Hydraulic Machines

MPE 322
By
Dr. Ismail Mohamed Sakr
ismailsakr@yahoo.com
Power Mechanical Engineering Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Menoufia University
32511, Shebin El-kom
EGYPT.
 Definition

• Water pumps are devices designed to convert

mechanical energy to hydraulic energy.
• They are used to move water from lower
points to higher points with a required
discharge and pressure head.
• This chapter will deal with the basic hydraulic
concepts of water pumps
 Classification of Turbomachinery
Fluid machines

Power-producing machines Power-absorbing machines

Turbines /Windmills Pump/Compressor

Rotodynamic pumps
Impulse turbine

Positive displacement
Pelton turbine
pumps

Gear
Rotary Reciprocating
Reaction Turbine
Lobe
Diaphragm Piston Plunger

Sliding Vane
Kaplan/Propeller
Francis turbine
turbine
Screw
 There are two main categories of pump:

• Rotodynamic pumps.
• Positive displacement pumps.
PUMP

Rotodynamic Positive displacement

Centrifugal

Rotary Reciprocating
Axial flow

Mixed flow
Gear Piston

Turbine
Lobe Diaphragm

Sliding Vane Plunger

Screw 2
 Pumps
• On the basis of mode of action of conversion of
mechanical energy to hydraulic energy, pumps are
classified as
– Rotodynamic pumps
– Positive displacement pumps
• In rotodynamic pumps, increase in energy level is
due to combination of centrifugal energy, pressure
energy and kinetic energy
• In displacement pumps, liquid is sucked and then
displaced due to the thrust exerted on it by a moving
member that results in the lifting of liquid to a
desired height.
CONSTRUCTION
❖ Sump
❖ Strainer
❖ Foot valve
❖ Vanes
❖ Impeller
❖ Suction pipe
❖ Delivery pipe
❖ Casing
❖ Delivery valve
 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal pumps may be classified according to,
1.Working head
2.Direction of flow of water
3.Type of casing
4.Specific speed
5.Number of entrances to the impeller
6.Disposition of shaft
7.Number of stage
 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
1. Working Head
Centrifugal pumps may be classified in to low, medium and high-head pumps.

- Low-Head Centrifugal Pumps

These are usually single-stage-centrifugal pumps and
work below 15 m head.

- Medium-Head Centrifugal Pumps

When the head lies between 15 and 45 m, the pumps are

called medium-head-centrifugal pumps.

- High head centrifugal pump

working head developed by these pumps is more than 45m.
Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
2. Direction of Flow of Water
Pumps can also have flow as under:
a) Radial Flow
b) Mixed Flow
c) Axial Flow
 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
3. Types of Casing
Pumps can be divided into following type according
to their casing:
a) Volute-Chamber Pump
b) Vortex-chamber Pump
c) Diffuser Pump
 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
4. Specified Speed
Specific speed of a pump is defined as the speed of a
geometrically similar pump which delivers unit
discharge under unit head. ns =3.65 n√ Q / H3/4
Pump Speed Specific Speed
Radial flow Slow 50-80
normal 80-150
High 150-300
Mixed flow 300-500
Axial flow, propeller 500-1000
 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
5. Number of Entrances to the Impeller
Pumps can have either single or double entrance
according to the discharge needed:
a) Single – Suction Pump
b) Double – Suction Pump
 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
6. Disposition of Shaft
Usually, the centrifugal pumps are used with
horizontal shafts. Vertical shafts are used where
there is space limitation i.e. in deep wells, mines
etc.
Vertical pump
Horizontal pump
 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
7. Number of Stages
A centrifugal pump can have a single stage with one
impeller keyed to the shaft or it can be a multi-stage
pumps.
A multistage pump has a number of impellers mounted on
the same shaft and enclosed in the same casing.
Single stage Multi stage
 Centrifugal Pumps
• Broad range of applicable flows and heads
• Higher heads can be achieved by increasing the diameter or
the rotational speed of the impeller

Flow Expansion
Discharge
Casing
Suction Eye Impeller
Impeller
Vanes
 Centrifugal Pump:
• Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps) are the most used
pumps for hydraulic purposes. For this reason, their
hydraulics will be studied in the following sections.
Heads
The heads of a pump may be
expressed as:
 Suction Head
 Delivery Head
 Static Head
 Manometric Head
 Total Head
 Euler’s Head
 Hydraulic Analysis of Pumps and Piping Systems
Case 1
Case 2
 The following terms can be defined
• Hs.s (static suction head): it is the difference in
elevation between the suction liquid level and the
centerline of the pump impeller.
• Hs.d (static discharge head): it is the difference in
elevation between the discharge liquid level and
the centerline of the pump impeller.
• Hs.t (static head): it is the difference (or sum) in
elevation between the static discharge and the
static suction heads: H =h h
stat s .d s.s
• Hms (manometric suction head): it is the suction
gage reading (if a manometer is installed just at the
inlet of the pump, then Hms is the height to which
the water will rise in the manometer).
• Hmd (manometric discharge head): it is the
discharge gage reading (if a manometer is installed
just at the outlet of the pump, then Hmd is the
height to which the water will rise in the
manometer).
• Hm (manometric head): it is the increase of
pressure head generated by the pump:

H m = H md  H m s
• Hm (manometric head):

H m = H md − H m s Case 1 Eq.(1)

H t = H md + H m s Case 2 Eq.(2)
• Hm can be written in another form as follows:

H md =hs.d +h f d +  hmd
2
V
H ms =hs.s −h f s −  hms − s
Case 1
2 g2
Vs
H ms =hs.s +h f s +  hms + Case 2
2g
Substitute into eq. (1)
 Vs2 
H m =hs.d +h f d +  hmd −hs.s −h f s −  hms − 
but  2g 
H st =hs.d −hs.s
Vs2 Eq.(3)
H m =H st +h f d +  hmd +h f s +  hms + Case 1
2g
• Equation (3) can be applied to Case 2 with the
exception that : H st =hs.d +hs.s

In the above equations; we define:

hfs : is the friction losses in the suction pipe.
hfd : is the friction losses in the discharge (delivery) pipe.
hms : is the minor losses in the suction pipe.
hmd: is the minor losses in the discharge (delivery) pipe.
Hm = H st + losses
 losses = KQ 2

Hm = H st + KQ2
fL
K= 5
12D
 ‫‪Theory of Rotodynamics pump‬‬
‫المضخات تعتمد فى نظرية عملها على التبادل الذى يحدث بين المائع‬
‫واعضو الدوار "المروحة" وهذا التبادل يتم من خالل عزم كمية‬
‫التحرك بواسطة المروحة ‪ Impeller‬بين الدخول والخروج‪.‬‬
The Velocity Triangle of Centrifugal Pump Impeller

Vu2
 Basic Energy Considerations
-Consider a fan blade driven at constant angular velocity by the motor.
-Absolute velocity is the vector sums of relative and blade velocities.
The blade velocity U = ωr
-The absolute velocity V seen by a person
sitting stationary at the table on which the fan
rests.
The relative velocity seen by a person riding on
the fan blade W

V=W+U
The Velocity Triangle of Centrifugal Pump Impeller
u1 : tangential or peripheral velocity of impeller at inlet ,wr1
u2 : peripheral velocity of impeller at outlet , wr2
v1 : Absolute velocity of liquid at inlet .
v2 : Absolute velocity of liquid at outlet .
w1 : Relative velocity of liquid at blade inlet .
w2 : Relative velocity of liquid at blade outlet .
V1r : Radial velocity of flow at inlet .
V2r : Radial velocity of flow at outlet ..
V1u : Whirl velocity of flow at inlet .
V2u : Whirl velocity of flow at outlet .
α1 : The flow angle at inlet .
α2 : The flow angle at exit .
β1 : The inlet blade angle .
β2 : The exit blade angle .
r1 : Radius of impeller at inlet .
r2 : Radius of impeller at outlet
 Q1 = 2r1bVr1 = 2r2bVr 2
Q = ( D1 − Zt1 )bVr1 = ( D2 − Zt2 )bVr 2
Q = k D1bVr1 = k D2bVr 2
K = blockage coefficient due to the blade thickness =0.85
 Euler Turbomachine Equation:

Assumption:
-There are an infinite number of blades so
closely that
-No energy loss in the impeller due to friction
and eddy formulation
-Even/uniform velocity distribution in narrow
passages formed between two adjacent vanes.
•Shaft torque: Tshaft = Q(r2Vu 2 − r1Vu1 )
•power: power = Q(U 2Vu 2 − U1Vu1 )

Note:
•Euler’s equation is valid for both pump and turbine
•Power is the power required to drive shaft of pump
(power > 0)
or the power required to deliver to shaft of turbine
(power < 0)
 2

Pump U2 (exit) > U1 (inlet) Vu2 (exit) > Vu1 (inlet) power > 0
1

Turbine 2 U2 (exit) < U1 (inlet) Vu2 (exit) < Vu1 (inlet) power < 0

Vu 2u2 − Vu1u1
H th =
g
•Hth = Euler head , When the flow is radial 1 = 90, V u 1 = 0.0
Vu 2u2
H th =
g
In practice, there are always some head losses inside the pump as will described
later
 It is useful to express Euler's equation in terms of the fluid
velocities. From velocity triangles
u2v2 cosα2 − u1v1 cosα2
Hth =
g
w = v + (u1 − v u1 )
2
1
2
r1
2

w12 = v 2r1 + u12 + v 2u1 − 2u1v u1

w = v + u − 2u1v u1
2
1
2
1
2
1
w1 vr1 v1
u1vu1 = (u − w + v )
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
β2 α1
u 2 v u 2 = (u − w + v )
1 2 2 2 Vu1
2 2 2 2 u1
v2 2 − v12 u 2 2 − u12 w12 − w 2 2
H th = + +
2g 2g 2g
In equation, the first term denotes the increase of the kinetic
energy of the fluid in the impeller. The second term
represents the energy used in setting the fluid into a circular
motion about the impeller axis (centrifugal force). The third
term is the regain of static head due to reduction of relative
velocity in the fluid passing through the impeller. For an
impeller having radial (α1= 90), v1u = v1 cosα1 = 0

v2u u 2
H th =
g