of the upper crown skin and other fuselaje structures. According to
videos taken during and after the landing, the failure extended from the small
aft of the main cabin to the entrance door aft, running 18 feet.The aircraft was
demaged beyond repair and was dismantled on site, additional damage to the
airplane included damaged and dented horizontal stabilizers, both of which had
been struck by flying debris. Sadly, there was one fatality, Claabelle Lansing.
This case does have to do with the topics covered in classes, since it was a major
structural accident, suffering from pressurization and problems in the wing
indicators.
Figure. 1. Aloha Airlines Flight 243

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MECHANICS
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GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
DATE:
25-05-2023
TASK 6
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
MODIFIYING ADJECTIVES
PAST SIMPLE
MODAL VERBS
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GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
DATE:
01-06-2023
QUESTIONNAIRE UNIT 1
Questionnaire Unit I: AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES
1. What is the date that The Wright Brothers built their successful powered airplane?
December 17, 1903
2. What are the four major categories of an aircraft?

• Airplane
• Rotorcraft
• Lighter-Than-Air
• Powered Parachutes
3. The airframe of a fixed-wing aircraft consists of five principal aircraft parts. Let´s draw and
write down them.
• Fuselage.
• Wings.
• Stabilizers.
• Flight controls surfaces.
• – engine
4. Write down the five major stresses
• Tension
• Compression
• Torsion
• Shear
• Bending
5. What material were the first airplanes made of?
• wood
6. Explain the five major stresses: Tension, Compression, Torsion, Shear and Bending?
a. Tension is the stress that resists a force that tends to pull something apar
b. Compression is the stress that resists a crushing force.
c. Torsion is the stress that produces twisting.
d. Shear is the stress that resists the force tending to cause one layer of a material to
slide over an adjacent layer.
e. Bending stress is a combination of compression and tension
7. Draw the corresponding major stresses and write down them
Figure. 1. Major Stresses

8. Write down the five principal units of the airframe of a fixed-wing aircraft
1. Fuselage
2. Wings
3. Stabilizers
4. Flight controls surfaces
5. Landing gear A rotary-wing aircraft consists of the followin
9. What is the fuselage?
The fuselage is the ‘body’ of an aircraft, its primary structure
10. Mention the two general types of fuselage

• monocoque
• semimonocoque
11. What is the Truss Type?
A roof truss is a prefabricated structure designed to support a roof on a building. They come in
two main types: flat and pitched.
12. What is the Monocoque Type?
The monocoque design relies largely on the strength of the skin, or covering, to carry various loads
13. What are the two classes of Monocoque type?

he monocoque fuselages are those made up solely of the skin (sheet that recovers the body of
the aircraft, generally a heat-treated aluminum cover).
14. What is the Semimonocoque Type?
The seminomocoque structure is similar to the monocoque; but it contains additional

elements such as stringers and stringers, longitudinal supports
15. How many inspections are required for pressurized airframe structures?
The 100-hour and annual inspections
16. Do the oxygen masks prevent hypoxia? Why
The physiologic effects of N95 fit testing using a hood include higher CO2 levels and
lower oxygen levels in the respirator
17. What is the Aircraft altitude?
It's the vertical distance of your airplane above sea level.
18. What is the Ambient temperature, Ambient pressure and Differential pressure?
Ambient pressure is the pressure of the medium in which a specific object is locaated.
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by air in the atmosphere
Differential pressure is simply the difference between two pressures

19. Give a definition of Cabin Pressure Indicator
a process in which conditioned air is pumped into the cabin of an aircraft or spacecraft
20. What does indicate a Cabin Rate of Climb Indicator?
shows rate at which cabin altitude is climbing or descending
21. What is the instrument classification?

• instruments with static pressure
• instruments with dynamic pressure
22. Make a list the Aircraft instruments and paste or draw them.
• The altimeter indicates a slightly higher altitude than actual.
• The ASI indicates an airspeed greater than the actual airspeed.
• The VSI shows a momentary climb and then stabilizes if the altitude is held constant.
Figure. 2. Instruments
23. What are the System Errors Pressurization?
Decompression is defined as the inability of the aircraft's pressurisation system to maintain its
designed pressure schedule
24. What causes Decompression?
structural failure, system malfunction or an inadvertent (or deliberate) crew action.
25. What is Rapid Decompression and Explosive Decompression?
RAPID Decompression which occurs this rapidly, at a rate which is greater than the rate by
which the lungs can decompress, is likely to cause lung damage.
EXPLOSIVE Is violent and too fast for air to escape safely from the lungs and other air-filled
26. What are the factors of designing an aircraft?

• Wing design.
• Fuselage.
• Empennage.
• Propulsion.
• Landing gear.
• Weight.
• Structure.
27. Write down the flight characteristics of wing design.
Three factors are used in wing design to modify the overall aerodynamic characteristics of
flight: aspect ratio, taper ratio, and sweepback
28. Write down the three fundamental designs of wing construction.
wing construction is based on one of three fundamental designs: Monospar; Multispar; Box
beam.
29. Give a definition of wing ribs
In an aircraft, ribs are forming elements of the structure of a wing, especially in traditional
construction
30. What is wing skin?
The skin of an aircraft is the outer surface which covers much of its wings and fuselage
HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL MECHANICS
TECHNICAL ENGLISH I
Student Name: Micaela Valentina Gutierrez Minda
Teacher: Ing. Luis Gonzales
Nrc: 10368
Date: Thursday, 11 May 2023
Major Structural Stresse Summary
There are five major stresses to which all aircraft are subjected:
• Tension
• Compression
• Torsion
• Shear
• Bending
Strength or resistance to the external loads imposed during operation may be the principal
requirement in certain structures. However, there are numerous other characteristics in
addition to designing to control the five major stresses that engineers must consider. For
example, cowling, fairings, and similar parts may not be subject to significant loads requiring
a high degree of strength. However, these parts must have streamlined shapes to meet
aerodynamic requirements, such as reducing drag or directing airflow.
Fig. 1. Major Structural Stresse

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MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
MAY-SEPTEMBER
STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
DATE:
12-06-2023
Name: MICAELA GUTIERREZ
EXERCISE THRUST AND DRAG
Matching Exercise:
Match the terms in column B with the phrases in column A. Write the numbers in the space
provided.
Column A Column B
1. - Toward or at a place, point or time in advance; onward; ahead. a. Deterrent _3_
2. - to establish, increase, or strengthen. b. Profile _4_
3. - Serving or tending to prevent. c. Build up _2_
4.- An outline of an object, as, a molding, formed on a vertical plane d. Forward

horizontal_1_
passed through the object at right angles to one of its principal
dimensions.
e. Key __
5.- To diminish, reduce or lessen in extent, quantity, strength power, etc.
f. Decrease _5_
6.- The back edge of an airfoil, such as a wing, a helicopter rotor, or
a propeller blade. It is the edge that passes through the air last. 7.-
g. Trailing edge _6_
An aerodynamic force acting in the same plane as the relative
wind striking an airfoil.

h. Drag _7_
8.- The body, or central structural component of an airplane
i. Fuselage _8_
9.- To thrust forward. To project or cause to project from or
as if from a surface. j. Protrude _9_

10.- The acute angle between his cord line of a propeller blade and
the relative wind. k. Angle of attack
_10_
TECHNICAL ENGLISH I 10268 – AERONAUTICS lg

FLIGHT CONTROL
SURFACES
Spoilers
Secondary control surfaces The primary control surfaces
include Spoilers, also called “lift dumpers”
of an airplane include
are control surfaces which are used
Tabs.
to reduce or “spoil” the lift on a
wing. Spoilers are located on the
Ailerons.
Flaps. upper surface of wings and are one Rudder.
of two basic configurations. The
Spoilers.
more common configuration on jet Elevator.
Slats. transports, is to have a flat panel
spoiler laying flush with the surface
of the wing and hinged at the
forward edge.
Tabs and Trim Tabs CONTROL SURFACES Ailerons

Tabs are small secondary flight control surfaces set into the trailing edges of
Control surfaces may Ailerons are primary flight control
the primary surfaces. These are used to reduce the pilot’s work load
surfaces utilized to provide lateral
required to hold the aircraft in some constant attitude by “loading” the be constructed of any
control surface in a position to maintain the desired attitude. "roll" control of aircraft; that is they
The term trim tabs describes small secondary flight-control surfaces set into combination of control aircraft movement about
the trailing edges of the primary control surfaces. Tabs are used to reduce
the work load required to hold the aircraft in some constant attitude by
materials, with the the longitudinal axis. They are
“loading” the control surface to a neutral or trimmed-center position. more common usually mounted on the trailing
combination being a edge of the wing near the wing tip.
sheet metal structure
FLAPS
Elevators
Flaps, like slots, can increase lift -
Rudder
honours are about even in this
respect so far as the plain (or The rudder is the flight control surface that controls the aircraft Elevators are the control surfaces which govern
movement about its vertical axis. The rudder is constructed very much the movement (pitch) of the aircraft around the
camber) flap, or split flap is like other flight control surfaces with spars, ribs and skin. Rudders are lateral axis. They are normally attached to
concerned. But these flaps can also usually balanced both statically and aerodynamically to provide for
hinges on the rear spar of the horizontal
greater ease of operation and to eliminate the possibility of flutter. It
increase drag - not, like slots, at high should be noted that some light-aircraft rudders do not use any stabilizer. The construction of an elevator is
speed when it is not wanted, but at balancing method. similary to that of other control surfaces, and
low speed when it is wanted the design of the elevator may be unbalanced
or balanced aerodynamically or statically.
MICAELA VALENTINA GUTIERREZ
MINDA
Student: Micaela Valentina Gutierrez Minda
EXERCISE – PROJECT 1
Drawing exercise: Draw a barometer and label its parts. (handwriting)
Project 1. How to make a barometer.
To do this project watch the video and follow the process step by step.
Link 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9GXNc3-KJU

Link 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaPjAb9FylE
Take pictures of all the process and write a report about it using the format given by the teacher.
A PROCESS REPORT
 Topic : BAROMETER
 Introduction.
A barometer is an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure. That is, the barometer is a
measuring instrument used to determine the pressure exerted by the air in the atmosphere on the
earth's surface. Before using a barometer, it must be calibrated so that the measurements made are
correct. To calibrate the barometer you must know the atmospheric pressure and adjust the value
marked by the needle to match the actual value of atmospheric pressure. If when calibrating the
barometer a reference pressure from another area is used, it is important to take into account the
height of the reference pressure, since atmospheric pressure varies according to height.
The main application of the barometer is meteorology, since the barometer is used to make short-
term predictions of weather. In general, high pressures mean that there will be good environmental
conditions, on the contrary, low pressures indicate possible rain or strong wind. Atmospheric
pressure varies with altitude, so the higher you are above sea level, the lower the atmospheric
pressure. In addition, it varies with weather changes. When the air is cold, it sinks and increases the
pressure, while when the air is warm, it rises and lowers the pressure.
Atmospheric pressure is measured in different units, such as the millibar (mb), the hectopascal (hPa)
or the millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Measuring atmospheric pressure periodically makes it easier to predict climate changes, so
barometers are fundamental instruments for measuring the state of the atmosphere and making
weather predictions.
 Body.

 Conclusion.
✓ In conclusion, the barometer is a meteorological instrument, which is very important in

aviation, thanks to it we can see the pressure to which our aircraft is heading, the climate of
the area where it is flying.
TECHNICAL ENGLISH I 10268 – AERONAUTICS lg

ARMADAS –ESPE

MECHANICS

MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
MAY-SEPTEMBER
STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
DATE:
28-06-2023
ARMADAS –ESPE

MECHANICS

MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
MAY-SEPTEMBER
STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
DATE:
28-06-2023
ARMADAS –ESPE

MECHANICS

MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
MAY-SEPTEMBER
STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
A PROCESS REPORT
GUTIERREZ MINDA MICAELA VALENTINA
MERA ESTRELLA JHON DAVID
 How to make a plane
Introduction
The construction of this aircraft is done by means of material that can be printed and based
on a model, the files must be printed on a 3D printer, then they must be assembled, glued with
a special glue for model airplanes.
Development
The 3d prints were made on a 3D printer with PLA filament, in the following images we can
see how the parts of the aircraft are visualized and then be printed, and join one by one with
special glue for model airplanes, primary flight controls such as ailerons, Rudder and the elevator
were used.
Materials to use
TECHNICAL ENGLISH I – AERONAUTICS lg

 3d printer
 Filament
 Radio control System
Other parts
 -push rods
 -steel rod
 -carbon fiber tube -
 -stop collars
 -bolt -
 -rubber band
 -magnets
 -screw
 -velcro
 -glue

MERA ESTRELLA JHON DAVID
Electronics to use:
Figure 1 Electronics to be used
Electronic Bill of Materials
1. Lithium battery
2. Speed controller
3. Brushelle motor
4. 04 servos
5. Radio control transmitter
6. Radio control

Arming procedure

By means of this document print all parts
Small internal parts of the aircraft printed ready to assemble.
To proceed to weapons we select all the pieces, we proceed with the assembly of the cell and
the wings for attachment and make the shape of the plane.
We proceed to install the wheels, and assemble all the fuselage and wings.

QUIZHPI CAMBAY MARCO ANTONIO
CUARAN GUATEMAL EDISON VLADIMIR
PACA LOPEZ JORGE LUIS
Airplane finished and ready to paint
Airplane is ready to fly and taxiing with control
Conclusions
1. This Project helps us to understand how the axes of the aircraft work, describes the main
controls that our project has.

2. The main control surfaces are: aileron, rudder, elevator, which are controlled by the pilot.
3. The main parts of the aircraft are: wings, fuselage, empennage, landing gear.

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MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
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STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
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MECHANICS

MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
MAY-SEPTEMBER
STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
Name: Micaela Valentina Gutierrez Minda.
MICAELA VALENTINA GUTIERREZ MINDA

ARMADAS –ESPE

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MECHANICS
ACADEMIC PERIOD
MAY-SEPTEMBER
STUDENTS
GUTIERREZ MICAELA
TEACHER
QUESTIONNAIRE UNIT 2 Questionnaire
UNIT II: AERODYNAMICS, AIRCRAFT ASSEMBLY
1. What is Aerodynamics?
Aerodynamics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies the actions that appear on solid
bodies when there is a relative movement between them and the fluid that bathes them, the
latter being a gas and not a liquid, a case that is studied in hydrodynamics.
2. What are the four forces acting on an airplane? Draw it to show them.
Lift, weight, traction, and drag are the four basic forces acting on an aircraft in flight.
3. Give a definition of Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag.

Lift is the force generated on a body that moves through a fluid, in a direction perpendicular to the
direction of the incident current.
Thrust is the force which moves an aircraft through the air. Thrust is generated by the engines of
the airplane. What is thrust? Thrust is a mechanical force. It is generated most often through the
reaction of accelerating a mass of gas.
Drag is a mechanical force. It is generated by the interaction and contact of a solid body with a fluid
(liquid or gas). It is not generated by a force field, in the sense of a gravitational field or an
electromagnetic field, where one object can affect another object without being in physical contact.
4. What is the classification of Flight Control Surfaces?

There are three control surfaces: ailerons, elevator and rudder. Movement about each axis is
controlled by one of these three surfaces. The difference between a pilot and an aircraft driver is
the proper use of controls to achieve coordinated movement.
5. What are the primary flight control surfaces?

The primary controls are the ailerons, elevator, and rudder, which provide the downforce to cause
the aircraft to follow a desired flight path.
6. What are the ailerons and the elevator attached?

The ailerons, in the field of aeronautics, are some command and control surfaces that are found
at the ends of the wings of airplanes.
Interior lift for wide-body aircraft Large-capacity lift for transporting interior items on the plane
7. What is the rudder hinged?

the rudder is a yaw control surface, in the same way as the elevator (usually arranged in the
horizontal structure of the tail, although they can be arranged independently, being called in this
case horizontal stabilizer) and the ailerons ( arranged on the wings), which respectively control pitch
and roll movements. The rudder is usually arranged toward the fin (or vertical stabilizer), allowing
the pilot to control yaw movements about the vertical axis (ie, changing the horizontal direction in
which the aircraft's nose is pointing). Rudder orientation in the aircraft is controlled by the pilot with
the movement of two pedals, something that has been done since the "Golden Age" of aviation. In
the pre-1919 era, rudder control was usually accomplished by a solid "rudder bar", usually having a
pedal or footboard-shaped piece at its ends to allow the pilot's feet to be close to the surface. back
of the bar.
8. What are the axes and the movement of an airplane?

The three axes of movement of the airplane are: longitudinal, lateral or transverse and vertical.
Warping (roll) is called the movement about the longitudinal axis, more properly called the
warping axis. Pitch refers to movement about the transverse axis, also called the pitch axis.
9. What is the name of movement does the ailerons control?

Roll motion is rotation around the longitudinal axis and causes the aircraft to roll to one side or the
other depending on where the surfaces that control this motion, which are the ailerons, on the
wings, move.
10. What is the name of movement does the rudder control?

The yaw movement is the rotation around the vertical axis and causes the aircraft's nose to point
to one side or the other depending on where the surface that controls this movement, which is the
rudder, located on the stabilizer, moves. plane vertical
11. What is the name of movement does the elevators control?

An elevator is a primary flight control surface that controls movement about the lateral axis of an
aircraft. This movement is called "pitch."
12. What are the Ailerons, elevator and rudder?

The ailerons control motion around the longitudinal axis (roll), the elevator controls rotation around
the lateral axis (pitch) and the rudder controls movement around the vertical axis (yaw).
13. What are the secondary flight control surfaces?

Wing flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers, and trim systems constitute the secondary control
system and improve the performance characteristics of the airplane or relieve the pilot of
excessive control forces.
14. What are the Spoilers?

description of an important plot development in a television show, movie, or book which if
previously known may reduce surprise or suspense for a first-time viewer or reader.
15. What are the Flaps?

Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a fixed-wing aircraft. Flaps are used to
reduce the take-off distance and the landing distance. Flaps also cause an increase in drag so they
are retracted when not needed.
16. What are the slats?

Slats are extendable, high lift devices on the leading edge of the wings of some fixed wing
aircraft. Their purpose is to increase lift during low speed operations such as takeoff, initial
climb, approach and landing.
17. What are the Air Brakes?

Air brakes use compressed air to make the brakes work. Air brakes are a good and safe way of
stopping large and heavy vehicles, but the brakes must be well maintained and used properly. Air
brakes are really three different braking systems: service brake, parking brake, and emergency
brake.
18. What are the tabs or trim tabs?

Trim tabs are used to raise the windward side of the boat, blocking the spray that blows over the
boat, resulting in a drier ride.
19. What is the Atmosphere the Layers of the Atmosphere?

The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature. These layers are the troposphere,
stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. A further region at about 500 km above the Earth's
surface is called the exosphere.
20. What is the Temperature?

The temperature is a magnitude referred to the notion of measurable heat by means of a
thermometer. In physics, it is defined as a scalar quantity related to the internal energy of a
thermodynamic system, defined by the zero principle of thermodynamics.
21. What is Pressure?

Air cabin pressurization is the active pumping of compressed air into the cabin of an aircraft to
ensure the safety and comfort of the occupants.
22. What is the Altitude?

Altitude is the vertical distance between any point on Earth in relation to sea level.
23. What is the Density?

In physics and chemistry, density is a scalar magnitude referring to the amount of mass in a given
volume of a solid substance or object.
24. What is the Humidity?

Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity measures the
amount of water in the air in relation to the maximum amount
25. What is the difference between Speed and Velocity?
Speed is the time rate at which an object is moving along a path, while velocity is the rate and
direction of an object's movement. Put another way, speed is a scalar value, while velocity is a
vector.
26. What is Acceleration?

In physics, acceleration is a vector derived magnitude that indicates the variation of velocity per unit
of time.
27. What do the Newton´s Laws of Motion refer? Explain the three laws
In the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the
force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. In the third law, when two objects
interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.
28. What is Bernoulli´s Principle?

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle, also called Bernoulli's equation, describes the behavior of a
fluid moving along a streamline.
29. What is the Airfoil and the shape of the Airfoil?

What Is an Airfoil? Also known as an aerofoil, an airfoil is a specific wing shape that's characterized
by a curved top and a flat bottom. Wings, of course, have a top and bottom. An airfoil shape means
that the top of an airplane's wings is curved, whereas the bottom is flat and uncurved.
30. When the Angle of Incidence is positive and negative?

The angle of incidence is defined in terms of the component directions: one lying ... For both positive
and negative yaw regimes, the pressure monotonically
31. Explain the changes of Angle of Attack (AOA)
An increase in angle of attack results in an increase in both lift and induced drag, up to a point.
Too high an angle of attack (usually around 17 degrees) and the airflow across the upper surface
of the aerofoil becomes detached, resulting in a loss of lift, otherwise known as a Stall.
32. What is the Boundary Layer?
The boundary layer is the region above the ice over which the horizontal velocity vx changes from
zero to the wind velocity. Actually, the horizontal velocity never fully reaches the full wind velocity
V (called the free-stream velocity).
33. Explain the Center of Gravity

The center of gravity of an object is defined as a point at which the whole mass or weight of the
object is assumed to be concentrated.
34. What are the Axes of an Aircraft?
Regardless of the type of aircraft, there are three axes upon which it can move: Left and Right,
Forwards and Backwards, Up and Down. In aviation though, their technical names are the lateral
axis, longitudinal axis and vertical axis.
35. What is the Stability and list of three types of static stability
There are three kinds of static stability: Positive. Neutral. Negative.
MICAELA VALENTINA GUTIERREZ MINDA

..
FIRST AND SECOND PARTIAL

ACTIVITIES
OTHERS
Aeronautical Terms
1
Term Definition
Absolute altitude: The vertical distance of the aircraft above the ground.
Adverse yaw When the nose of an aircraft turns away from the direction of
turn.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM):A publication by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that
instructs pilots how to operate correctly in the US National
Airspace System. There are separate guides for the USA and
Canada. The AIM is the official guide to flight information, Air
Traffic Control (ATC) procedures and aviation safety.
Air Traffic Control (ATC): A service operated by the authorities to ensure the safety of air
traffic. Air traffic controllers in a ground-based ATC facility
direct aircraft in their area during take-off, landing and while
flying in the airspace.
Airfoil: The shape of a surface such as a wing, blade, turbine or rotor

that generates lift from air passing over it.
Altimeter: A cockpit instrument that measures the aircraft’s altitude. The

altimeter consists of an aneroid barometer which calculates
altitude based on the current air pressure.
Altitude indicator: An instrument that details the relation of the aircraft to the
horizon.
Angle of attack: The angle made from the chord line of an airfoil and the
direction of the air that strikes it.
Anhedral: The downward angle or inclination of an airplane’s wing in

relation to a horizontal cross-section line.
Annual inspection: A nose-to-tail inspection of an aircraft that is required every 12

months.
Autogiro or autogyro: An aircraft that is often wingless, similar to a helicopter.

However, an autogiro has unpowered rotary blades that rotate
due to air speed and slipstream to get air powered-lift. Also
known as a gyroplane.
Avionics master switch: The switch that controls electrical power to all electronic
navigation and communications equipment in the aircraft.
Base leg: A descending flight path that runs in the direction of landing
along the runway.
AERONAUTICAL TERMS MEANING lg

Best lift over drag ratio: Often referred to as "L over D max," this is the highest value of
2
the ratios of lift to drag for any airfoil.
Blade angle: The angle between the chord of a propeller blade and a plane of
rotation.
Bleed air: Compressed hot air that is produced by the operation of the
engine. This is then used at high pressure for de-icing and
heating the jet.
Camber: The degree of curve in an airfoil.
Cargo: Goods carried on an airplane.
CAVU: Stands for Ceiling and Visibility Unlimited, which indicates the
ideal flying conditions, with a visibility of at least 10 miles and a
ceiling of at least 10,000 feet.
Charter Hiring an airplane: Business and high-profile clients may often charter a private jet.
Chord line: An imaginary line on an airfoil from the leading edge to the
trailing edge.
Clearance: Authorization given by air traffic control aimed to prevent

collision between aircraft.
Climb: A maneuver that increases the altitude of the aircraft.
Controlled airspace: A defined area of the sky that is controlled by ATC services.
Controllers direct planes through the airspace, plotting the
safest and most efficient route for each aircraft. All airplanes
flying in controlled airspace must get clearance to enter the
zone and be equipped to national regulations. The pilot must
have the correct qualifications.
Course deviation indicator: Also known as "CDI", this is the needle on the VOR indicator
that shows whether the aircraft is to the right or left of the
desired radial.
Crosswind: Wind that blows in a direction not parallel to the course.
Deadstick: A term for a forced landing, which takes place when the plane
loses all propulsive power because the engine and propeller
have stopped.
Delta wing: A triangle-shaped wing that looks similar to the shape of the
Greek letter, delta. This type of wing is often used on fighter
planes because of its superb aerodynamics.
Descent: A flight maneuver that causes a downward inclination.

Distress: A condition on the aircraft that signals danger and requires
3
immediate action.
Downwash: In aeronautics, the term describes air that is deflected

downwards by the aircraft wing or a rotor blade on a helicopter,
usually when the plane is taking off.
Downwind leg: A flight path that runs parallel to the landing runway in the
opposite direction of landing.
Drag: A force on the aircraft as it moves through the air. The force
runs parallel and opposite to the airplane's direction.
Emergency overrun: A surface before the take-off area on the runway that is kept
clear. This portion is designed to minimize damage to an aircraft
if it is unable to stop.
Empennage: A term for the aircraft’s tail, which is made up of a rudder, a fin
and a stabilizer. This is also known as the tail or tail assembly
and provides stability for the jet during flight.
Engine: An aircraft engine is a machine that converts energy to power

the plane.
Estimated time en route: Commonly referred to as "ETE"; the estimated flight time a
journey will take from departure to arrival in the destination or
checkpoint.
Estimated time of arrival: Commonly referred to as "ETA"; the time an aircraft is predicted
to arrive in its destination or checkpoint.
Federal Aviation Authority (FAA): A national authority in the United States that regulates all
aspects of civil aviation.
Final approach: A flight path that leads towards the landing runway.
Fixed Base Operator (FBO): A business or organization that operates at an airport. An FBO
provides aircraft operating services like maintenance, fueling,
flight training, charter services, hangaring and parking.
Flaperon: A control surface that uses aspects of both flaps and ailerons,
such as on the wing, to direct the roll or bank of a plane.
Flaps: Flat surfaces added to the edges of the wing. These change the
curve of the wing and allow the pilot to adjust lift and drag so
the plane can safely fly at a lower speed.
Flight deck: Another name for the cockpit, which is located at the front of
the aircraft and holds the pilot and instrument panels.

Flight plan: Information filed with the relevant ATC authority about a flight,
4
including its duration, route and destination.
Fuselage: The central body portion of an aircraft.
Ground control: The personnel and equipment in a control tower who are
responsible for the safe and efficient movement of aircraft on
the ground.
Groundspeed: The horizontal speed that an aircraft travels over the ground.
Horizontal stabilizer: A small lifting surface on the tail of an aircraft, also known as
the tailplane, that provides stability.
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR): The rules that govern flying under instrument meteorological
conditions. Pilots follow these rules and create IFR flight plans
for various weather conditions.
Instrument landing system (ILS): A radar-based system which allows ILS-equipped aircraft to find
a runway and land safely, even when clouds are as low as 200
feet.
Joystick: Also known as the control column, the joystick is the main
device in the cockpit for controlling the aircraft. The joystick is
usually floor- or roof-mounted.
Knot: A measurement or unit of speed that equals one nautical mile

and about 1.15 statute miles.
Landing gear: The undercarriage of an aircraft. This structure supports the

plane when it’s not flying and is used during taxi, lift-off and
landing.
Level flight: A flight maneuver that causes the aircraft to stay at the same
altitude.
Lift: The aerodynamic force acting on an airplane that runs

perpendicular to the relative wind. Lift causes the upward force
that allows the aircraft to oppose gravity.
Lighter-than-air craft (LTA craft): Refers to things like blimps, dirigibles and free balloons that
float.
Longitudinal axis: A direction of orientation; an imaginary line that passes

horizontally through the center of gravity, from the head to tail
of an aircraft.
Magnetic compass: A liquid-type compass and essential navigation instrument that

displays an aircraft’s orientation in relation to the magnetic
poles.

Maneuvering speed: A speed calculated by the aircraft manufacturer that keeps the
5
user from exceeding the maximum load factor for the airplane.
Master switch: The switch that controls power to all electrical circuits in an
aircraft.
Mean sea level (MSL): The average height of the surface of the sea. MSL is used in
aviation to measure altitude.
N number: The registration number on a US-registered plane. The letter N

is the letter internationally used to identify a US plane.
Navaid: Stands for Navigational Aid, a device in an aircraft used to help

with navigation.
Oil pressure gauge: An instrument in the aircraft that shows the pressure of the
lubricating oil in the engine.
Operating limitations: Indicates limits for a specific aircraft’s speed, weight, pressure,
and passenger and crew size. The limits are determined by the
aircraft manufacturer.
Pilot in command (PIC): The pilot responsible for the safety and operation of the plane
for the duration of the flight.
Pitch: A motion on an aircraft's lateral axis (which runs from wing to

wing) that causes the forward end to rise or fall.
Preignition: Ignition that takes place in an internal combustion engine

before the usual ignition occurs.
Primary flight display: Also called "PDF", this is the electronic display screen that
indicates the horizon, altitude, airspeed, vertical speed, rate of
turn, trend and more.
Propeller: A rotating piece powered by the engine that produces thrust to

propel the airplane through the air.
Quadraplane: A type of aircraft that has four or more wings of similar spans,
also known as quadruplanes.
Radar Approach Control Facility (RAPCON): A facility based in an airport terminal that uses both
non-radar and radar to provide services for planes that
are moving through a controlled airspace, landing, or
taking off. RAPCONs commonly operate near civil and
military airports and may be controlled by the FAA,
military or both.
Registration number: The number assigned to an aircraft by the government for

purposes of identification. The number must be displayed on
the exterior of the aircraft so it is visible.

Roll: Motion on an aircraft along its nose-to-tail axis.
6
Rudder: A vertical control surface in the tail of an airplane, which
controls the side-to-side movement (YAW) of an aircraft.
Runway: A rectangular area of the ground set aside for aircraft to land
and take-off.
Short field: A short runway length at the airport that requires a pilot to take
off or land an aircraft within the shortest possible distance.
Single engine: An aircraft with just one engine. Single-engined jets include light
aircraft such as Cessnas.
Soft field: An unpaved airport runway typically comprised of grass or dirt.
SQUAWK: A four-digit number assigned to an aircraft. The pilot can use

this number to identify his or her plane when contacting ATC.
Stall: An aircraft condition when the angle of attack is so great that

the air no longer flows easily over the airfoil.
Straight flight: The flight maneuver that causes the aircraft to maintain the
same direction.
Tail: The aerodynamic surfaces located at the rear of an aircraft.
Threshold: The portion of a runway that is available for landing.
Throttle: A valve in the carburetor that controls the amount of fuel that
can enter the engine.
Thrust: An aerodynamic force produced by a propeller or engine that

pushes an aircraft forward.
Torque: A force that aims to produce rotation.
Tower: A radio call sign used to reach the local controller.
Transponder: The device carried in an airplane that produces a coded pattern

which is recognized on an air traffic control radar screen.
True airspeed: Also called "TAS"; the speed of an aircraft as it moves through
the air. The number is corrected to account for temperature
and altitude.
True altitude: The distance of an aircraft above sea level. This is represented
in Mean Sea Level.
Turbosuperchargers: A turbine-driven forced induction device, also known as a

turbocharger. It increases the power and efficiency of a
combustion engine and is used in aviation and ground vehicles.

Upwind leg: A flight path that runs parallel to the landing runway in the
7
same direction as landing.
Urgent condition: A potential distress scenario that requires assistance, though

not necessarily immediate.
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI): A panel instrument that measures the rate of climb or descent
in feet-per-minute, by sensing the change in atmospheric
pressure. The VSI is also known as a variometer.
Very high frequency omnidirectional range: Also called "VOR", this is a short-range radio navigation
system that allows aircraft to determine their position
and receive radio signals from beacons on the ground.
Weight-shift-control: A method of steering an aircraft such as a hand glider or

paraglider. The pilot uses their weight to steer the craft, pushing
against a triangular control bar that’s attached to the wing
structure.
Wind Shear: A quick change in wind speed or wind direction at any angle.
Wing: The piece of a heavier-than-air aircraft that creates

aerodynamic lift.
Wing walker: An employee on the ground who assists the aircraft by walking
on the wings to ensure there is ample space for clearance.
YAW: The side-to-side movement of an aircraft on its vertical axis.
Yoke: The control wheel of an aircraft, similar to a car steering wheel.
Zulu Time: A term for Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), also known as
Greenwich Mean Time. All flight plans use Zulu Time.
Full cantilever: A long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end, used in
bridge construction.
Spanwise: Directed, moving, or placed along the span of an airfoil.
Longeron: A longitudinal structural component of an aircraft's fuselage.
Flutter: v. (of a bird or other winged creature) fly unsteadily or hover by

flapping the wings quickly and lightly.
Stringers: A longitudinal structural piece in a framework, especially that of

a ship or aircraft.
Spars: The main longitudinal beam of an airplane wing
Ribs: A long raised piece of stronger or thicker material across a

surface or through a structure, and typically serving to support
or strengthen it.

Caps: A head covering and especially one having a visor and no brim.
8
/Something that serves as a cover or protection for something a
bottle cap.
Control stick: An airplane lever that operates the elevators by a fore-and-aft

motion that the ailerons by a side-to-side motion
Cabin crew: The members of an aircraft crew who attend to passengers.
Cockpit: A compartment for the pilot, and sometimes also the crew, in
an aircraft or spacecraft.
Landing gear: The undercarriage of an aircraft, including the wheels or

pontoons on which it rests while not in the air.
Oil gauge: A device which indicates whether levels of lubricant in a vehicle

or machine are high or low.
Rudder: A vertical airfoil pivoted from the horizontal stabilizer of an

aircraft, for controlling movement around the vertical axis.
Speedometer: An instrument on a vehicle's dashboard indicating its speed.
Transponder: A device for receiving a radio signal and automatically

transmitting a different signal.
Truss: A framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts,

supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.

Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPEL
IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
1 be was / were been
2 beat beat beat
3 become became become
4 begin began begun
5 bite bit bitten
6 bleed bled bled
7 blow blew blown
8 break broke broken
9 bring brought brought
10 build built built
11 burn burned / burnt burned / burnt
12 buy bought bought
13 catch caught caught
14 choose chose chosen
15 come came come
16 cost cost cost
17 cut cut cut
18 do did done
19 draw drew drawn
20 drink drank drunk
21 drive drove driven
22 eat ate eaten
23 fall fell fallen
24 feed fed fed
25 feel felt felt
26 fight fought fought
27 find found found
28 fly flew flown
29 forbid forbade forbidden
30 forget forgot forgotten
31 freeze froze frozen
32 get got gotten / got
33 give gave given
34 go went gone
35 grow grew grown
36 have had had
37 hear heard heard
38 hide hid hidden
39 hit hit hit
40 hold held held
lg
Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPEL
41 hurt hurt hurt

42 keep kept kept
43 know knew known
44 learn learned / learnt learned / learnt
45 leave left left
46 lend lent lent
47 lie lay laid
48 light lit / lighted lit / lighted
49 lose lost lost
50 make made made
51 mean meant meant
52 meet met met
53 put put put
54 read read read
55 ride rode ridden
56 ring rang rung
57 rise rose risen
58 run ran run
59 say said said
60 see saw seen
61 sell sold sold
62 send sent sent
63 shine shone / shined shone / shined
64 shoot shot shot
65 sing sang sung
66 sit sat sat
67 sleep slept slept
68 speak spoke spoken
69 spend spent spent
70 stand stood stood
71 swim swam swum
72 take took taken
73 teach taught taught
74 tell told told
75 think thought thought
76 throw threw thrown
77 understand understood understood
78 wear wore worn
79 win won won
80 write wrote written
lg

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UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MECHANICS

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL MECHANICS

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL

Figure. 1. Aloha Airlines Flight 243

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL

Questionnaire Unit I: AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES

December 17, 1903

2. What are the four major categories of an aircraft?

Figure. 1. Major Stresses

9. What is the fuselage?

The fuselage is the ‘body’ of an aircraft, its primary structure

10. Mention the two general types of fuselage

12. What is the Monocoque Type?

13. What are the two classes of Monocoque type?

The seminomocoque structure is similar to the monocoque; but it contains additional

The 100-hour and annual inspections

16. Do the oxygen masks prevent hypoxia? Why

17. What is the Aircraft altitude?

It's the vertical distance of your airplane above sea level.

Differential pressure is simply the difference between two pressures

20. What does indicate a Cabin Rate of Climb Indicator?

shows rate at which cabin altitude is climbing or descending

21. What is the instrument classification?

24. What causes Decompression?

structural failure, system malfunction or an inadvertent (or deliberate) crew action.

25. What is Rapid Decompression and Explosive Decompression?

26. What are the factors of designing an aircraft?

28. Write down the three fundamental designs of wing construction.

29. Give a definition of wing ribs

30. What is wing skin?

Fig. 1. Major Structural Stresse

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL

EXERCISE THRUST AND DRAG

2. - to establish, increase, or strengthen. b. Profile _4_

3. - Serving or tending to prevent. c. Build up _2_

4.- An outline of an object, as, a molding, formed on a vertical plane d. Forward

wind striking an airfoil.

as if from a surface. j. Protrude _9_

TECHNICAL ENGLISH I 10268 – AERONAUTICS lg

Tabs and Trim Tabs CONTROL SURFACES Ailerons

Drawing exercise: Draw a barometer and label its parts. (handwriting)

Project 1. How to make a barometer.

Student: Micaela Valentina Gutierrez Minda

Student: Micaela Valentina Gutierrez Minda

✓ In conclusion, the barometer is a meteorological instrument, which is very important in

Student: Micaela Valentina Gutierrez Minda

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND

HIGHER TECHNOLOGY IN AERONAUTICAL