Transmission and Switching Systems

(TE-405)
(3+1)
Instructor : Engr. Iqra Jabeen
Email: Iqra.Jabeen@uettaxila.edu.pk
Circuit-Switching Concepts
• Blocking vs Non-blocking
• Relates to the capability of making connections.
• A blocking network is one in which blocking is possible.
• Blocking means that even if two parties are free, they cannot call one
another because of congestion in the switch (“All circuits are busy, try
later!!”).
• If one or both parties are busy, then it is not a case of blocking.
• A non-blocking network permits all stations to be connected (in pairs)
as long as the stations are not in use.
Circuit Switching Concepts
• To perform this type of switching two types of switches are used. They are:
• Space Division Switches
• Time Division switches
Space Division Switches
• The switching system where any channel of one of its incoming PCM
highway is connected to any channel of an outgoing PCM highway, where
both of them are spatially separated is called the Space Division Switching.
• Signal paths are physically separate from one another (i.e. divided in
space).
• Single-stage
• Multi-stage
Multistage Switching

• Crossbar switches are combined in several stages

• Design decisions
• The number of stages and the number of switches in each stage
• Example – 15 x 15 crossbar switch
• Multiple Paths
• Multistage switches provide several options for connecting each pair of linked
devices
Multistage Switch
• Reduced number of cross points
• More than one path through network
• Increased reliability
• More complex control
• May be blocking
Time Division Switching
• Definition: A circuit-switching technique in which time slots in a time-
multiplexed stream of data are manipulated to pass data from an input to an
output.
• Methods use in Time division Switching
• Time Slot Inter Change
• TDM Bus
TDM Bus
• The input and output lines are connected to a high-speed bus
through input and output gates.
• Each input line is assigned a time slot.
• During the time slot allocation, the input line is enabled as well as
output line.
• Then the data is "burst" across.
• The pair of gates allows a brust of data to be transferred from one
specific input line to one specific output line using the bus
Time Slot Interchanger
• TSI consists of Random-Access memory (RAM) with several memory
locations. The size of each location is same as the size of single time
slot.
• The number if locations is same as number of inputs.
• The RAM fills up with incoming data from the time slots in the order
received.
• Slots are then sent out in an order based on the decisions of the
control circuit.
Time Slot Interchanger
• TSI changes the ordering of the slots based on the desired connections
• TSI switch may be designed to be expanding or concentrating.
• In such switches, the number of time slots(samples) per frame in the input
stream(M1) and in the output stream (M2) are different.
• If M2 > M1 then the switch is expanding
• For an expanding switch, the output bit rate is higher and for a concentrating
switch, the input bit rate is higher.
Both Time and Space Switching Needed

• Both time and space switching is required in large (greater than 10,000) digital
switching offices because with the current technology, a time slot interchange
(TSI) cannot be built fast enough to handle more than 1000-2000 lines.

1 Inlet Inlet 1
Memory Memory

2 Inlet Inlet 2
Memory Space Memory
Switch

N Inlet Inlet N
Memory Memory

TST
• STS – simpler control requirements
• TST – better for large switches with heavy load traffic (ie. No.4
ESS can service over 100,000 lines)
• (TSM: Time Switch Module)

TSM
1 1

TSM
Nxk Nxk

N N

TSM

STS
Space-Time-Space (STS) switching
• One objective in the design of a modern digital switching system is to re-duce costs and
improve the switching efficiency of the fabric.
• Obviously there is a practical limit to the size of a single switching stage that can be
effectively utilized. At present, various combinations of S switches and T switches are
used to accomplish the above objective.
• One combination uses an S switch followed by a T switch and a final S switch. This
arrangement, referred to as STS fabric.
• This particular arrangement depicts N x M (meaning N inputs and M outputs) size, with
NS switches separated by MT switches.
• In an STS switching fabric, a path through the network is established via smart network
controllers that link an incoming time slot with an outgoing time slot. This type of time
slot linkage is then dynamically updated throughout the duration of a call.
Space Time Space Switch
Time Space Time Switching (TST)
• One of the most popular switching fabric arrangements currently deployed by
digital switching systems is based on time-space-time (TST) architecture.
• An incoming time slot enters a T switch; a path is hunted through the S switch for
an appropriate outgoing time slot; and once identified, the path through the
switching fabric is established and dynamically updated throughout the duration
of the call.
• One of the basic advantages of the TST architecture over the STS architecture is
that it can be implemented at a lower cost, since T switches are less expensive
than S switches and under heavy traffic offer more efficient utilization of time
slots with lower blocking probabilities.
Time Space Time Switch
TST VS STS
Switching Network Design Parameters
Switching Network Design Parameters
Switching Network Design Parameters
Switching Networks
• The basic function of exchange is making (switching ) a connection between
calling and called subscriber.
• Based on inlets and outlets switching networks can be classified as;
• Single stage network
• Two stage network
• Three stage network
• Four Stage network
Single stage network
A single stage switch block for “n” subscribers basically consist of nxn matrix. Each
of n-subscribers is to be connected to remaining n-1 subscribers using cross points.
Single stage network
• M inlets and N outlets consists of matrix of cross-points. These are separate
relays or electronic devices of a cross bar switch.
Drawbacks
• Large number of cross points are needed.
• At a time only one cross point in row and column is used.
• If there exist a defect between called subscriber and
calling subscriber no alternative path is available for
sending and receiving information.
 M N
Switching Networks SN=16

• The figure shows M inlets and N outlets, consisting of matrix of cross-points,

these may be separate relays or electronics devices or contacts of cross-points.
• This switch gives full availability, with no call lost unless outgoing trunks are
congested.
• The system contains M Χ N cross-points. If M = N then number of cross-points is :
C1 = N² N=4
• The cost increased as the square of the size of the switch.
• The efficiency (N/N² = I/N ) decreases inversely with N.
• It is uneconomical to use single stage network for large number of inlets and
outlets.
Switching Network
• For example, a switch with 100 inlets and 100 outlets requires 10, 000 cross-
points and only 1% of these can be used at any time.
• Thus for making connections between large number of trunks are constructed as
network containing several stages of switches.
Two Stage Switching Network
Two Stage Switching Network
Two Stage Switching Network
Two Stage Switching Network
Two Stage Switching Network
Two Stage Switching Network
• Select one of nearest integer to n that is factor of N. Crossbar switch may be of
size 10 Χ 10 or 10 Χ 20 .
• It is economic to use the network with more than two stages
Example (5.3) (J. E. Flood Book)
Design a two-stage network for connecting 200 incoming trunks to 200 outgoing
trunks.
Solution
Let n = √200 = 14.14 ,however n must be factor 200, so nearest possible values
are n= 10 and n= 20 . Two possible networks are shown below:
Two possible networks are shown above , each containing 6000 trunks . The network of (a) suitable
for 20 outgoing routes each having 10 trunks and fig (b) is suitable for 10 outgoing routes each
having 20 trunks.
Three Stage Switching Network
Three Stage Switching Network
• There is one link from each primary switch to each secondary switch and one link
from each secondary switch to each tertiary switch.
• A connection from given inlet on primary switch to a selected outlet tertiary
switch may be made via secondary switch, unless its link to primary or its link to
secondary switch is busy.
• The call can be set up unless this condition applies simultaneously to every
secondary switch.
• The probability of being unable to set up a connection because of blocking is thus
much less than for a two-stage network.
• If the three stage network has N incoming trunks and N outgoing trunks and
primary switch with n inlets and secondary switch with n outlets.