SC#04 (Tu 3 Oct 2023)

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THE DAILY OBSERVER
Tuesday,
ERIES DES
LECTUrdRE itSion)
October 3, GRA 13
(3 Ed guides:
dy
2023 12 & O
CSEC stu nguage
English La chnology,
Page 01 ALS ED
LUD
n Te
Informatio and History.
Spanish INC
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STADIUM EAST, KINGSTON:
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Byfield (front) shields the ball from
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McLeod, during their ISSA/Digicel
Manning Cup game on Saturday,
September 16, 2023. KC won the
match 1-0. (Photo: Karl McLarty)
Online:
► English Language 3–5
► Mathematics 6 – 10
► Social Studies 11 – 14
► Information Technology 15 – 21
► Human and Social Biology 22 – 27
► Principles of Business 28 – 31
► Principles of Accounts 32 – 35
► Integrated Science 36 – 42
► English Literature 43 – 45
LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

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THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 3, 2023 Page 2
TAKING THE SHOT

SOUTH
CAMP ROAD,
KINGSTON:
Te i y o n o
Va s s e l l ( r i g h t )
of Holy Trinity
High School
takes a shot
while under
pressure from
Deshawn
Thompson of
Norman Manley
High, during an
ISSA/Digicel
Manning
Cup game
o n F r i d a y,
September 15,
2023. (Photo:
Garfield
Robinson)
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CONTRIBUTORS
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Charyl Gordon-Brown & Akeem Wallace Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Shandeen Robinson-White
HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Leroy Munroe – Treisa Cornwall Tedmore Clarke Michelle Smith-Henry
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JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page
Lesson 03
SUMMARY WRITING
Hello everyone. typically the first sentence of a paragraph but it

In today’s lesson we are going to delve head can be found anywhere in the paragraph. In some
first into summary writing. Last week we merely instances there will be no topic sentence and you
scratched the surface by looking at the aim of will be required to infer the main idea. If you ask
summary writing, some of the benefits of mastering yourself the following questions you will be able to
this topic and the criteria for assessment of the successfully identify the main idea:
topic. In this lesson we will examine the essential
skills for summary writing.
Those skills are: 1. Who or what is the paragraph about?
► The ability to select key information 2. What is the paragraph saying about that
► The ability to condense information person or thing?
► The ability to reorganise or rearrange The tips below will help you to find the main idea
information of a paragraph:
► The ability to paraphrase ✔ Titles, headings, and subheadings-

These announce major subjects and ideas
SELECTING KEY INFORMATION: WRITER’S in boldface type.
INTENTION AND MAIN IDEAS ✔ Purpose sentence- Look for a sentence
In order for you to successfully select key in the first paragraph of the passage that
information, you must be able to identify the writer’s states what the rest of the text will be about.
purpose or intention. If you fail to identify the ✔ Italics/Bold- Sometimes main ideas
writer’s intention you can easily misunderstand appear in italics as well as boldface type to
the passage. The writer’s intention may be to make them stand out from the rest of the
inform, to predict, to criticise, to express a point text.
of view to entertain or to persuade. Typically, ✔ Repetition-Repetition of a key word or
the passages that you will get to summarise are idea throughout a text is a signal that it is a
expository in nature and therefore the writer’s major topic in the discussion.
intention is usually to give factual information ✔ Questions-Questions invite readers to
on a specific subject. Another important skill look for answers, and the answer is often
associated with selecting key information is one of the major ideas being developed.
choosing the main idea. The main idea is the ✔ Numbering-Ideas that are numbered are
main point or subject of a passage or a paragraph. important
Most paragraphs will have a topic sentence which
expresses the main idea. This topic sentence is JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
✔ Details-The use of examples, statistics, and that you eliminate certain details. These details
other details always signals a main idea is include:
being clarified, proved, or developed. Look
back or ahead and discover the idea. ► Examples
✔ Organisational Patterns-The major parts
of the pattern, such as the topics, the ► Illustrations
divisions in time, the two objects being ► Statistical data
compared, the cause and the effect, or
the problem and the solution are the main ► Repetitions
ideas. Recognise the pattern and look for
► Redundancies
the ideas.
After you have successfully identified the main ► Elaborations and Explanations
ideas in a passage, you will be required to combine
them in the summary. The use of transitional Another important skill to develop in your attempts
words and phrases will help you do this at being concise is your ability to economise your
seamlessly. A transition or linking word is a word words. For example, instead of using several
or phrase that shows the relationship between words to express something, a single word can
paragraphs or sections of a text in a paragraph. be used to replace that phrase and will therefore
Transitions will make your writing more cohesive. lessen the number of words used.
As important as it is for you to use your transitions,
it is equally important that you use them in the REORGANIZING AND REARRAGING SENTENCES
correct context. The table below shows some of Simply put, you must make an effort to take the
the ways in which transitions can be used. given information and arrange it in a different way.
In their yearly examination reports, the examiners
Transitional Words have lamented the fact that students follow
Add Information: Order: Comparison: slavishly, the order or the structure of the original
Additionally First/firstly However passage. As a general rule, all paragraphs have a
basic structure. It must have a start or an opening
In addition Secondly Therefore
sentence, these are followed by sentences that
Furthermore Then While support or expound on the idea expressed in the
Moreover Next On the other opening sentence and a closing sentence at the
hand end. However, you have the freedom to decide
Also Previously Although which points you will present first and which ones
Along with Last/lastly In contrast you will present last. You do not have to present
Apart from this To conclude Despite this your points in the same order they are presented
in the original piece. What is important is that
Besides In conclusion Whereas
your paragraph is cohesive. The progression of
your paragraph from one sentence to the next
CONDENSING INFORMATION: ELIMINATING must make sense and must flow smoothly. The
UNNECESSARY SUPPORTING DETAILS transitions mentioned in the section above will help
When writing an essay using supporting details you to accomplish cohesion in your paragraphs.
is important as they will help you to develop
your topic and your main ideas. In the context
of summary writing, since the aim is to present
a condensed version of writing, it is only logical JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
PARAPHRASING our way all the time. Give way once in a while, be
courteous and you will find driving a more pleasant
Paraphrasing means saying something in a
experience.
different way-by using your own words-without
It is also our responsibility to ensure our vehicles
changing the meaning of the original content.
are in tip-top condition. This is to make sure that
You must resist the inclination to lift phrases and
our vehicles do not break down or cause accidents.
entire sentences. Rather, use your own words in
Therefore, service your vehicles regularly, at least
your summary. Let us discuss some steps that
once every six months. While driving on the road,
can be used to help you become effective at
keep to the speed limit all the time, not only when
paraphrasing.
we suspect there is a speed trap ahead.
 REWORD- Can you replace any words
It is also the duty of the police to organise
with synonyms?
road safety campaigns to educate and raise
 REARRANGE- You can move words or awareness among road users about the dangers
phrases around. of inconsiderate driving. Drivers who are caught
breaking traffic rules should be punished or fined
 REALISE-Some information (names, severely. Right now, the punishment imposed is
dates, titles, scientific words, and medical not enough to prevent drivers from repeating the
terms) cannot be changed. offence or to scare off potential selfish drivers.
 RECHECK-Did you include the important
information? Does it make sense? 1. What is the passage about?
2. What is the writer’s purpose?
I hope that the steps above did not overwhelm 3. What are the main points in the passage?
you. Remember, Summary Writing is a process. 4. Write a 50 word summary of the passage.
If you practise the steps above, selecting key
information, combining key details through Nb. As you write your responses remember to
transitions, condensing information by write in your own words, maintain the original
eliminating unnecessary details, rearranging meaning of the passage and stay within the
and paraphrasing, you WILL master summary word limit.
writing. Have a great week!
The activity below will help you practise some
of the skills listed above. Stay tuned for our next Resource: English for All: Examination Level
lesson where I will take you through two paper one (CSEC) by Roy Narinesingh with Bhadase
Seetahal-Maraj
topics that will help you develop your summary
writing skills.
ACTIVITY
Instructions: Read the passage below and
answer the questions which follow. Toni-Shae Walker-Williams
As drivers, we have a responsibility on the road Teacher of English at St. Hugh’s High School
to ourselves, our loved ones and to other drivers.  Email address:
Responsibility here involves a few things. It tonishaenikitawalker@gmail.com
means we must be careful on the road. We must
look out for other drivers, especially people in
smaller vehicles and pedestrians. We must think
of others and not be so selfish and expect to get
JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page
Lesson 04
THE CARTESIAN PLANE
Hello Readers.
This lesson will focus on Coordinate Geometry. This topic links elements Geometry, Algebra and Relations,
Functions and Graphs as we study properties of lines and shapes using the coordinate plane.
THE CARTESIAN PLANE
By now you should be familiar with reading and plotting points on the plane. The plane consists of two number
lines set perpendicular to each other and intersecting at the point (0, 0) known as the origin. Recall that each
point is defined by a set of coordinates written in the form of an ordered pair (x, y).
NOTE:
- The horizontal axis is most often called the
x-axis. The right hand side has positive values
and the left hand side has negative values.
We usually use it to represent the independent
variable.
- The vertical axis is usually referred to as the

y-axis. The upper section has the positive values
and the lower section has the negative values.
It is most often used to represent the dependent
variable.
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

READING COORDINATES
NOTE:
Each coordinate point on the graph to the left is

labelled using the coordinates.
It is fairly easy to see how each point corresponds

to the respective numbers on the respective
axes.
There are points that lie directly on the axes.
These points each have 0 as one of their
coordinates.
TRY THESE! Draw up your own coordinate plane and plot the points (3, 0), (0, -4) and (-4, -2).
MID POINT OF A LINE SEGMENT

A line segment, unlike a line, has a definite start point and end point. The midpoint, as the name suggests, is the
point that lies directly in between the two end points of a line segment.

LENGTH OF A LINE SEGMENT

Given two points A(x_1,y_1) and B(x_2,y_2) then the length of the line, AB, is given by the
=13.9
TRY THESE! Find the length and midpoint of each of the following pairs of points
A(-3, 2) and B(0, -4)
C(-2, -6) and D(4, 2)
GRADIENT OF A LINE
The gradient or slope of a line represents the steepness of a line. We can determine the gradient of a line by
using a simple formula, as long as we know the coordinates of two of the points on the line.

The diagrams below illustrate how lines can be compared using their gradients.
The purple line has a positive gradient. Notice it

slopes upward to the right.
The green line has a negative gradient. Notice

it slopes downward to the right.
The red line is a horizontal line. The gradient of

any such line is zero.
The black line is vertical. The gradient of such

lines is undefined.
EQUATION OF A LINE
The slope-intercept form of the equation of a line is given in the form y=mx+c.
represents the gradient of the line. represents the y-intercept i.e. the point at which the line cuts the
y-axis
For example, given y=-4x+5 , the gradient is -4 and the y-intercept is 5.
For horizontal lines the equation is of the form y=c. For example the red line above is the line y=-4.
For vertical lines the equation is of the form x=k. For example, the black line above is the line x=-3.5
Vertical and horizontal lines are named using the point on the axis at which they intersect.
The diagram on the left shows three different

lines all with positive gradients.
The purple line is the least steep of the three.

Notice the green line which is the steepest
has the largest gradient which is 6.
There is a legend on the upper right hand

corner that gives the equation of each line. You
can see how the diagram corresponds with the
y-intercept given in the equation in each case.

PARALLEL & PERPENDICULAR LINES

Parallel lines have exactly the same gradient. For example, the following lines are all parallel:
y=4x+5,y=4x,y=4x-7
Perpendicular lines have gradients that give a product of -1. We can also say that one gradient is the negative
reciprocal of the other.
For example, given the line y=4x+5, we know it has a gradient of 4. Therefore any line perpendicular to that
would have a gradient of − ¼.
Note: You must write the line in the slope-intercept form in order to identify clearly the slope and y-intercept.
Example: Determine the gradient of the line 5-2x+4y=0.
Solution: Step one: rewrite the equation to make y the subject
Step two: identify the gradient from the new equation

Since it is now in the form y=mx+c, we can see that the gradient is ½
The equation of a straight line can be written in other forms. Watch the video and see what those are. Sharpen
your algebra skills as you translate from one form to another.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wsv564rx2A0
Charyl Gordon-Brown is on the staff of

The Manning’s School.
 E-mail: charanbrown@gmail.com
Lesson 04
MODERN TECHNOLOGY
IN TRANSACTIONS
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
● Explain how consumers use modern technology to conduct transactions.
● Explain the difference between financial transactions and Commercial transactions.
● Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using modern technology to conduct online
transactions.
HOW CONSUMERS USE MODERN TECHNOLOGY TO CONDUCT TRANSACTIONS
The development of modern technology has given consumers more choices in the way they buy
goods and services/conduct their transactions. It has made it possible for consumers to conduct most
of their financial transactions without having to enter a financial institution. Consumers use modern
technology for e-commerce and electronic banking.
Developments in communication technology have changed the way in which consumers:
► Acquire information about goods and services
► Purchase goods and services
► Conduct their banking transactions
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS
Electronic transactions include financial and commercial transactions. The differences between the
two are outlined in the table below.
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS
ABM / ATM BANKING CREDIT CARDS
Automated Banking Machines or 1. A credit card is used to purchase goods and

Automated Teller Machines allow services.
cardholders to perform the following 2. Consumers are able to use a credit card to
transactions: electronically pay for services provided by
utility companies.
1. Withdraw cash from their accounts 3. Consumers are also able to obtain cash at
2. Transfer money between accounts ATM machines from their credit cards.
3. Deposit money to their accounts 4. The money on a credit card, if used, is money
4. Check their balances borrowed, which means it is a loan and has to
be paid back.
5. The money on the credit card is not a loan if it
is a prepaid credit card.
E-BANKING DEBIT CARDS/CHEQUING CARD

Electronic banking allows consumers to:
1. Allows customers to pay for goods and

1. Pay for goods and services services at point of sale.
2. Transfer money between accounts 2. Money used is deducted from consumers’
3. Check account balances savings or chequing accounts.
4. Open bank accounts 3. A chequing account allows consumers to pay
5. Obtain loans for goods using the internet/online.
4. The money used (unless it’s an overdraft)
belongs to the consumer.

b) Consumer Transaction
ACTIVITY: c) Commercial Transaction
MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS d) Electronic Transaction
INSTRUCTION: Read the questions and 4. Consumers use _______ to conduct

answer choices then select the best electronic banking and e-commerce.
response.
1. Developments in ________________ a) Consumer Transaction
have given consumers more choices in b) Electronic Transaction
the way they conduct transactions. c) Commercial Transaction
d) Modern Technology
a) Consumer Transaction
b) Commercial Transaction 5. All of these transactions can be
c) Communications Technology performed without any form of human
d) Financial Transaction contact EXCEPT:
2. This type of electronic transaction a) Purchasing a car

has to do with the trading (buying and b) Filling your Teeth
selling) of goods and services using c) Banking Transfer
____. d) Purchasing personal items
a) Consumer Transaction 6. Which of the following is changing the

b) Commercial Transaction way consumers do business:
c) Financial Transaction
d) Electronic Transaction
a) Technology
b) Electronic Transactions
3. __________transaction is another c) Commercial Transactions
type of electronic transaction dealing d) Consumers
with money, for example, withdrawing
money from a financial institution,
borrowing money from a financial 7. This is the process by which a
institution or depositing money at a customer may perform banking
bank. transactions electronically without
visiting a bank or having face-to-face
contact with bank staff.
a) Financial Transaction

a) i and iv only
b) i and iii only
a) Banking c) i, ii, and iii only
b) Modern Technology d) i, ii, iii, and iv
c) Electronic banking
d) Banking Transfer
10. Automated Teller Machines allow
customers to do all of the following
8. Goods bought on the internet may be EXCEPT:
paid for by:
a) Deposit cheques/cash to their accounts

i. Money transfers through a financial b) Issuing cheques
institution c) Check their balances
ii. Bank drafts d) Request a statement of their transactions
iii. Over the Internet to a consumers’ bank or
service provider
iv. Cash at a third-party payment outlet 11. The ____ is the computer system
that enables consumers to exchange
information, shop online, and to
a) i and ii only compare prices and goods from
b) i and iii only several retailers.
c) i, ii, and iii
d) All of the above
a) Internet
b) Computer
9. When transacting business online, c) Credit cards
consumers usually have to provide d) Banks
their personal information. Personal
information that is usually stored
when conducting online transactions 12. Electronic Commerce or E-Commerce
include: is used to describe all ________ and
________ transactions, which are done
electronically.
i. Taxpayer registration (TRN) number
ii. National Insurance Scheme (NIS)
number a) Cash and cheque
iii. Bank and credit card numbers b) Commercial and financial
iv. Name and contact information c) Computer and internet
d) Telephone and facsimile

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING MODERN TECHNOLOGY TO CONDUCT TRANSACTIONS

ADVANTAGES OF USING MODERN DISADVANTAGES OF USING MODERN
TECHNOLOGY TO CONDUCT TECHNOLOGY TO CONDUCT TRANSACTIONS
TRANSACTIONS
There are a number of advantages of using There are a number of disadvantages of using
online services including e-banking. The online services, including e-banking. The
advantages are: disadvantages are:
1. Consumers have more choices 1. Consumers have to share their personal

for conducting their banking and identification and banking information when
commercial transactions. transacting business over the internet.
2. Convenient and saves more time. 2. There is no face-to-face contact between

Consumers do not need to go the bank the persons involved in the transactions.
and stay in long lines (queue) to conduct
all their transactions.
3. Consumers who are not familiar with using
the internet may be exploited or they may
3. Consumers have access to their banking make mistakes when transacting internet
information 24 hours a day, 7 days a transaction/s.
week.
4. Sometimes the bank’s database is hacked,

4. Customers are provided with easy leaving customers’ information in the hands
access to money, goods and services all of individuals who want to commit internet
over the world. fraud.
5. Reduce the need for customers to carry 5. It is hard to receive redress because
cash to pay for goods and services. sometimes the persons involved in the
transaction may be located in a different
country.

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY #1 9 D
10 B
1 C
11 A
2 B
12 B
3 A
4 D
5 B
6 A Charmaine Fuller-Wallace.
7 C  E-mail: charmief2@yahoo.com
8 D
Lesson 04
COMPUTER NETWORKS & WEB

TECHNOLOGIES
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, students should be :
 Distinguish between types of networks.

 Explain the inter-relationship among key Web technology concepts.
STARTER QUESTION
WHAT IS A COMPUTER NETWORK?
A computer network is a set of computers connected for the purpose of sharing
resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet.
Other shared resources can include a printer or a file server.
n this week’s lesson, we will look at types of networks, wireless network
I technologies and levels of privacy, as well as web technology concepts. This is

covered in section 2 of your syllabus. Networking is one of those topics that is always tested.
Watch the following video and then answer the questions that follow.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWTJKcg7Pj8
– how computers connect and work (3:26 mins)
ACTIVITY 1
1. Write the name of the type of network being depicted in each image:
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 3, 2023 Page18
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page
__________________________
A computer network can be categorised based on geographical location and

characteristic. Based on geographical location, computer networks are outlined below.

WIRELESS NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
Wireless networks are computer networks that are not connected by cables of any kind. The use
of a wireless network enables enterprises to avoid the costly process of introducing cables into
buildings, or as a connection between different equipment locations.
ACTIVITY 2:
Identify the wireless network technology in each image:
A: ______________________
B: ______________________
C: ______________________
Remember, the examiner expects you to be able to distinguish between the different
types of networks. That includes being able to identify each diagrammatically. You
__________________________
could also be asked to label a network diagram.

LEVEL OF PRIVACY
The internet vs intranet vs extranet - What is the difference?
An intranet is a network where employees can create

content, communicate, collaborate, get stuff done
and develop the company culture. An extranet is like
an intranet, but also provides controlled access to
authorised customers, vendors, partners, or others
outside the company.
The Internet is called a public domain, Intranet is known as a particular area while extranet is called
private domain. The Internet can be used without any personal account. Intranet sometimes can require
a login while extranet always requires a login.
ACTIVITY 3
(a) Is this the Internet, an intranet or an extranet?
__________________________
(b) Is this the Internet, an intranet or an extranet?
__________________________
__________________________

(c) Is this the Internet, an intranet or an extranet?
__________________________
SUGGESTED RESPONSES
Activity 1 Answers:
a) local area network
b) metropolitan area network
c) wide area network
d) mobile network
Activity 2 Answers:
a) Bluetooth
b) Wi-Fi
c) Hotspot
Activity 3 Answers:
a) intranet
b) extranet
c) Internet
SUGGESTED RESPONSES
What is web technology?
A: Web technology refers to the means by which computers communicate with each other
using markup languages and multimedia packages. It gives us a way to interact with hosted

information, like websites. Web technology involves the use of hypertext markup language
(HTML) and cascading style sheets (CSS).
Here are the key terms for today’s lesson:
 World Wide Web
 Hypertext Markup Language
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 Hyperlinks
 Web Server
 Web Page
 File Transfer Protocol
 Web Browser
 Uniform Resource Locator
 Upload and download
 Email.
You are expected to be able to explain EACH term using examples where appropriate.
The difference between the Internet and the WWW continues to boggle the minds of students
and adults alike. Think of the Internet as the infrastructure while the Web is service on top of that
infrastructure.

Imagine the uniform resource locator to be like the

address of your house in a community.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxu7eZrPUyQ –
what is a URL? (2:28mins)
HTTPS is HTTP with encryption. The only difference

between the two protocols is that HTTPS uses
TLS (SSL) to encrypt normal HTTP requests
and responses. As a result, HTTPS is far
more secure than HTTP. A website that
uses HTTP has http:// in its URL, while a website
that uses HTTPS has https://.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard

Internet protocol for transmitting files between
computers on the Internet over TCP/IP
connections. FTP is a client-server protocol where
a client will ask for a file, and a local or remote
server will provide it.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard

markup language for documents designed to be
displayed in a web browser.
It can be assisted by technologies such as

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting
languages such as JavaScript.

If you are interested in learning HTML to create your web page for your SBA, watch
this video/tutorial
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWPMSSsVdPk – learn HTML in 12 mins
Uploading means data is being sent from your

computer to Internet. For example, sending email,
posting photos on a social media site or using your
webcam. Even clicking on a link on a web page
sends a tiny data upload.
Downloading means your computer is receiving

data from the Internet. Example includes opening a
webpage or receiving an email or purchasing music
files or watching online videos.
ONLINE QUIZZES
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/znkqn39/test - web technologies
Here is an opportunity to practise how much you know and understand about web
technologies.
Remember you can do the quiz as many times as you wish, and you will get your score immediately
after you click submit!
This link is an online quiz on computer networks: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z777xfr/test -

PRACTISE! PRACTISE! PRACTISE!
We will stop here for this week. Next week we will be moving on to social & economic impact of ICT.
Keep reading, researching and revising!
Word to the wise “The greatest danger for most of us is not that our aim is too high and we miss it,
but that it is too low and we reach it.” Michelangelo
Shandeen Robinson-White is formerly affiliated with Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy in Kingston.
Her email is teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com.
Shandeen Robinson-White is affiliated with

Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy.
 E-mail: teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com
Lesson 04
MICROBES (MICRO-ORGANISMS)
Microbes are either pathogenic or non-

At the end of this lesson students
pathogenic. Pathogenic microbes are those that
should be able to:
cause diseases. This means that they cause
harmful to humans, other animals and plants.
► State what is a microbe Coronavirus for example is pathogenic microbe,
because it causes harm to us humans. Non-
► Identify the different types of microbes
pathogenic microbes are not harmful to plants
► Describe the structure and and animals, these microbes do not cause any
characteristics of microbes form of diseases; hence they are important for
our daily survival. Millions of these microbes can
be found in the human body. Except for viruses,
Microbes are microscopic organisms that microbes can perform all characteristics that any
cannot be seen with the naked eyes. A living organism can perform.
microscope has to be used to see a microbe.
Bacteria and fungi are microbes that play a very
They are so small millions can fit into the eye
important role in our daily lives; without them it
of a needle. Microbes are classified as either
would be very difficult for us survive. They can
prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Prokaryotic are
survive without us, but it is difficult for us to survive
unicellular microbes that are made of small,
without them. They play an important role in the
simple cells, example bacteria.
ecosystem because they act as decomposers, by
Eukaryotic are multicellular microbes that are decomposing dead animals and plants. Without
made of large and complex cells, example microbes, plants could not grow, garbage and
fungi. They can be found in every environment dead matter would not decay and there would
on earth, such as the air we breathe, ground we be a lot less oxygen for us to breathe. Bacteria
walk on, rocks, water, the food we eat and inside play an important role in digestion, human and
our bodies. Microbes include viruses, bacteria animals depend on them to digest their food.
(singular bacterium), fungi (singular fungus),
protozoa (singular protozoon) and algae. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
Viruses can infect every form of life on earth,

VIRUS
including animals, plants, fungi and even bacteria.
They cannot reproduce on their own hence, the
Viruses are the smallest microbe known to man,
importance of a living host for their survival. Similar
there are no other microbes that are smaller than
to a plant cell, animal cell and bacteria they have
viruses. A virus is not a true cell, they are acellular
genetic material, either deoxyribonucleic acid
particles, meaning they are not made up of living (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) that is surrounded
cells like animals and plants do. They do not have by a protective coat called a capsid which is made
any characteristics that are associated with living up of protein similar to the cell membrane. There
organisms. In order for a virus to reproduce they are many pathogenic viruses, which causes harm
need a living organism called a host; hence, they for humans, plants and animals. In human some
cannot survive without a living host. of the diseases caused by viruses include HIV,
influenza, herpes, hepatitis and Corona etc.
THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, September 26, 2023 Page 23
They can only live reproduce in another living
cells such as animals, plants, bacteria and fungi. Features of viruses
Outside of a living organism they cannot survive
● They can only multiply and survive in the
as a virus, but, instead as a complicated chemical.
cell of another living organism, called the
host.
Viruses cannot function like other living organisms.
They cannot grow, excrete, respire, move, ● They are non-cellular; meaning they are not
reproduce, feed and respond to stimulation; hence a true cell because they do not have any of
a virus is not considered to be living. Viruses the organelles found in normal animal and
are found on or in just about every material and plant cells.
environment on Earth from the soil, to water and ● They do not feed, respire, metabolise and
air. They are basically found anywhere there are grow
cells to be infected.
● They can only reproduce when they are in
the cell of a living host.
Viruses are usually spread through respiratory
droplets, when an infected person coughs or ● They are made of an outer protein coat
sneezes. It can also, be transmitted if a person called capsid.
come in contact with fluid from broken skin
● They have spikes, which help them to attach
lesions such as in the case of syphilis. It can be to the host cell.
transmitted from one person to another through
the bite of a mosquito as in the case of dengue. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
● They have a nucleic acid core containing either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
or ribonucleic acid (RNA).
● Outside of a living organism, it can only survive as complicated chemicals and not as a virus.
● They are parasites because they need a living host or organism in order to survive.
● Ribosomes and enzymes are absent, which are needed for metabolism.
● They are enclosed in a protective envelope.
Diagram of different types of viruses
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page

The chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

BACTERIA (SINGULAR BACTERIUM)
carries most of the genetic information. Plasmid
Bacteria are to the smallest living organism that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) forms small loops
exist on earth. Not all Bacteria are pathogenic. and carries extra information. Instead their
Some are pathogenic while others are non- control centre containing the genetic information
pathogenic. Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases, is contained in a single loop of DNA.
while non-pathogenic do not cause any diseases
or harm to us. They are all single celled or Bacteria are decomposers because they
unicellular microscopic organism. They have the breakdown feed on dead animals and plants.
ability to survive in extreme conditions. They can Some are photosynthetic meaning, they can make
be found everywhere on earth including inside and their own food using sunlight, just like plants, they
outside of our bodies, the air we breathe, water give off oxygen as a waste in the process. Others
we use, soil, inside and outside other animals, feed by absorbing their food from the material on
and even the food we eat. which they live on or in. They feed by secreting
enzymes that breakdown or digest organic,
Bacteria can exist either as free-living organisms, material from the outside then they easily absorb
meaning they do not need another organism on it on the inside.
which to survive. They are parasite, meaning
they live and survive on other organisms to the
There are bacteria that live in the soil or on dead
detriment of that organism. As you read this lesson
plant matter where they play an important role
there are millions that be found on your body
in the cycling of nutrients. For example, bacteria
especially in and around the palm of your hands
break down dead matter in the environment,
and finger nails, hence the reason to wash your
like dead leaves, releasing carbon dioxide and
hands regularly. There are more bacterial cells
nutrients in the process. Without the release of
in our body than body cells themselves. Most of
carbon dioxide, plants are unable to grow. Some
these bacterial cells are found in the stomach and
types cause food spoilage and crop damage but
mouth especially on and between the crevices of
others are useful in the production of fermented
the teeth and tongue.
foods such as yoghurt, cheese, sour cream and
A Bacterial cell is smaller than animal and plant soy sauce.
cells. They have some organelles similar to that of
animal and plant cells. They have a cell wall that is There are many more good bacteria than bad,
similar to the cell wall of a plant but is more flexible, some bacteria are harmful. If you consume or
cell membrane, ribosome and cytoplasm, they do come in contact with harmful bacteria, they will
not have any nucleus or any other cell organelles. reproduce in your body and release toxins that
They have two types of deoxyribonucleic acid can damage your body’s tissues and make you
(DNA) plasmid and chromosomal. feel sick.
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page

Bacterial ribosomes are never bound to other

STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
organelles as they sometimes are bound to the
endoplasmic reticulum in plant and animal cell,
Cell wall
but are free-standing structures distributed
Bacteria are enclosed by a rigid cell wall composed throughout the cytoplasm. There are several
of peptidoglycan, a substance made of protein differences between bacterial ribosomes and
and sugar molecule. The cell wall gives the cell its those of plant and animal ribosomes that
shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, some antibiotics will inhibit the functioning of
protecting it from the environment. Their cell wall bacterial ribosomes, but not those of plant and
is different from that of a plant cell because it does animal cells, thus killing bacteria but not the
not contain cellulose. The cell wall may or may eukaryotic organisms they are infecting.
not secrete slimy sticky mucus that prevents them
from drying out. The strength of the wall is Nucleus
responsible for keeping the cell from bursting when
there are large differences in osmotic pressure They do not have an organised or true nucleus
between the cytoplasm and the environment. as plant and animal cells do. Instead, their control
centre containing the genetic information is
Cell membrane contained in a single loop of DNA or RNA. Some
The membranes of Bacteria are structurally bacteria have an extra circle of genetic material
similar to the cell membranes of plant and animal called a plasmid. The plasmid often contains
cells, except that the bacterial membranes genes that give the bacterium some advantage
consist of saturated or monounsaturated fatty over other bacteria. For example, it may contain
acids (rarely, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and a gene that makes the bacterium resistant to a
do not normally contain sterols. Like the plant certain antibiotic. Most bacteria have a single,
cell the cell membrane is surrounded by the circular chromosome that is responsible for
cell wall. The cell membrane not only regulates replication, although a few species do have two
what enters the cell, but also how much of any or more.
given substance comes in.
Flagella (singular flagellum)
Cytoplasm
Flagella are hair like structures that provide a
The cytoplasm, or protoplasm, of bacterial means of movement or locomotion for those
cells is where the functions for cell growth, bacteria that have them. They can be found at
metabolism, and replication are takes place. either or both ends of a bacterium or all over its
It is a gel-like matrix composed of water,
surface. The flagella beat in a propeller-like motion
enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and
to help the bacterium move toward nutrients;
contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a
away from toxic chemicals; or in the case of the
chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope
photosynthetic cyanobacteria, toward the light.
encases the cytoplasm and all its components.
Bacteria are parasites. They do not contain any
Ribosomes other organelles that are found in plant and animal
cell such as mitochondrion, vacuole, chloroplast
Bacterial ribosomes are similar to those of
and endoplasmic reticulum.
plant and animal cells, but are smaller and
have a slightly different composition and
molecular structure. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
A bacterial cell
Fungi include organisms such as mildew that grow

FUNGI (SINGULAR FUNGUS)
on your clothes when left in a damped area for a
period of time, mold that grows on your bread,
Fungi are classified either as single-cellular or multi-
mushroom and toadstool that grows on dead
cellular organisms. The cell of a Fungus is similar to
plants and yeast used in the baking industry.
plant and animal cells, in that they have nucleus, cell
membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosome and The main body of most fungi is made up of fine,
vacuole. Fungal cells have cell walls similar to plant branching, usually colourless threads called
cells. The cell wall of fungi is not made of cellulose hyphae. Each fungus has vast numbers of these
like plant cell, instead, they are made of a substance hyphae, all intertwining to make up a tangled web
known as “chitin”. Chitin is a large, structural called the mycelium. The mycelium is generally
polysaccharide (carbohydrate) made from chains of too fine to be seen by the naked eye, except where
modified glucose. Chitin is used to strengthen the the hyphae are very closely packed together.
cell wall of the fungal cells.
Fungi can grow rapidly because of the structure
Fungi can be found everywhere, especially in areas of their mycelium. Fungi reproduce asexually and
that are damped or moist, mainly in the soil and on sexually to produce spores. These fungal spores
dead plants and animals. Like bacteria, fungi are come in all different shapes and sizes. Under
called decomposers hence; they play an important non-dynamic conditions, the spores are created
role in the nitrogen and carbon cycles by recycling asexually; under changing conditions, the spores
carbon and nitrogen back into the atmosphere. are created sexually.
Some fungi are pathogenic meaning they cause diseases Features of fungal cell
while others are non-pathogenic, they do not cause ● The main body of most fungi is
any disease. Pathogenic fungi use living organisms for made up of fine, branching, usually
food. These fungi infect plants, animals and even other colourless, threads called hyphae.
fungi. Athlete’s foot, thrush and ringworm are fungal
diseases that affects humans. Fungi release enzymes ● Each fungus has vast numbers
that essentially digest the food that they are attached of hyphae, all intertwining to
to. Once the organism is broken down by the enzymes, make up a tangled web called the
the fungi are able to simply absorb the nutrients to live. mycelium.
● They have a rigid cell wall that
Fungi cannot make their own food and is dependent on
contains complex carbohydrates
complex organic substances for nutrition. Fungi feed
by absorbing nutrients from the living or dead organic ● They can be unicellular or
matter that they grow on. They must digest their food on multicellular
the outside before it can pass through the cell wall into ● Fungi like to be in a moist or damp
the hyphae. The hyphae secrete acids and enzymes and slightly acidic environment;
that breakdown or digest the organic material from the they can grow with or without light
outside then they easily absorb it. The living body of the and oxygen.
fungus is a mycelium made out of a web of tiny filaments
called hyphae. The mycelium is usually hidden in the ● They are called decomposers
soil, in wood, or another food source. ● They are parasites.
Comparison of microbes
STRUCTURE VIRUS BACTERIUM FUNGUS
Slimy cell wall

Cell wall None that prevents it Cell wall made of chitin
from drying out
Cell membrane None Present Present
Nucleus Strands of RNA/DNA Strands of RNA/DNA Chromosomes found in nucleus
May not have any,

Flagellum Has none None
can have one, or many
Has cytoplasm with the following:

Ribosomes present
Cytoplasm Has none organelles mitochondria, endoplasmic
in cytoplasm
reticulum and ribosomes
Ribosome Has none Present Present
Vacuole Has none Has none Present
Leroy Munroe is on staff of the Trench Town Polytechnic College.  E-mail: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com
JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continued from previous page
Lesson 04
with
Treisa Cornwall
ECONOMIC SYSTEM, FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF A BUSINESS,

STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN A BUSINESS
Economic systems describe the way a country, people or organization decides how best to use their
limited resources. Three major decisions are normally considered: what to produce? How to produce?
and for whom will these goods and services be produced? Economic System can be classified according
to the following:
TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
1. Traditional/Subsistence Economic systems: this is the oldest form of economic system. In

this system individual families or local communities produce everything they need for survival.
This economic system was dependent on agriculture, fishing, hunting or a combination of these.
Any surplus output would normally be shared among the family or community; goods were simply
exchanged for another using the barter system.
2. Planned/Command/Socialist: In this economic system the decisions as it relates to production
and distribution of goods and services are made by the government. All resources are publicly
owned and controlled, there is very little private sector business activity or ownership in a planned
economic system. Examples of countries operating under a planned economic system are: Cuba,
China, North Korea, and Syria. The table below outlines the advantages and disadvantages of
the Planned Economic System.
Advantages of the Planned Economic System Disadvantages of the Planned Economic

System
The state acts in the interest of the people, the There is no freedom of choice for consumers
basic needs of the population are met
Wasteful competition among businesses are The rights of citizens maybe abused or ignored
avoided
The production of goods that are harmful to the Low employee morale
economy is minimized
Resources maybe allocated more efficiently to Individuals and companies may be reluctant to
areas that they are needed most establish businesses in county with a planned
economic system.
JOL PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS continues on next page

3. Free Market/Capitalist: in this system there is little or no government interference, what is

produced and the amount produced is based on the ultimate decisions of individuals and private
sector businesses. See table below for advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages of Free Market Economy Disadvantages of Free Market Economy

There is freedom of choice for both producers and This system foster unequal distribution of income and
consumers wealth
There is little or no government intervention With little or no government involvement undesirable
goods maybe produced and consumed
Resources maybe allocated more efficiently by the Social goods(roads, street lights) and merit goods
private sector
Extensive competition among firms help to keep prices
down
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF A BUSINESS

For a business to perform efficiently and effectively it is usually divided into core departments or what
is known as functional areas. These form the central areas of key business activity for the business.
The main functional areas of a business are: production/operations, marketing, finance/accounts and
human resource/personnel. As businesses evolve, consumer demands increase this drive the need for
business expansion. In recent times, businesses have added information technology and research and
development to their functional department.
FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

Functional area/ Functional responsibilities
department
Production/ operation  Procuring raw materials
 Maintaining factory equipment
 Maintaining production records
 Warehousing finished goods
 Maintaining an effective inventory system

Marketing  Conducting market research
 Designing the company’s product
 Developing a price for the product
 Distributing the product
 Maintaining good public relations
 Developing sales and promotion strategies for the product

Finance/accounts  Preparing the financial statement for the business
 Making all payments on behalf of the other departments
 Accounting for all revenues received by the business
 Developing budget for the organization
 Developing and maintaining a payroll system

Personnel/human resources  Recruiting and training employees
 Terminating and firing employees
 Resolving conflict between management and employees
 Maintain proper staff records
 Conducting performance reviews
 Ensuring that the work environment is safe and healthy for all
employees
Research and development  Conducting varying research on behalf of the company
 Developing new products
 Conducting feasibility studies for a business idea or new product

Information technology  Developing and maintaining IT systems to meet the business
needs
 Ensuring that company information and assets are secure

STAKEHOLDERS IN A BUSINESS
A stakeholder maybe defined as any individual, institution or group that has a vested interest in how
well a business performs. Stakeholder can be placed into two main groups:
1. Internal: these stakeholders are individuals within an organization who have a special interest
in the business and its performance.
2. External: these are individuals who are not employed by or members of an organization; they
however have a vested interest in its activities and financial performance
INTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS
Stakeholder Roles
Owner/shareholders  Provide financial capital to invest in and operate the business
 Ensuring that managers are fulfilling the business objectives and re-
sources are carefully utilized.

Board of Directors  Develop strategies for the company to achieve target for sales, profit
and company value.
 Make decisions about how business profit and capital contributed by the
owner(s) should be invested
 Ensuring that management objectives are align with the overall business
objectives
 Ensuring that the activities of the business and its financial statements
are in accordance with government regulations.
Managers  To ensure that the goals of the of the owner(s) and the board of direc-
tors are achieved
 Maximizing profits or make returns on investments made by owners of

the business
 Ensuring that employees are productive and are treated fairly.

Employees  To perform duties to ensure that the business maximize profits
EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS
Stakeholder Roles
Government  To ensure that businesses operate by the laws governing business
activities
 Ensure that the business publish financial reports that are accurate
 Provide financial, managerial or technical assistance where necessary
 To protect consumer
 Ensure that business taxes are paid

Customers  Ensure that products/services offered by the business are of good
qualities and are reasonably priced
 Encourage competition among firms as well as influence product pricing

Suppliers  Providing the necessary raw materials
to produce goods/services
Lending Institutions  Providing financial assistance to businesses in the form of loan and
financial advice
 Ensuring that the business is in a position to repay loans

Competitors  To stimulate competition for sales and market share
The Community  To ensure that businesses within the community operate within the law
and contribute towards the development of the community.
For reference please use YouTube video entitled Business studies Basics: Who are Stakeholders? –
Detailed description.

Limited liability states that business owners are

CLASS ACTIVITY
only liable for debts amounting to the value of their
1. State THREE differences between the
mixed economy and the free economy. investment in the business. Should the company
(6 marks) become bankrupt, the shareholders personal
assets
2. Name TWO country that operates under
each economic system. ( 4 remain protected. On the other hand, unlimited
marks) liability means the business owner is personally
3. State FOUR functional areas of a responsible for the debts of the business. He/she
business. may have to dispose of their person assets to pay
(4 marks) the debts incurred by the business.
4. Differentiate between an internal and

external stakeholder.
(2 marks) 3. State the main purpose of the partnership
deed. (2 marks)
5. Identify FOUR stakeholders in a
business. The partnership deed sets out the agreement
(4 marks) between partners in a business. It outlines the
terms and conditions of the partnership. It should
provide a clear understanding of the roles of each
ANSWER FOR QUESTIONS IN LESSON # 3 partner as this will allow for the smooth operation
1. Explain the difference between of the partnership.
‘nationalization’ and ‘privatization.’ (4
marks) 4. State one difference between a franchisor
and a franchisee. (2 marks)
Nationalization occurs when the government
of a country transfer ownership of assets from A franchisor is the person who owns and operate
the private sector to the public sector whereas the business whereas the franchisee is someone
privatization involves transferring ownership and who buys the right to use the brand, product or
management of assets from the public sector into service of the franchisor.
the hands of private individuals/businesses.
Treisa Cornwall is on the staff of
2. What is the difference between terms St Andrew Technical High School.
‘limited’ and ‘unlimited’ liability? (2 marks)  E-mail: treisacornwall@gmail.com
Lesson 04
THE LEDGER AND ITS DIVISIONS
The ledger has four main divisions:

1. The Sales Ledger:- containing trade customers/debtors’ personal accounts;
2. The Purchases Ledger:- containing trade suppliers/creditors’ personal accounts;
3. The General or Nominal Ledger:- containing all impersonal accounts, except the cash and bank
accounts; and
4. The Cash Book:- a combination of the cash and bank accounts.
Tutorial Note: Trade debtors and trade creditors relate to debtors and creditors for goods.
The Ledger
Sales Ledger (SL) Trade debtors’ personal accounts only
Purchases Ledger (PL) Trade creditors’ personal accounts only
General Ledger (GL) Impersonal accounts other than cash and

bank
Cash Book (CB) The cash and bank accounts under one
‘umbrella’
THE DAY BOOKS
There are four main books (or journals) that help to reduce the workload of the General Ledger:
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page

THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 3, 2023 Page38
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page
1. The Sales Journal or Sales Day Book:- for goods sold on credit;
2. The Purchases Journal or Purchases Day Book:- for goods bought on credit;
3. The Returns Inward or Sales Returns Journal:- for goods returned to the firm by customers (from
credit sales ); and
4. The Returns Outward or Purchases Returns Journal:- for goods returned by the firm to its
suppliers (from credit purchases).
Note:- These journals should only be used for credit transactions relating to goods. Cash
transactions should therefore NOT be recorded in the Day Books.
USING THE DAY BOOKS
Returns Inward (Sales Returns)and

Steps Sales Journal (Sales Day Book) Allowances Journal
1 Enter amounts from sales invoices in the Enter amounts from credit notes issued to
Sales Journal. customers in the Returns Inward Journal.
2 Debit customers’ personal accounts in the Credit customers’ personal accounts in

Sales Ledger with the amount of goods sold the Sales Ledger with the amount of goods
to them individually. returned by them individually.
3 Credit the Sales Account in the General Debit the Returns Inward Account in the
Ledger with the total of the Sales Journal. General Ledger with the total of the Returns
Inward Journal.
FORMAT OF THE SALES JOURNAL:

Sales Journal (SJ)
Date Particulars Invoice No. Folio Amount
$ c

FORMAT OF THE RETURNS INWARD JOURNAL:
Returns Inward and Allowances Journal (RIJ)

Date Particulars Credit Note No. Folio Amount
$ c
USING THE DAY BOOKS (CONTINUED)
Steps Purchases Journal (Purhcases Day Returns Outward (Purchases Returns) and
Book) Allowances Journal
1 Enter amounts from purchase invoices in Enter amounts from credit notes received from
the Purchases Journal. (or debit notes sent to) suppliers in the Returns
Outward Journal.
2 Credit suppliers’ personal accounts in Debit suppliers’ personal accounts in the
the Purchases Ledger with the amount of Purchases Ledger with the amount of goods
goods bought from them individually. returned to them individually.
Debit the Purchases Account in the General Credit the Returns Outward Account in the
3 Ledger with the total of the Purchases General Ledger with the total of the Returns
Journal. Outward Journal.

FORMAT OF THE PURCHASES JOURNAL:
Purchases Journal (PJ)

$ c
FORMAT OF THE RETURNS OUTWARD JOURNAL:
Returns Outward and Allowances Journal (ROJ)

$ c
TUTORIAL NOTES
1. The preparation of the day books is of vital importance to all students preparing for Principles
of Accounts. Please ensure you learn this topic well.
2. Cash sales and cash purchases should not be recorded in the sales journal or the purchases
journal; these should instead be recorded in the cash book (to be discussed at a later date).
Likewise, returns from cash sales and from cash purchases are not to be recorded in the returns

inward or returns outward journal, but should instead be used to reduce cash sales and cash
purchases.
1. When goods are sold on credit, an invoice is sent by the seller to the buyer along with the
goods, but when goods are returned, a credit note is issued by the seller to the buyer. Thus,
the person returning the goods will receive the credit note. A credit note may also be used to
correct an overcharge on an invoice. In the event of an undercharge, a debit note is sent to
the customer, thereby increasing his balance. The firm may also choose to send a debit note
along with goods returned to a supplier, indicating the amount of allowance being claimed.
2. The Sales Ledger is also known as the Debtors Ledger or Accounts Receivable Ledger and
the Purchases Ledger the Creditors Ledger or Accounts Payable Ledger.
3. The day books will be examined in greater details in next week’s lesson.
Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of

Quality Academics.
 E-mail: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com
Lesson 04
FOOD AND NUTRITION PART 3
Welcome everyone! This is our third lesson Oxygen: Microorganisms Absence of

in a series on food and nutrition. Here we will use oxygen in air to d a n g e r o u s
be describing the conditions for the growth of respire aerobically so as chemicals: When
microorganisms, discussing the principles used in
to produce the energy chemicals like acids,
food preservation and explaining the role of teeth
they need for their are present in a high
in digestion in humans.
growth. If there is little or enough quantity, the
no oxygen around, then microbes tend to
these decayed microbes die. This is because
CONDITIONS PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF
will die, which slows or these chemicals will
MICROBES stops the decay process. disrupt one or more
Microorganisms or microbes like bacteria, fungi, of the processes
protists and viruses need certain environments to they carry out in
reproduce (multiply). order to survive.
Suitable temperature: Water: Since water

The ideal temperature is the medium for the
range for the growth of chemical activities
most microbes is 25°C in microbes then,
to 38°C which is not very where there is a lot
low nor very high. They of moisture they will
cause food to decay. If flourish. However,
temperature is too low, where there is very
growth slows reducing little moisture these
rate at which food spoils. microorganisms
If temperature is too high, will not be able to
above 40°C, microbes multiply and so the
die, decay process decay process will
Microbial growth is the increase in the number of
ceases altogether. be prevented, and
cells in a population.
food products will
The graph above shows the typical growth pattern
not spoil.
of a microbial colony. During the lag phase, the
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page

JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
microbes adjust to their environment, so slower where temperature is kept low. At low tem-
growth rate – number of cells in population peratures microbes are inactive so decay
increases very slowly. In the exponential or log of food slows down.
phase, reproduction rate of cells is greater than
 Heating is used with most food. Boiling/
the death rate of cells, so growth rate is rapid
Sterilizing/ Roasting/ Pasteurizing are all
– number of cells in population increases very
ways of heating food. The heat kills the
quickly. During the stationary phase reproduction
microorganisms as well as their spores
rate of cells is equal to the death rate of cells, so and so the decay process is retarded. NB:
no growth in the number of cells in population. In Heating does not destroy any toxins re-
the decline or death phase, reproduction rate of leased by the microbes therefore food will
cells is less than the death rate of cells, so number still be inedible in such a case.
of cells in the population decreases.
 Drying – used for fruits, meats, fish, etc.
Food is left in the sun for the moisture to
FOOD PRESERVATION METHODS evaporate from it and is packaged. There is
no moisture for chemical reactions to hap-
When one or more of the conditions promoting pen so microbes cannot grow.
the growth of microorganisms is removed the
food is preserved, as these microbes are killed or Here is a video for you to watch:
controlled.
 Sugaring – mainly used for fruits like
guava, pineapples, grape, strawberries
and mangoes. Food is placed in a large Different Methods of Food Preservation -
amount of sugar solution or boiled in sugar YouTube
solution. Sugar removes the water from the
microbe by osmosis causing dehydration. ROLE OF TEETH IN DIGESTION IN HUMANS
 Salting – mainly used for meats and fish. In the mouth the teeth are used for mechanical
Food is placed in a concentrated salt solu- digestion. This involves the breaking up of large
tion (brine) or salt is rubbed into the food.
food material into smaller pieces. Allows the small
Salt removes the water from the microbe
food pieces to be easily mixed with saliva to be
by osmosis causing dehydration.
swallowed and provides a larger surface area
 Pickling – used with vegetables, meats, for the digestive enzymes to work. Each tooth
fish. Food placed in a bottle with a weak consists of a crown growing above the gum and
acid such as vinegar and sealed to prevent a root which is embedded in the gum. There are
anything entering. Vinegar is a dangerous three layers of a tooth: enamel and dentine which
chemical which kills the microbes. are non-living structures and the pulp cavity which
is the living structure as it contains living cells
 Adding Preservatives – sodium benzo- along with blood vessels and nerves. Enamel is
ate, sulphur dioxide, sulphates and nitrates.
white and thin, but it is the hardest substance in
Chemicals are added to the food which is
the body. It protects the structures found below
then packaged into sealed containers. The
it. Dentine is a bone-like substance possessing
chemicals kill the microbes thereby reduc-
ing the decay of the food. channels where living cells from the pulp cavity
are located. Blood vessels carry food and oxygen
 Freezing/ Cooling/ Refrigeration Food is
packed on ice or is placed in a container JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
to the cells of the pulp cavity and remove carbon

dioxide and other waste from them. Nerves The first set of teeth of a baby are called the
transmit nervous impulses. milk teeth or temporary teeth. In this group of
teeth there are no molars. These teeth keep the
spacing for the permanent teeth which begin to
appear at around 6 years old when the milk teeth
begin to fall out. In adults the upper jaw and the
lower jaw each possess four incisors in the front
middle, then two canines (one on either side of the
incisors), then four premolars (two on either side
of the canines) and six molars (three on either
side of the premolars) which includes the wisdom
teeth – the last four molars to come out when a
person has passed the age of 17years. So, there
are 16 teeth on each jaw making a grand total of
There are four different types of teeth found in 32 permanent teeth in an adult’s mouth. Dental
humans – heterodont dentition. The incisors are formula is a way to show the arrangement of the
chisel-shaped teeth with one root found at front teeth in an animal using letters to represent kinds
of mouth and are used for cutting and biting off of teeth and numbers to tell the amount of each. It
small pieces of food. Canines are long teeth with depicts one side of the mouth – upper and lower
a pointy top having one root and are used for jaws, giving half the number of teeth in the mouth.
piercing and tearing food. Premolars are teeth
with wide flat surfaces having small projections
on top, possessing two roots and are used for
crushing and grinding food. Molars are teeth
with wider flat surfaces having cusps, possessing
three roots and are used for crushing and grinding
food. Both the premolars and molars are called Foods that we eat provide us with vitamin C,
the cheek teeth. calcium and phosphorus to have teeth and gums
that are healthy. Some foods that we eat help to
dislodge food that is stuck between our teeth.
Also, some foods contain fluorine which reduces
tooth decay. Food remains of carbohydrates that
are left between the teeth may be acted upon by
bacteria in the mouth and release acids which
dissolve the enamel and the dentine. A hole
is left behind where the nerves in the teeth are
exposed to the conditions in the mouth. This hole
in the tooth is called a cavity. Brushing teeth at
least three times daily helps to reduce tooth
Here is a video for you to watch:
decay. Plaque is the mixture of bacteria and food
on the teeth. Fluoride has been added to many
toothpastes and drinking water to help make teeth
Types of Teeth and Structure of a Tooth |
Macmillan Education India - YouTube
healthier. As the fluoride builds up in the teeth, 3. Carefully examine the drawing of the
they become less susceptible to tooth decay. So, human tooth below. 9 mks
drinking more water, having less foods with sugar
and/or starch and going to the dentist every six
months is a recipe for healthy teeth and gums.
ACTIVITY
1. a] Sketch a graph to show the growth of a

bacterial colony. 6 mks
b] List FOUR conditions necessary for mi-
croorganisms to flourish. 4 mks
c] Describe the method and principle be- a] Identify the parts labelled A to F.
hind each of the following food preserva-
tion techniques. (i) drying, (ii) pickling, and b] State the function of part labelled D.
(iii) salting. 6 mks What is found in the part labelled F?
d] Identify ONE method that could be used

to preserve the following – each method Here are the answers to last week’s activity.
should only be used once. 7 mks
1) a] glycerol and fatty acids (1½ marks
(i) guavas, (ii) snapper, (iii) dates, (iv) milk, each) Total 3 marks
(v) cucumbers, (vi) beef, (vii) breadfruit
b] (Function 1 mark, pair of sources 1
mark, disease 1 mark) Total 15 marks
2. a] Complete the following table on human
teeth. 8 mks
NAME OF ONE THREE DEFICIENCY
NUTRIENT FUNCTION SOURCES DISEASE
TYPE SHAPE FUNCTION Water Transport Fruits, Dehydration
substances vegetables,
Incisor drinks
Molar Iron Part of Liver, kidney, Anaemia
haemoglobin callaloo
Premolar
Dietary Keep food Carrots, Constipation
b] A 21-year-old man has most of his per- fibre moving vegetables,
manent teeth, but he lost one premolar on fruits
the lower jaw and one incisor on the upper Vitamin C Aids healing Vegetables, Scurvy
jaw to tooth decay. He only has 2 wisdom of cuts fruits, potatoes
teeth on his lower jaw so far. (i) How many Lipids For Ackee, fish, Lethargy
teeth does he have in all? (ii) What is his insulation pear
dental formula? 5 mks
2) a] Colourings added to improve or to restore 3) Mass of Water, m = m2 – m1 = 317.0g –

appearance of food, Flavourings added to 285.6g = 31.4g
restore flavour lost during processing, Pre-
servatives added to increase shelf life of Temperature Change = Final Temperature
food, Antioxidants added to prevent food – Initial Temperature = 94°C - 23°C = 71°C
spoiling when exposed to atmosphere or to Energy Absorbed by Water = 4.2m∆θ =
prevent deterioration of added colour and/ (4.2 × 31.4 × 71) J = 9363.48J
or flavour, Flavour enhancers are used to
make the natural flavours in food stronger, Energy Value = Energy absorbed/mass of
etc. (2 marks each correct pair) Total 10 peanut = 9363.48J ÷ 1.8g = 5201.9J/g
marks
(Formula 1mk each, substitution 1mk
b] (1 mark each) each, answer 1 mk each) Total 12 marks
Total 10 marks
TEST FOOD REAGENTS OBSERVATION CONCLUSION See how well you did by working out your
Iodine Macaroni Iodine Blue/black Starch present percentage.
colour Score: ___/50 Mark: ____%
Benedict’s Honey Benedict’s Colour changes Simple sugar is
to orange/red/ present Remember our theme. Until next time. God Bless
yellow You!
Emulsion Lard Ethanol, Milky white/ Lipid present
water cloudy
Biuret Kidney Sodium Colour changes Protein present Michelle Smith-Henry is on the staff of
hydroxide, to purple/mauve/ Excelsior High School.
copper lilac  E-mail: chellysmithus@gmail.com
sulphate
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
Lesson 04
PRESCRIBED POEMS
Good day one and all, and welcome to today’s lesson.

Last week’s lesson featured the prescribed poems in general, but particular focus was placed on the
poems which had the theme of ‘nature’. This week I am going to take a broader look at all the poems
to see what they all have in common. This is important as you will be required to compare TWO of the
poems that are similar, when writing your answer for the poetry question.
Remember also that there will be two questions in this section (Section B) of the exam paper (Paper 02).
You will be required to do only ONE. Please note that one of the questions will identify the two poems
that you should use to answer that particular question, while the other question will allow you to decide
which TWO of the TWENTY poems you will use to write your response. As such, it serves you to know
the details of all twenty poems, so that you can have more options in the exam.
Here is a list of all the poems and the themes they have in common.
Poems Nature Relationships Prejudice Longing War Death Patriotism

Racism Desires
This is the Dark Time, My Love X X X
Sonnet Composed Upon X
Westminster Bridge
South X X X
West Indies, U.S.A. X X
The Woman Speaks to the Man X X X
Who Has Employed Her Son
A Lesson for this Sunday X X X
A Stone’s Throw X X
Dulce et decorum est… X X X
An African Thunderstorm X
Landscape Painter X
Test Match Sabina Park X X
Ol’ Higue X X X
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page

My Parents
Death Be Not Proud X X
Mirror X X X
It is the Constant Image of Your X X X
Face
Dreaming Black Boy X X X
Once Upon a Time X X
Birdshooting Season X X
Little Boy Crying X X
Sometimes students find it difficult to study poems, so in order to do well and overcome these obstacles,
take the following into consideration.
HOW TO STUDY A POEM
1. Approach with an open mind: Consider that the poem you are studying is something that can
enrich your life, in that, you can increase your knowledge and understanding of the world around you.
2. Research the poet: Information on the poet’s background will often provide you with information
that can help you get insight into his/her mind, and give you a better understanding of the poem, and
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page

why s/he wrote it. This information can even help the twenty questions in order to write your answer.
you identify such things as the tone, theme and Read the question carefully, and then decide
the mood of the poem. which two of the poems you could possibly use to
write your essay.
3. Consider the title: the title can also give
you a wealth of information about the contents of SAMPLE QUESTION
the poem. It was deliberately chosen by the poet
for a reason. “Human relationships can affect our lives
in significant ways, as they can change our
4. If you are uncertain, try to find out: behaviour and our outlook on life.” Consider
Some titles (for example, Dulce et Decorum Est) TWO poems you have studied and do the
and even the following:
contents may be difficult to understand. However, Write an essay in which you describe at least one
ignoring the things you don’t understand is not human relationship in each poem. In this essay
helpful. Thankfully, you will have the time during you must explain two lessons you have learnt from
your studies to do your investigations in order to each poem, and examine one literary device that
prepare for this exam (unlike for Paper 01 when each poet uses to highlight human relationships
you will be seeing the poems for the first time). within the poem.
Total 25 (+ 10 marks)
5. Pay attention to figurative devices:
Not only do these devices add colour and flair Please be aware that the contents of the essay,
to the poems, but you will be asked to identify, that is, the information that you will write to answer
explain, give examples and say whether you think the question, will be marked out of twenty-five.
the poet has effectively used these devices in The way you write your answer, that is, how you
the poems. In other words, you should be able to organise the essay, your vocabulary, spelling,
explain how the use of the devices helps to get a punctuation, grammar etc., will be marked out of
clearer idea of the poem and the messages the another ten marks. As such, each essay on Paper
poet wants to convey. 02 will be marked out of thirty-five marks.
I will close today’s lesson here. In a future lesson
6. There could be more than one I will outline steps on how to write the English B
meaning: It is important that you get a general essay. I hope you will join me then.
understanding of each poem. It is also important
to note that sometimes there could be more than All the best until next time.
one interpretation of a section, or even the entire
poem. However you interpret the poem, you
should be able to provide evidence from the poem
Simone Gibbs is on the staff of
to support whatever claims you are making.
Shortwood Teachers’ College.
Now, here is an example of an exam question that
 E-mail: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
you might get that will allow you to choose from
ERIES
LECT(3UrdREdE itSion)
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ALWAYS
n Te
Informatio and History.
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►Communication
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►Caribbean
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►CAPE Pure
Mathematics 00 – 00
►Management
of Business 00 – 00 TAKING THE CHALLENGE
MONTEGO BAY, ST. JAMES: Cornwall College’s Nickane Brown (left)
shields the ball from Green Pond High’s David Smith in their ISSA/Wata
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September 12, 2023. Cornwall College came from a goal down at halftime to
win 3-1. (Photo: Paul Reid)
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JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
Lesson 04
SUMMARY SKILLS
Hi everyone. Who remembers the filtration do not just use summary writing in school, so let
process experiment you did in one of your science us have a look at the practicality of summary in
classes? Today, we will use the analogy of the your everyday lives.
filtration process to help with your understanding Future use of summary skills:
of a summary. I know you would have covered  Research
this topic during your CSEC experience, so it is  Thesis
familiar. When you think about summary writing  Minutes for meetings
you better believe that you do it every day. Let  Delivering details of seminars
us say for example, you went to a movie that  Book review
your friend was not able to attend and then you  Movie review
decide to share the details of the movie. Can you  Opening/closing remarks in a case
realistically say everything that went on for the 90  Reports (field, academic, accounting.
minutes of the movie? Absolutely not! etc.)
WHAT IS A SUMMARY?
A summary is a shortened version of a text that

You did just that. You made a long story short highlights its key points.
by sharing only the main ideas about the movie
with your friend. That is the essence of doing a
summary. You take the salient points, and you
ensure that you retain the original meaning. We JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
What are some of the steps when doing

a summary?
 Read the passage twice and make
notes of main points/key words.
 State the main points using your own
words.
 Ensure you retain the same meaning as
the original passage, by checking your
summary against original.
Summary writing is a bit like the filtration process

where we use the sand and water experiment you
did some years ago.
When doing a summary, there are certain aspects
of the original passage that should not be included. See if you can summarise this passage in no more
One should delete examples, delete statistical than 20 words.
data as well as omit repetitions. EXAMPLE
 One of the basic techniques in summary When one hears the term “reality” applied to a
writing is to select the main idea or infer television show, one might expect that the events
it from the content of a speech or piece of occurred naturally or, at the least, were not scripted,
writing. The main idea is often stated in the but this is not always the case. Many reality shows
paragraph usually at the beginning or the occur in unreal environments, like rented mansions
end. Sometimes we have to infer what the occupied by film crews. These living environments
main idea is from the details provided in the do not reflect what most people understand to be
entire passage/paragraph. “reality.” Worse, there have been accusations that
 As you read each paragraph, try to make events not captured on film were later restaged
short notes on the main idea in each by producers. Worse still, some involved in the
paragraph. production of “reality” television claim that the
 After the notes have been made and all the participants were urged to act out story lines
extraneous information omitted, it is now premeditated by producers. With such accusations
time to combine all the main ideas. floating around, it’s no wonder many people take
 When combining the main ideas you should reality TV to be about as real as the sitcom.
check for clarity, organisation and retention
of the meaning in the original passage.
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page

(Retrieved from https://www.ereadingworksheets.

com/free-reading-worksheets/reading- Reference: Narinesingh, C., Narinesingh,
comprehension-worksheets/summarizing- U. (2005). A Comprehensive English
worksheets-and-activities/) Course:CXC English A. Macoya, Trinidad:
Royards Educational Books.
For Communication Studies, you will use your
summary writing skills to select salient information This is where we stop for this week, but we will
from the sources you will be using. You will get be getting into the communication process next
assignments and you cannot take everything from week. Goodbye for now and see you soon on our
your sources. As you read a journal, a newspaper
article or a book, please ensure you paraphrase
pertinent information that you will include in your site
responses. Do not forget to credit your sources as
you will be penalised for plagiarism.
You will also be using quite a few references for
your expository presentation, which forms a part ANSWER - PROPOSED SUMMARY
of your I.A., and again, you will need to condense
the information gathered. Reality TV shows are not very realistic because
Finally, in module 1 of your paper 2 exam, and they are filmed in unrealistic places, may contain
your listening comprehension on paper 1, you are restaged events, and may be scripted.
most times asked to state the main idea of the
passages given.
Aspects of today’s lesson were taken from the

text used for your CSEC preparation. If you do not Peta-Gaye Perkins is on the staff of
have your text, you may watch a few videos with The Queen’s School.
examples of passages and sentences that have  E-mail: perkins.pg@gmail.com
been summarised.
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page

JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page
Lesson 04
with
Jossett Kelly
SYSTEMS OF PRODUCTION
It is my hope that the first two lessons have been

SLASH AND BURN
helpful thus far. Take your time and read through
each lesson and then support what is presented
here with additional reading and practise
answering related questions.
Learning Outcomes:
1. State the systems of production.

2. Examine the various systems of production
that Caribbean people have experienced.
3. Discuss the importance of such systems in
helping to shape society and culture within the
Caribbean.
Let’s Get Started

This is a method of shifting agriculture, where the
WHAT ARE SYSTEMS OF PRODUCTIONS? natural vegetation is cut and burned as a method
of clearing the land for cultivation. Then, when
This refers to the ways in which an economy is
the plot becomes infertile, the farmer moves to
organised to produce commodities to sustain
a new fresh plot and does the same slash and
society. The economies of Caribbean countries
burn activity. It was a popular method used by the
over time have experienced various systems of
indigenous peoples, including the Taino and Maya,
production. These include
for cultivation of crops such as maize peppers and
► Slash and burn other provisions. This method helps to promote
sustainability by returning nutrients to the soil.
► Encomienda system Poor peasant farmers adopted this technique of
farming, especially in the period after slavery,
► Slavery and it is still employed today among farmers with
limited technology and resources to clear, fertilise
► Plantation system
and fumigate agricultural lands.
► Indentureship JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
ENCOMIENDA SLAVERY
A legal institution in which individuals are owned

by others who control every aspect of their lives
including what they do and where they live. This
system was introduced throughout the Americas,
first by the Spanish and expanded by the British
and was primarily concerned with a system of
production, bound with the cultivation of sugar and
the economic organisation of the plantation.
Slavery was a total institution meaning, it

determined all aspects of the lives of African
people, as well as the social and economic
A system of labour adopted by the Spanish, which arrangements of the plantation and by extension
was geared towards establishing Spain’s so called the society, and formed the basis of the plantation
cultural, social, racial superiority and dominance in society. Slavery shaped the lives of Africans
the New World. Spanish conquistadors, explorers, primarily by the attempts it made to dehumanise
governors, and select indigenous individuals, the African. Africans were regarded as ‘chattel’ or
were rewarded with grants of indigenous peoples property owned by the Europeans who had paid
for labour and to exact tribute from them in the for them. This attempt at dehumanisation was
form of gold or raw materials. In theory the done by suppressing the social and cultural ties,
“encomenderos” were to protect the indigenous which helped them to form an identity and sense
peoples and convert them to Catholicism. In of belonging.
practise, however, the encomenderos would
PLANTATION SYSTEM
gain control of significant parts of the indigenous
territory, and many failed to uphold their rules of
protecting the native peoples.
What was established as a system designed to

gain labour and protect the labour source, became
a system of state-sponsored enslavement of the
native population of the Americas.
The system became brutal and caused a
significant decline and eventually decimation of
the Taino population.
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

A system of production the Europeans used in their Theoretically, the labourer would secure free
colonial empires, where they brought different passage back to India after five years. Often
ethnic groups to live and work on plantations far recruited with false promises and misinformation,
from their homelands. It relied on the trade in workers had little recourse to justice, despite
enslaved Africans for labour supply and provided abuses and various forms of exploitation. They
raw materials for the third leg of the triangular were paid extremely low wages and were always
trade. It featured extensive cultivation of a single in debt to the company store, where they were
crop for export, emphasising earning huge profits coerced to buy goods with substandard living and
and repatriating the same back to Europe. “Each sanitation facilities.
plantation became a self-contained unit or total
institution catering to the needs of its resident They were not allowed to move around freely
population and ruled by men who had absolute and if caught some distance from the plantation
power of life and death over the enslaved they could be flogged, charged with vagrancy
population.” (Waterman p. 42). and jailed. If they attempted to run away, they
were hunted, charged with breach of contract and
INDENTURESHIP
returned to work. They were charged exorbitant
John Gladstone, fines, many died from malnutrition and suffered
a sugar plantation from malaria, yaws and dysentery.
owner in British
Guiana, led the Eventually the nationalist Indian movement brought
‘Great Experiment’. pressure on the British to discontinue immigration
This system was due to dissatisfaction of the treatment of Indians,
described as a ‘new so the British ended Indian indentureship in 1917
system of slavery’ (a similar situation happened in China were it
although the Indian ended in 1885).
and Chinese
immigrants were You can now do additional reading using this
not defined as lesson as your guide and then attempt the
chattel. The system question below.
saw the recruitment
of Indians and later Chinese immigrants. Each “The history of the Caribbean is a history of the
indentured labourer signed a contract, agreeing exploitation of labour.” Discuss with reference
to work for a plantation owner for the period to TWO of the following labour systems: (i)
of five years as a ‘free labourer’, in return for Encomienda (ii) Slavery (iii) Indentureship.
accommodation, food and medical attention.
Maharani’s Misery sheds new light on the or-
deal of indentured Indians, especially women, Jossett Kelly formerly of
as they crossed the oceans to labour on sugar The Hugh’s High School.
plantations in the Caribbean (and elsewhere) in  E-mail: Jossettkelly@gmail.com
the nineteenth century.
Lesson 04
with Akim Wallace
CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS –

PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
PART 2
Hello everyone, welcome to Part 2 of the Step 3:
Principle of Mathematical Induction lesson. Let us assume that the statement is true for n =
These can be a variety of questions and as such k+1
part 2 will seek to divulge across as many as p(k+1)
possible. p(n) = [1/(1 + 2)] + [1/(1 + 2 + 3)] + [1/(1 + 2 + 3
+ 4)] + · · · + [1/(1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + (k+1))] = (n
QUESTION 1
− 1)/(n + 1)
Using the Mathematical induction, show that for By applying (1) in this step, we get
any natural number n ≥ 2,
[1/(1 + 2)] + [1/(1 + 2 + 3)] + [1/(1 + 2 + 3 + 4)] +
· · · + [1/(1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n)] = (n − 1)/(n + 1)
SOLUTION:
Let p(n) = [1/(1 + 2)] + [1/(1 + 2 + 3)] + [1/(1 + 2
+ 3 + 4)] + · · · + [1/(1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n)] = (n
− 1)/(n + 1)
Step 1:
put n = 2
p(2) = p(n) = [1/(1 + 2)] = (2 − 1)/(2 + 1) k(k+1)/(k+1) (k+2) = k/(k+2)
1/3 = 1/3 k/(k+2) = k/(k+2)
Hence p(2) is true. Hence, by the principle of mathematical
induction n ≥ 2,
Step 2: [1/(1 + 2)] + [1/(1 + 2 + 3)] + [1/(1 + 2 + 3 + 4)] +
Let us assume that the statement is true for n = k · · · + [1/(1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n)] = (n − 1)/(n + 1)
p(k) = [1/(1 + 2)] + [1/(1 + 2 + 3)] + [1/(1 + 2 + 3
QUESTION 2
+ 4)] + · · · + [1/(1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + k)] = (k − 1)/
(k + 1) ----(1) Using the Mathematical induction, show that for
We need to show that P(k + 1) is true. Consider, any natural number n,

[1/(1.2.3)]+[1/(2.3.4)]+[1/(3.4.5)]+ · · · +[1/(n.(n + By expanding L.H.S, we get

1).(n + 2))] = (m(m2+6m+9) + 4)/4(m+1) (m+2) (m+3)
= n(n + 3)/4(n + 1)(n + 2) = (m3 + 6m2 + 9m + 4)/4(m+1) (m+2) (m+3)
= (m+1)2(m+4)/4(m+1) (m+2) (m+3)
= (m+1) (m+4)/4(m+1) (m+2)(m+3) --->R.H.S
SOLUTION:
Hence, by the principle of mathematical
Let p(n) = [1/(1.2.3)]+[1/(2.3.4)]+[1/(3.4.5)]+ · · · induction [1/(1.2.3)]+[1/(2.3.4)]+[1/(3.4.5)]+ · · ·
+[1/(n.(n + 1).(n + 2))] = n(n + 3)/4(n + 1)(n + 2) +[1/(n.(n + 1).(n + 2))]
= n(n + 3)/4(n + 1)(n + 2)
Step 1:
Put n = 1
QUESTION 3
[1/(1.(1 + 1).(1 + 2))] = 1(1 + 3)/4(1 + 1)(1 + 2)
1/(1.2.3) = 1(4)/4(2)(3) Using the Mathematical induction, show that for
1/(1.2.3) = 1/(1.2.3) any natural number n,
Hence p(1) is true. 1/(2.5) + 1/(5.8) + 1/(8.11) + · · · + 1/(3n − 1)(3n
+ 2) = n/(6n + 4)
Step 2:
SOLUTION:
Let us assume that the statement is true for n =
m Let p(n) = 1/(2.5) + 1/(5.8) + 1/(8.11) + · · · + 1/
[1/(1.2.3)]+[1/(2.3.4)]+[1/(3.4.5)]+ · · · +[1/ (3n − 1)(3n + 2) = n/(6n + 4)
(m.(m+1).(m+2))] = m(m + 3)/4(m + 1)(m +
2) --(1) Step 1:
We need to show that P(m + 1) is true. Consider, put n = 1
p(1) = p(n) = [1/(3 − 1)(3 + 2) = 1/(6 + 4)
Step 3: 1/2(5) = 1/10
Let us assume that the statement is true for n = 1/10 = 1/10
m+1 Hence p(1) is true.
p(m+1)
Step 2:
Let us assume that the statement is true for n = k
1/(2.5) + 1/(5.8) + 1/(8.11) + · · · + 1/(3K − 1)
(3K + 2) = K/(6K + 4)
We need to show that P(k + 1) is true. Consider,
Step 3:
k+1
p(k+1)

1/(2.5) + 1/(5.8) + 1/(8.11) + · · · + 1/(3K + 2) Then, LHS = 1(1!) = 1 . 1 = 1

(3K + 5) = (K+1)/(6K+10) And RHS = (1 + 1)! - 1 = 2! - 1 = 2 - 1 = 1
By applying (1) in this step, we get So, both LHS and RHS = 1 and equation is true
L.H.S at n = 1.
Hence p(1) is true.
Step 2:
put n = k,
The equation is assumed to be true, and is
1(1!) + 2(2!) + 3(3!) + ...... + k(k!) = (k+1)! - 1 -----
------- (1)
We need to show that P(k + 1) is true. Consider,
Step 3:
k+1
put n = k + 1,
= (k+1) (3k+2) / 2(3k+2) (3k+5) 1(1!) + 2(2!) + 3(3!) + ...... + k(k!) + (k+1) [(k+1)!]
= (k+1)/(6k+10) ----->R.H.S = [(k+1) +1]! - 1
for any natural number n, {1(1!) + 2(2!) + 3(3!) + ...... + k(k!)} + (k+1)
1/(2.5) + 1/(5.8) + 1/(8.11) + · · · + 1/(3n − 1)(3n [(k+1)!] = (k+2)! - 1
+ 2) = n/(6n + 4) {(k+1)! - 1} + (k+1) [(k+1)!] = (k+2)! - 1
(k+1)! + (k+1) [(k+1)!] - 1 = (k+2)! - 1
QUESTION 4
(k+1)! [ 1 + (k+1)] - 1 = (k+2)! - 1
Prove by Mathematical Induction that (k+1)! x (k+2) - 1 = (k+2)! - 1
1! + (2 × 2!) + (3 × 3!) + ... + (n × n!) = (n + 1)! − (k+2)! - 1 = (k+2)! - 1
1. Hence it is proved.
SOLUTION:
There will be Part 3 in the next lesson to cover a
Let p(n) = 1(1!) + 2(2!) + 3(3!) + ... + n(n!) = few more of these examples.
(n+1)! - 1
Akim Wallace teaches at STS Online,

Step 1:
www.accajamaica.com
Put n = 1,  E-mail: akimwallace@yahoo.com
p(n) = 1(1!) + 2(2!) + 3(3!) + ... + n(n!)
MANAGEMENT
OF BUSINESS Lesson 04
with
Jerome Pitterson
PRODUCTION METHODS
Hi everyone: In this method the product is made to the

Welcome to another lesson in the series. Last customer’s specification. This is usually done on
week we explored the different production design a small scale and there is greater interaction with
strategies and I hope you were able to complete the producer and the customer. Job production is
the advantages and disadvantages table given prevalent in areas such as dressmaking, wedding
as research. This week we are continuing our cakes, construction, and custom-built items
discussion on production. We will be discussing among others.
the different production methods and the situation This method can be advantageous for the firm,
in which each is most appropriate. but it also has some drawbacks. Please watch
the following YouTube video which outlines some
OBJECTIVES: of the advantages and disadvantages of the Job
Production method.
At the end of the lesson, students should be
able to:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
● Discuss each production method. v=2OIRKD_Gua8
● Discuss the factors that influence the type
of production method used by firms. BATCH PRODUCTION
This method of production allows groups of
products to go through the production process
at the same time. The manufacturing process
One of the important decisions that firms involved
involves different stages that the products in
in production must make is identifying and
the batch will go through. The step or stage of
using the best suited production method in their
production must be completed before the batch
business. To identify this ‘best suited’ method of
can move on to the next stage. Each batch of
production, firms must evaluate the advantages
products is given a batch number or code for ease
and disadvantages of each method of production.
of identification and isolation should something
For this objective, we will be exploring four
go wrong with a particular batch of products. This
methods of production namely, job, batch, flow,
production method is widely used in restaurants
and cell production.
and juice manufacturing industries, among others.
JOB PRODUCTION
JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continues on next page
JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continued from previous page
For an evaluation of this method of production, based on what is being produced, the assembly
including its advantages and disadvantages, line could be used in each cell.
please watch the following YouTube video: For an evaluation of cellular production please
watch the following YouTube video:
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=mWzF6PXs3Ms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M20O-w1tKIE
FLOW PRODUCTION WHICH METHOD SHOULD BE USED?

This method organises the production process Now that we have explored the four methods of
into a sequence of steps that each item being production, we can now explore which method
produced will undergo before moving on to the firms should use. The answer to this is not a clear
next step. Products are normally produced along cut one but will be dependent on a few things.
an assembly line. This method is popular in Some of which are:
the car manufacturing industry. The method is
especially used for mass producing standardised • Available technology
items. For flow production to be effective, the
products must be standardised so that the same • Set up cost of production facility.
machinery, equipment, and labour can be used • Nature of the good being produced.
to produce large quantities of the product. While
flow production speeds up production there are • The size of the target market.
disadvantages to using this method.
• Level of expected demand or sales
For an evaluation of this method of production,
inclusive of advantages and disadvantages,
please watch the following YouTube video:
PRACTICE QUESTION
Speedology Manufacturing Company is a
furniture making company that specialises in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZLq609hC9A making custom-built pieces for its customers. The
company has been doing well but the shareholders
The last method of production is explained below. have decided to expand its operations by including
While the new syllabus didn’t list this method, I a standardized product which would run alongside
still touched on it a bit just in case you see it in a its custom-built products. The Board of Directors
multiple choice question. of the company are deliberating on the best way
forward. Should they go with a batch production
CELLULAR PRODUCTION method, or a flow production method?
Using your knowledge in this area advise the
This is sometimes referred to as Cell Production.
board of directors on the following:
This method of production is sometimes used
closely with flow production. The factory is divided
1. Identity the method of production currently
into self-contained units known as cells which
being used. 1 mark
work on different aspects of the product. Each
cell is equipped with a team of workers and the
machinery and equipment necessary to complete
the requirement of that cell. In larger factories, and JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continues on next page
JOL MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS continued from previous page
2. Explain what batch production and flow We have come to the end of our lesson for this
production is. 4 marks week. Until we next speak, take very good care
of yourselves.
3. Based on the product being produced, ex-
plain to the directors which method would
be more suitable for this new operation. Jerome Pitterson is on staff at
10 marks Immaculate Conception High School
 E-mail: pittersonj@gmail.com
All the best with this question.

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LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

TAKING THE SHOT

ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

WE WELCOME COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS ►CALL: (876)936-9458 OR (876)401-7717 ►E-MAIL: asherk@jamaicaobserver.com

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page

Hello everyone. typically the first sentence of a paragraph but it

► The ability to paraphrase ✔ Titles, headings, and subheadings-

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

THE CARTESIAN PLANE

THE CARTESIAN PLANE

- The vertical axis is usually referred to as the

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

Each coordinate point on the graph to the left is

It is fairly easy to see how each point corresponds

MID POINT OF A LINE SEGMENT

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

LENGTH OF A LINE SEGMENT

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

The purple line has a positive gradient. Notice it

The green line has a negative gradient. Notice

The red line is a horizontal line. The gradient of

The black line is vertical. The gradient of such

For example, given y=-4x+5 , the gradient is -4 and the y-intercept is 5.

The diagram on the left shows three different

The purple line is the least steep of the three.

There is a legend on the upper right hand

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page

PARALLEL & PERPENDICULAR LINES

Step two: identify the gradient from the new equation

Charyl Gordon-Brown is on the staff of

● Explain how consumers use modern technology to conduct transactions.

● Explain the difference between financial transactions and Commercial transactions.

HOW CONSUMERS USE MODERN TECHNOLOGY TO CONDUCT TRANSACTIONS

Developments in communication technology have changed the way in which consumers:

► Acquire information about goods and services

► Purchase goods and services

► Conduct their banking transactions

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page

FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS

ABM / ATM BANKING CREDIT CARDS

Automated Banking Machines or 1. A credit card is used to purchase goods and

E-BANKING DEBIT CARDS/CHEQUING CARD

1. Allows customers to pay for goods and

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page

INSTRUCTION: Read the questions and 4. Consumers use _______ to conduct

2. This type of electronic transaction a) Purchasing a car

a) Consumer Transaction 6. Which of the following is changing the

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page

a) Deposit cheques/cash to their accounts

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING MODERN TECHNOLOGY TO CONDUCT TRANSACTIONS

1. Consumers have more choices 1. Consumers have to share their personal