การปร ับขนาดยาต ้านจุลชีพ

ตามการทางานของไต

จัดทำโดย
กลุ่มงานเภสัชกรรม โรงพยาบาลอ่างทอง
วันที่ 1 มีนำคม 2565
 การปรับขนาดยาต้านจุลชีพตามการทำงานของไต
Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)

CrCL > 50 CrCL 25 – 50 CrCL < 25 CrCL < 10 IHD CRRT

Prophylaxis

BMT 250 mg/m2 q12h 125 mg/m2 q12h 125 mg/m2 q24h 62.5 mg/m2 q24h 62.5 mg/m2 q24h 125 mg/m2 q12h

Hematology/ 2 mg/kg q12h 2 mg/kg q12h 2 mg/kg q24h 1 mg/kg q24h 1 mg/kg q24h 2 mg/kg q12h
Oncology
Acyclovir (IV) 1
(Use adjusted BW for Treatment
obese)
General (e.g. 5 mg/kg q8h 5 mg/kg q12h 5 mg/kg q24h 2.5 mg/kg q24h 2.5 mg/kg q24h 5 – 10 mg/kg q12h
mucocutaneous
HSV)

Severe (e.g. CNS/

ocular/disseminate 10 mg/kg q8h 10 mg/kg q12h 10 mg/kg q24h 5 mg/kg q24h 5 mg/kg q24h 10 mg/kg q12h
d HSV infections,
Zoster)

1
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)

CrCL > 50 CrCL 25 – 50 CrCL < 25 CrCL < 10 IHD CRRT

Prophylaxis

BMT 800 mg BID 400 mg BID 200 mg BID 200 mg daily 200 mg daily No data

Hematology/
400 mg BID 400 mg BID 200 mg BID 200 mg daily 200 mg daily No data
Acyclovir (PO) 1 Oncology

Treatment

General (e.g. 400 mg q8h

mucocutaneous 200 mg q8h 200 mg q12h 200 mg q12h No data
HSV) Alt: 200 mg 5x daily

Severe (e.g. CNS/

ocular/disseminate
800 mg q4h (or 5x daily) 800 mg q8h 800 mg q12h 800 mg q12h No data
d HSV infections,
Zoster)

2
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
Multiple daily dosing

Normal renal
CrCl >50-90 CrCl 10-50 IHD CRRT CAPD
function
In addition to the 7.5 mg/kg q48h, give an extra
7.5 mg/kg q12h 2 mg/kg added to
50% of normal renal function dose (3.75
or one exchange per
Amikacin 1 15 mg/kg once
7.5 mg/kg q12h 7.5 mg/kg q24h mg/kg) AD. If the q48h dose is due on a dialysis 7.5 mg/kg q24h
day (minimum
(Use adjusted BW in day, give the 7.5 mg/kg dose before dialysis
daily dwell 6 hours)
obese) and the extra 3.75 mg/kg after dialysis (AD).

Once-daily dosing

Crcl >80 60-80 40-60 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

Dose 15 12 7.5 4 7.5 4 3
(mg/kg) (q24h) (q24h) (q24h) (q24h) (q48h) (q48h) (q72h and AD)

Usual dose:
500 – 1,000mg q8-12h
or 875 mg q12h
Amoxicillin (PO) 1 CAP: 1,000 mg q8h
H pylori: 1,000 mg q12h
Procedural ppx: 2,000 mg x 1
Crcl >30:
250 – 500 mg q24h; CRRT: 250-500 mg q8-12h
No dosage adjustment
Crcl 10–30:
250 – 500 mg q24h administer additional dose at CAPD: 250-500cmg q 12 h
the end of dialysis
250 – 500 mg q12h

3
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
250 – 500 mg (amox
Amoxicillin/clavulanate CrCl 10 – 30:
500/125 mg q8h 250 – 500 mg (amox component) q24h;
250 – 500 mg (amox No data
(PO) 1 or 875/125 mg q12h
component) q12h
component) q24h administer additional dose at
the end of dialysis

1000/200 mg initial dose,

Amoxicillin/clavulanate CrCl 10 – 30: 1000/200 mg
1000/200 mg initial dose, then 500/100 mg q24h
Crcl>30: 1000/200 mg q8h initial dose, then 500/100 No data
(IV) 1 mg q12h
then 500/100 mg q24h (+extra dose AD on dialysis
days)

Amphotericin B
0.3-1 mg/kg IV q24h No change No change No change No change
deoxycholate 1

Ampicillin (IV) 1
1-2 g q12h
Crcl 30-50: 1-2 g q6-8h CRRT: 1-2 g q8-12h
1-2 g q4-6h 1-2 g q12h (give one of the dialysis day
Crcl 10-30: 1-2 g q8-12h CAPD: 500 mg – 1 g q12h
doses AD)

Atazanavir (PO) 1 ATV + RTV 300/100mg daily No change No change No change No change

Azithromycin (IV/PO) 1 500 mg q24h No change No change No change No change

Benzathine +
Benzylpenicillin 1.2-2.4 million units Removed by hemodialysis;
Decrease dose by 25% Decrease dose by 10% CAPD: Is 20-50% q 6 hr
IM at 1-week intervals administer after dialysis
(Penicillin G Benzathine) 1

4
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)

Benzylpenicillin 0.5-4 million units q12h CRRT: 1-4 million units q6-8h
0.5-4 million units q4h 0.5-4 million units q8h 0.5-4 million units q12h (give one of the dialysis day CAPD: 0.5-4 million units
(Penicillin G Sodium) 1 doses AD ) q12h

500 mg q12h (give one of CRRT: No data

Cefaclor 1 500 mg q8h 500 mg q8h 500 mg q12h
the dialysis day doses AD) CAPD: 500 mg q12h

Mild/moderate: 1 g q8h
Mild/moderate: 1 g q12h Mild/moderate: 1g q24h 1-2 g q24h CCRT: 1-2 g q12h
Cefazolin 1 Severe: 2 g q8h
Severe: 2 g q12h Severe: 2 g q24h (+extra 0.5-1 g AD) CAPD: 0.5 g q12h
(max 12 g/day)

300 mg q48h. dose AD on

Cefdinir 1 300 mg q12h Crcl <30: 300 mg q24h 300 mg q24h
dialysis days
No data

200 mg q24h, dose after CRRT: No data

Cefixime 1 200 mg q12h 300 mg q24h 200 mg q24h
dialysis on dialysis days CAPD: 200 mg q24h

CRRT: 1-2 g q8-12h

CAPD:
0.5 – 1 g q24h - Non-peritoneal infection=
Usual dose: 1 – 2 g q8h
Ceftazidime (IV) 1 Severe: 2 g q8h
1 – 2 g q12-24h 1 – 2 g q24h (dose AD on dialysis days) 1.5-2 g IP q24-48h
- Peritoneal infection= 3 g IP
loading dose, then 1-2 g IP
q24h or 2 g IP q48h

5
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
1.5-3 g q8-12h
1.5-3 g q8-12h then
Max dose: sulbactam 4 g/day
Cefoperazone+sulbactam 4 (2 g q8h ให้ vitamin K 10 mg CrCl 15-30: max for sulperazone 3 g q 12 hr (max for sulbactam 1 g q12h)
CrCl <15: max for sulperazone 1.5 g q 12 hr (max for sulbactam 500 mg q12h)
IV/wk)

1-2 g IV q24h
CRRT: 2 g q12h-24h
Cefotaxime 2 1-2 g IV q8h 1-2 g IV q12h 1-2 g IV q24h Give after dialysis on dialysis
CAPD: 0.5-1 g IV q24h
days

1-2 g IV q24h
CRRT: 2 g q8-12h
Cefoxitin 2 1-2 g IV q6-8h CrCl 10-30: 1-2 g IV q12h 1-2 g IV q24h Give after dialysis on dialysis
CAPD: 1 g IV q24h
days

1 – 2 g q24h
Ceftriaxone 1 Endovascular/osteomyelitis/PJI: 2 g q24h No change No change No change
Meningitis, E. faecalis endocarditis: 2 g q12h

250 – 500 mg q6h 250-500 mg q12-24h

250 – 500 mg q8-12h 250-500 mg q24-48h
Cephalexin (PO) 1 Uncomplicated cystitis: 500 mg q12h Dose daily, but after HD on
Cellulitis/SSTI: 500 mg q6h HD days

6
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
CRRT:
200-400 mg IV q12h
250-500 mg PO q12h
CrCl > 50 CrCl 30 – 50 CrCl < 30
CAPD:
200 – 400 mg IV q24h
General infections 400 mg IV q12h 400 mg IV q12h 400 mg IV q24h 200-400 mg IV q24h
Ciprofloxacin (IV/PO) 1 500 mg PO q12h 500 mg PO q12h 500 mg PO q24h
250 – 500 mg PO q24h
250-500 mg PO q24h
Dose daily, but after HD on
Pseudomonas, 400 mg IV q8h 400 mg IV q8–12h 400 mg IV q24h HD days Severe infection with
severe 750 mg PO q12h 500 mg PO q12h 500 mg PO q24h A.baumannii or
P.aeruginosa:
400 mg IV q8-12h

500 mg PO q24h (dose AD on CRRT: 500 mg q12-24h

Clarithromycin 1 500 mg PO q12h 500 mg PO q12-24h 500 mg PO q24h
dialysis days) CAPD: 500 mg q24h

600–900 mg IV q8h
Clindamycin 1 150–450 mg PO q6h
No change No change No change No change

Cloxacillin 5 500 mg – 2 g q6h No change No change No change No change

7
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
Loading dose: 300 mg then CRRT: Add 10% (of 130 mg)
On days with no HD: give
Maintenance dose: per hour of CRRT to the
Colistin (IV) 1 baseline daily dose of 130 mg
baseline daily dose of 130
(Dosage expressed in Crcl >50 Crcl 41-50 Crcl 31-40 Crcl 21-30 Crcl 11-20 Crcl ≤10 (divided q12h)
mg. Thus, after 24 hrs the
terms of colistin base 150 mg 150 mg 75 mg q12h On dialysis day: add 30-40%
75-100 mg 100 mg suggested daily dose is 442
activity [CBA]; Use ideal q12h or q12h or 75- or 150 mg 75 mg q24h (40-50 mg) to the baseline
q12h q24h mg (divided q12h)
BW in obese) 100 mg q8h 100 mg q8h q24h daily dose after a 3-4 hr
CAPD: Loading dose 150 mg
session
then 100 mg q24h

Initial, 250 mg orally every

12 hours for 2 weeks, then
Cycloserine 3 500 to 1000 mg/day given in
divided doses (MAX dose, 1
g/day)
250 mg orally once daily or
Administer q24-36hr
Administer q36-48hr
500 mg 3 times/week, dosed No data
AD on dialysis days

Pneumocystis prophylaxis3:
Consider adjusting the dosage
to 50 mg twice daily; give at
least one of the doses after
Dapsone (PO) 2 50-100 mg PO q24h No specific recommendations are available
dialysis.
No data
Other: No specific
recommendations are
available

Dicloxacillin (IV/PO) 2 250-500 mg q6h No change No change No change No change

8
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
(Load: 200 mg x 1 for severe
Doxycycline (IV/PO) 1 infections) No change No change No change No change
100 mg q12h

Adult ≥ 40 kg
Efavirenz (PO) 2 600 mg q24h
No change No change No change No change

500 mg q24h Dose daily, but CRRT: 0.5-1 g q24h

Ertapenem (IV/IM) 1 1 g q24h CrCl ≤30: 500 mg q24h 500 mg q24h
after HD on HD days CAPD: 0.5 g q24h

Erythromycin (PO)3 250-500 mg q6-12h Dose adjustment not necessary

Dose range:
15 – 25 mg/kg/day
(max dose: 1,600 mg/day)
Lean body Dose Crcl 30-50:
weight 15 – 25 mg/kg q24–36h 15 mg/kg q48h, administered CRRT: 15 – 25 mg/kg q24h
15 mg/kg q48h
Crcl 10-30: AD CAPD: 15 mg/kg q48h
Ethambutol (PO) 1 40 – 55 kg 800 mg 15 – 25 mg/kg q36-48h
(Use lean BW if obese)
56 – 75 kg 1,200 mg

76 – 90 kg 1,600 mg

9
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
Dose by indication.
Load 800 mg for severe
infections
200 – 400 mg q24h 50% of normal dose on
CRRT: 200-400 mg q24h
Fluconazole (PO) 1 C.glabrata: 50% of normal dose q24h non-dialysis days, full dose
CAPD: 50-200 mg q24h
800 mg q24h after dislysis days
Severe/CNS/endovascular
infections:
up to 800 mg q24h

BW ≤90 kg:
Day 1 = 1800 mg bid
Day 2-5 = 800 mg bid
Favipiravir 1 BW >90 kg:
No data
Day 1 = 2400 mg bid
Day 2-5 = 1000 mg bid

Osteomyelitis: 12-24 g/day

(divided q8-12h) Crcl 40: 70% of normal
Complicated UTI: 12-18 g/day (in 2-3 divided doses)
Crcl 10: 20% of normal 2 g q48h (at end of each
(divided q8-12h) Crcl 30: 60% of normal
Fosfomycin 1 Nosocomial pneumonia: (in 2-3 divided doses)
(in 2-3 divided doses) dialysis session) No data
12-24 g/day (divided q8-12h) Crcl 20: 40% of normal
Meningitis: 16-24 g/day (in 2-3 divided doses)
(divided q6-8h)

10
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
In addition to the 1.7-2.0
mg/kg q48h, give an
additional 50% (0.85-1.0
mg/kg) of the normal renal CRRT: 1.7-2.0 mg/kg q24h
1.7-2.0 mg/kg q8h 1.7-2.0 mg/kg q12-24h 1.7-2.0 mg/kg q48h function dose AD. If the q48h CAPD: 0.6 mg/kg added to
dose is due on a dialysis day, one exchange per day
give the 1.7-2.0 mg/kg dose
Gentamicin 1 before dialysis and then the
(Use adjusted BW in obese) extra dose AD

Once-daily dosing:
Crcl >80 60-80 40-60 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
Dose 5.1 4 3.5 2.5 4 3 2
(mg/kg) (q24h) (q24h) (q24h) (q24h) (q48h) (q48h) (q72h and AD)

300 mg q24h
Isoniazid (PO) 1 (5 mg/kg/day)
No change No change No change No change

100-200 mg q12h 100-200 mg q12h 50-100 mg q12h 100 mg q12-24h CRRT: 100-200 mg q12h
Itraconazole (PO) 1 (max dose 600 mg/day) CAPD: 100 mg q12-24h

CRRT: 7.5 mg/kg q24h

7.5 mg/kg IV/IM q12h or 50% of normal renal
Kanamycin (IV/IM) 1 15 mg/kg IV/IM once daily
7.5 mg/kg IV/IM q24h 7.5 mg/kg IV/IM q48h
function dose after dialysis
CAPD: 15-20 mg lost per L of
dialysate/day

11
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
CRRT: 100 mg first day,
150 mg q12h OR 25-50 mg q24h (dose AD on
Lamivudine (PO) 2 300 mg q24h
50-150 q24h 25-50 mg q24h
dialysis day)
then 50 mg/day
CAPD: 25-50 mg q24h

CrCl ≥ 50 CrCl 20 – 49 CrCl < 20

General 250 – 500 mg q24h 250 mg q24h 500 mg x1,

- or - then 250 mg q48h CrCl < 20 ml/min CRRT & CAPD:
500 mg q48h
Levofloxacin (PO) 1 Dose q48h, but after HD on 750 mg load,
Severe/PNA/ 750 mg q24h 750 mg q48h 750 mg x1, HD days then 500 mg q48h
Pseudomonas/ then 500 mg q48h
Stenotrophomonas:

400/100 mg PO q12h
Lopinavir/ritonavir (PO) 2 Or No clear recommendations, but adjustment probably not necessary
800/200 mg PO q24h

CrCl > 50 CrCl 26 – 50 CrCl 10 – 25 CrCl < 10

Usual dose 1 g q8h 1 g q12h 0.5 g q12h 0.5 g q24h

500 mg q24h
(FN, PNA, CAPD: 0.5 g q24h
Meropenem 1 Pseudomonas)
CF/CNS: 1 g q24h
CRRT: 1 g q12h
Dose daily, but after HD on
CF/CNS: 2 g q12h
HD days
CF/Meningitis 2 g q8h 2 g q12h 1 g q12h 1 g q24h

12
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
7.5 mg/kg q12h (give one of the
500 mg q6–8h or CAPD: 7.5 mg/kg q12h
Metronidazole (IV/PO) 1 7.5 mg/kg q6h
7.5 mg/kg q12h dialysis day doses after
CRRT: 7.5 mg/kg q6h
hemodialysis)

Moxifloxacin (IV/PO) 1 400 mg IV/PO q24h No change No change No change No change

200 mg PO q24h x14 days

then increase to
200 mg PO q12h (immediate
CrCl ≥20: No adjustment necessary
Nevirapine (PO) 2 release tab)
CrCl <20: No recommendation
or
400 mg PO q24h (extended-
release tab)

CRRT: not applicable

Norfloxacin 1 400 mg q12h Crcl <30: 400 mg q24h 400 mg q24h
CAPD: 400 mg q24h

200 mg q24h (give dialysis day CRRT: 200-400 mg q24h

Ofloxacin 1 200-400 mg q12h 200-400 mg q24h 200 mg q24h
dose after dialysis) CAPD: 200 mg q24h

CRRT: No data
Prophylaxis: CAPD:
CrCl ≥ 60 CrCl 30 – 60 CrCl 10 – 30 30 mg x 1, then 30 mg after Prophylaxis: 30 mg
every other HD session immediately, then 30 mg
Oseltamivir (PO) 1 Prophylaxis 75 mg q24h 30 mg q24h 30 mg q48h Treatment: every week
30 mg x 1, then 30 mg post-HD Treatment: 30 mg (single
Treatment 75 mg q12h 30 mg q12h 30 mg q24h only dose) administered
immediately

13
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
No change
Penicillin V (PO) 1 250-500 mg q6-8h No change No change
HD: Give dose after dialysis on dialysis days

CrCl >40: 4.5 g q6-8h CRRT: MIC ≤16 3.375 (over

2.25 g q8h
Piperacillin/tazobactam 1 4.5 g q6-8h CrCl 20 – 40: 3.375 g q6h CrCl <20: 2.25 g q6h
(+extra 0.75 g AD)
30 min) g6h
CrCl <20: 2.25 g q6h CAPD: 2.25 g q8h

Usual Dose: 25 mg/kg q24h

(max dose 2,000 mg/day)
Lean body Dose
weight CrCl < 30: CRRT: 25 mg/kg q24h (max
Pyrazinamide (PO) 1 25 mg/kg 3 times per week
25 mg/kg 3 times per week
dose 2500 mg/day)
(Use lean BW if obese) 40 – 55 kg 1,000 mg Administer after HD only
CAPD: 25 mg/kg q24h
56 – 75 kg 1,500 mg

76 – 90 kg 2,000 mg

TB: 10 mg/kg q24h

(max 600 mg/day)
Endocarditis: 300 mg q8h
Rifampin (PO) 1 PJI: 300 – 450 mg q12h
No change No change
No change No change
Vertebral Osteomyelitis:
600 mg q24h

14
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)
200 mg IV loading dose, then
Remdesivir 1 100 mg IV daily
Not recommended No data No data

Moderate-Severe infection:
1-2 g/day IM divided q6-12h
CRRT: 15 mg/kg q24-72h
(Max 2 g/day) 15 mg/kg q72-96hr (+extra 7.5
Streptomycin 1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
15 mg/kg q24-72h 15 mg/kg q72-96hr
mg/kg AD)
CAPD: 20-40 mg lost per L
dialysate/day
15 mg/kg IM q24h
(MAX dose 1 g/day)

300 mg after every 3rd

Crcl 30-49: 300 mg q48h
Tenofovir (PO) 1 300 mg q24h
Crcl 10-29: 300 mg q72-96h
No data dialysis or every 7 days if no CRRT & CAPD: No data
dialysis

CRRT: 250-500 mg q12-24h

Tetracycline 1 250-500 mg q8-12h 250-500 mg q12-24h 250-500 mg q24h 250-500 mg q24h
CAPD: 250-500 mg q24h

100 mg IV load, then 50 mg

Tigecycline 2 IV q12h
No change No change No change No change

15
 Intermittent
Drug Crcl>50 mL/min Crcl 10-50 mL CrCl < 10 mL/min CRRT/CAPD
Hemodialysis (IHD)

5-20 mg/kg/day
(divided q6-12h)

Uncomplicated cystitis:
CRRT: 5 mg/kg q8h
1 DS tab PO BID CrCl 30-50: 5-20 mg/kg/day
Trimethoprim/ Not recommended, but if Not recommended, but if CAPD: Not recommended,
S. aureus (MRSA): (divided q6-12h)
used: 5-10 mg/kg q24h used: 5-10 mg/kg q24h but if used: 5-10 mg/kg
Sulfamethoxazole (IV/PO) 1 1-2 DS tab PO BID CrCl 10-29: 5-20 mg/kg/day
q24h
PCP: (divided q12h)
Prophylaxis = 1 DS tab once
daily
Treatment = 15-20
mg/kg/day IV divided q6-8h

Timing of Permeability LD (mg/kg) MD (mg/kg)

Crcl >100: 15-20 mg/kg Crcl 20-49: 15-20 mg/kg dose
q8-12h q24h After dialysis Low 25 7.5 CRRT: 7.5-10 mg/kg q12h
Vancomycin (IV) 1 Crcl 50-100: 15-20 mg/kg Crcl <20: 15-20 mg/kg After dialysis High 25 10 CAPD: 7.5 mg/kg q48-96h
q12h q48h Intradialytic Low 30 7.5-10
Intradialytic High 35 10-15

100 mg q8h CRRT: 300 mg q12h

Zidovudine 1 300 mg PO q12h 300 mg PO q12h 100 mg q8h
(dose AD on dialysis days) CAPD: 100 mg q8h

16
Formulas for dosing weights:
Ideal body weight IBW (male) = 50kg + (2.3 x height in inches > 60 inches)
Ideal body weight IBW (female) = 45kg + (2.3 x height in inches > 60 inches)
Adjusted Body Weight ABW (kg) = IBW + 0.4 (TBW – IBW)

References:
1. Stanford Health Care Antimicrobial Dosing Reference Guide 2022
2. University of Nebraska Medical Center: Renal Dosage Adjustment Guidelines for Antimicrobials
3. MICROMEDEX®. Accessed October 20, 2021. http://www.micromedexsolutions.com.laneproxy.stanford.edu/micromedex2/librarian
4. Product Information: Magnex ® Intravenous, Sulbactam Sodium/Cefoperazone Sodium 1:1. Pfizer.
5. Bennett WM, Aronoff GR, Golper TA, et al: Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, PA, 1987.

17