##Database management systems

#Database System

- Database
• Collection of interrelated data stored in a meaningful way
• Organized and stored on a computer to be searched later

- Database management system (DBMS)

• Most Orgs are buying it from Microsoft or Oracle or some open source
project.
• Collection of computer programs that allow storage, modification,
and extraction of information from a database
• Provides tools for data input, verification, storage, retrieval, query,
and manipulation

- Database Model
• Describes relationships between data elements
• Used to represent the conceptual organization of data
• Formal method of representing information

- Hierarchical Database
• Stores related information in terms of predefined categorical
relationships in a tree-like fashion
• Information is traced from a major group to a subgroup and to
further subgroups
• It predetermines the access paths to data stored in the database

- Network Database

1. Hierarchical database structures data as a tree of records,

with each record having one parent record and many children

2. The network database model allows each record to have

multiple parent and child records, forming a lattice structure

• Allows for data relationships in a net-like form

- Object-Oriented Database
• Database that stores objects and entities containing both data
and the action (function, procedure) that can be taken on that data
• A database in which the operations carried out on information
items (data objects) are considered as part of their definition
• Allows modeling and creation of data as objects

- Relational Database
• Database in the form of tables having rows and columns to show
the relationships between items
• Each row/column position is always only one data value and not
a set of multiple values = Atomic
• Instances of data in a row are referred to as a record

- Database Models: Relational Components

1. Primary key
 • Uniquely identifies a row in a table
2. Attribute (column in a table)
3. Tuple (row in a table)
4. Foreign key:
• A foreign key contains the same value as a primary key of another
table and has an established relationship with that primary key
• Foreign key/primary key relationships define a relational join (link)

- Database Integrity

1. Entity integrity
• No primary key attribute can have a null value
• Primary key value must be unique
- Primary key = Unique identifier for a set of values

2. Referential integrity
• When there is a relationship between two entities, those entities
need to actually exist
• No record can contain a reference to a key of a nonexistent record
- Issues can arise when there are several records deleted that
contain a referenced primary key
- A database has referential integrity if all foreign keys reference
existing primary keys

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#Q/A

Q1. Which of the following is a commonly used implementation of

a hierarchical database?

A1- Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

*Most Hierarchical databases follow the X.500 standard design and are
accessed by the Lightweight version of the original DAP protocol, LDAP.
These databases are often referred to as "LDAP" databases. UNIX is a family
of Operating Systems. XWindows is a windowing and Graphical User Interface (GUI)
service for several Operating Systems. IMAP is a mailbox retrieval protocol.

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Q2. An IS Director is considering using a cloud-based email service provider.
Which cloud service model best represents this?

A2- Software as a Service (SaaS)

*Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings provide the customer the finished

product as a service. All the maintenance of the infrastructure,
Operating System, Databases, storage, etc. is handled by the SaaS provider.
Platform as a service (PaaS) is a form of cloud computing that allows customers
to manage applications without managing the infrastructure in-house.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that provides
virtualized computing resources. Identity-as-a-Service ("IDaaS")
is a cloud-based service that provides a
set of identity and access management functions.

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Q3. Which component of an operating system fetches the programming code,
interprets it, and oversees the execution of the different instruction sets?
A3- Control unit

*The control unit is the component of the operating system that fetches
the programming code, interprets it, and oversees the execution of the different
instruction sets. The control unit acts as the traffic cop moving information
in and out of registers to and from the ALU.

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Q4. The idea that you can take some tasks and break them down into subtasks
that can be processed independently, meaning on different systems,
is which form of computing?

A4- Parallel

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Q5. Registers, ALU, and the control unit are components of -----?

A5- CPU