Module-1 Arttificial Intelligence

Introduction to AI & ML (22ESC147)-Module-I
CONTENTS
Introduction, Brief History, Intelligent Systems, Categorization

of Intelligent Systems, Components of AI Program, Foundations
of AI, Sub-areas of AI, Applications, Development of AI
Languages, Current Trends in AI, Future of AI.
Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Asst. Prof., Dept. of AI & DS, Sharnbasva University
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a method of making a computer, a computer-controlled

robot, or a software think intelligently like the human mind. AI is accomplished by studying
the patterns of the human brain and by analyzing the cognitive process. The outcome of these
studies develops intelligent software and systems.
It involves the development of algorithms and computer programs that can perform
tasks that typically require human intelligence such as visual perception, speech recognition,
decision-making, and language translation. AI has the potential to revolutionize many
industries and has a wide range of applications, from virtual personal assistants to self-driving
cars.
Brief History of Artificial Intelligence
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Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
❖ Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
❖ Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection
strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
❖ Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to
exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
❖ Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had
proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some
theorems.
❖ Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as
an academic field.
❖ At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were
invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
❖ Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which
was named as ELIZA.
❖ Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named
as WABOT-1.
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The first AI winter (1974-1980)
❖ The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of
funding from government for AI researches.
❖ During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
A boom of AI (1980-1987)
❖ Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
❖ In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
The second AI winter (1987-1993)
❖ The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
❖ Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost
but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.
The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
❖ Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
❖ Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
cleaner.
❖ Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
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Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
❖ Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had
to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could
understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
❖ Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was
able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
❖ Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the
infamous "Turing test."
❖ Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed extremely well.
❖ Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and
which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice
that she was talking with the machine.
❖ Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data,
and data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google,
Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The
future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.
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Intelligent system:
“An intelligent system operates in an environment with other agents, possesses
cognitive capabilities such as perception, action control, deliberative reasoning or
language, follows principles of behavior based on rationality and social norms, and has the
ability to adapt by learning."
Categorization of Intelligent Systems:(Types of AI)
Based on the functionality of AI-based systems, AI can be categorized into the following
types:
1.Reactive Machines AI
2.Limited Memory AI
3.Theory of Mind AI
4. Self-aware AI
1. Reactive Machine AI
Reactive machines are AI systems with no memory and are designed to perform a very
specific task. Since they can’t recollect previous outcomes or decisions, they only work with
presently available data. Reactive AI stems from statistical math and can analyze vast amounts
of data to produce a seemingly intelligence output.
Examples of Reactive Machine AI
❖ IBM Deep Blue: IBM’s chess-playing supercomputer AI beat chess grandmaster Garry
Kasparov in the late 1990s by analyzing the pieces on the board and predicting the
probable outcomes of each move
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❖ The Netflix Recommendation Engine: Netflix’s viewing recommendations are powered

by models that process data sets collected from viewing history to provide customers
with content they’re most likely to enjoy
2. Limited Memory AI
Unlike Reactive Machine AI, this form of AI can recall past events and outcomes and
monitor specific objects or situations over time. Limited Memory AI can use past- and present-
moment data to decide on a course of action most likely to help achieve a desired outcome.
However, while Limited Memory AI can use past data for a specific amount of time, it can’t
retain that data in a library of past experiences to use over a long-term period. As it’s trained
on more data over time, Limited Memory AI can improve in performance.
Examples of Limited Memory AI

❖ Generative AI: Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, Bard and DeepAI rely on limited
memory AI capabilities to predict the next word, phrase or visual element within the
content it’s generating
❖ Virtual assistants and chatbots: Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant, Cortana and IBM Watson
Assistant combine natural language processing (NLP) and Limited Memory AI to
understand questions and requests, take appropriate actions and compose responses
❖ Self-driving cars: Autonomous vehicles use Limited Memory AI to understand the
world around them in real-time and make informed decisions on when to apply speed,
brake, make a turn, etc.
3. Theory of Mind AI
Theory of Mind AI is a functional class of AI that falls underneath the General AI.
Though an unrealized form of AI today, AI with Theory of Mind functionality would
understand the thoughts and emotions of other entities. This understanding can affect how the
AI interacts with those around them. In theory, this would allow the AI to simulate human-like
relationships. Because Theory of Mind AI could infer human motives and reasoning, it would
personalize its interactions with individuals based on their unique emotional needs and
intentions. Theory of Mind AI would also be able to understand and contextualize artwork and
essays, which today’s generative AI tools are unable to do.
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Emotion AI is a theory of mind AI currently in development. AI researchers hope it will have

the ability to analyze voices, images and other kinds of data to recognize, simulate, monitor
and respond appropriately to humans on an emotional level. To date, Emotion AI is unable to
understand and respond to human feelings.
4. Self-Aware AI
Self-Aware AI is a kind of functional AI class for applications that would possess super
AI capabilities. Like theory of mind AI, Self-Aware AI is strictly theoretical. If ever achieved,
it would have the ability to understand its own internal conditions and traits along with human
emotions and thoughts. It would also have its own set of emotions, needs and beliefs.
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Components of AI Program
• Reasoning
• Learning
• Problem Solving
• Perception
• Linguistic Intelligence
• Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement,
making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types −
Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning
It starts with a general statement and

It conducts specific observations to
examines the possibilities to reach a
makes broad general statements.
specific, logical conclusion.
Even if all of the premises are true in a If something is true of a class of

statement, inductive reasoning allows things in general, it is also true for all
for the conclusion to be false. members of that class.
Example − "All women of age above

Example − "Nita is a teacher. Nita is
60 years are grandmothers. Shalini is
studious. Therefore, All teachers are
65 years. Therefore, Shalini is a
studious."
grandmother."
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• Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising, being

taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of
the study.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled systems.
Learning is categorized as −
❖ Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For example,
students listening to recorded audio lectures.
❖ Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of events that one
has witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.
❖ Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example,
picking objects, Writing, etc.
❖ Observational Learning − To learn by watching and imitating others. For
example, child tries to learn by mimicking her parent.
❖ Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen
before. For example, identifying and classifying objects and situations.
❖ Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate among various
stimuli on the basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties. For
Example, Adding ‘little less’ salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came up
salty last time, when cooked with adding say a tablespoon of salt.
❖ Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors,
maps, etc. For Example, A person can create roadmap in mind before actually
following the road.
❖ Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a particular behavior
when a certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing
doorbell.
• Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a
desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by
known or unknown hurdles.
Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the
best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are
available.
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• Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing

sensory information.
Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the
domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in
a meaningful manner.
• Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the
verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.
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Foundations of AI
1. Philosophy (423 BC - present):

• Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
• How does the mind arise from a physical brain?
• Where does knowledge come from?
• How does knowledge lead to action?
- Logic, methods of reasoning.
- Mind as a physical system.
- Foundations of learning, language, and rationality
2. Mathematics (c.800 - present):
• What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
• What can be computed?
• How do we reason with uncertain information?
• Three areas developed– Logic, Computation and Probability
• A) Formal representation and proof
• Development of Formal logic
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• 1) Propositional or Boolean logic

• 2) Development of First-Order logic by extending the Boolean logic to include
objects and relations
• B) Algorithms, computation, decidability, tractability
• First algorithm was developed - Euclid’s algorithm for computing GCD
• C) Probability – Baye’s rule is the underlying approach for uncertain reasoning in AI

systems.
3. Economics :
• How should we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
• How should we do this when others may not go along?
• How should we do this when the pay off may be far in the future ?
• Decision theory
• Game theory
• Operations Research
• Markov Decision Processes
4. Neuroscience:
• The study of nervous system, particularly the brain
• The exact way in which the brain enables thought is unknown
• However, it does enable thought has the evidence
• “A strong blow to the head can lead to mental incapacitation”
• Neurons – Brain consists of nerve cells or neurons
• There is no theory on how an individual memory is stored
• A collection of simple cells can lead to thought, action, consciousness that “brains
cause minds”
• The parts of a nerve cell or neuron.
• Each neuron consists of a cell body or soma, that contains a cell nucleus.
• Branching out from the cell body are a number of fibers called dendrites and a single
long fiber called the axon.
• A neuron makes connections with 10 to 100,000 other neurons at junctions called
synapses.
• Signals are propagated from neuron to neuron by a complicated electrochemical
reaction.
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• The signals control brain activity in the short term and also enable long-term changes
in the connectivity of neuron.
• These mechanisms are thought to form the basis for learning in the brain.
• Brains and digital computers have somewhat different properties.
• computers have a cycle time that is a million times faster than a brain.
• The brain makes up for that with far more storage and interconnection than even a high-
end personal computer
• The largest supercomputers have a capacity that is similar to the brain's.
• Even with a computer of virtually unlimited capacity, we still would not know how to
achieve the brain's level of intelligence
5. Psychology (1879 - present):
• How do humans and animals think and act?
- Adaptation.
- Phenomena of perception and motor control.
- Experimental techniques.
6. Computer Engineering:
• How can we build an efficient computer?
• For artificial intelligence to succeed, we need two things:
• intelligence and an artifact.
• The computer has been the artifact of choice
• Each generation of computer hardware has brought an increase in speed and capacity
and a decrease in price
• In 2005 power dissipation problems led to multiply the number of CPU cores rather
than the clock speed.
• Current expectations are that future increases in power will come from massive
parallelism
– Convergence with the properties of the brain.
– The software side of computer science has supplied AI with:
The operating systems, programming languages, and tools needed to write modem programs
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7. Control theory and cybernetics:

• How can artifacts operate under their own control?
– Previous Assumption: Only living things could modify their behavior in
response to changes in the environment
– Machines can modify their behavior in response to the environment
(sense/action loop)
– Ex: Water-flow regulator, steam engine governor, thermostat
• The theory of stable feedback systems (1894)
• Build systems that transition from initial state to goal state with
minimum energy
• In 1950, control theory could only describe linear systems
8. Linguistics (1957 - present):

- How does language relate to thought?
• Knowledge representation: the study of how to put knowledge into a form that a
computer can reason with
• Grammar
• Speech demonstrates human intelligence
– Analysis of human language reveals thought taking place in ways not
understood in other settings
• Language and thought are believed to be tightly intertwined
• Modern linguistics and AI intersect in a hybrid field called computational linguistics or
natural language processing .
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Sub Area of AI.
Machine Learning
Machine learning is a part of AI which provides intelligence to machines with the ability
to automatically learn with experiences without being explicitly programmed.
❖ It is primarily concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow the
system to learn from historical data.
❖ Machine Learning is based on the idea that machines can learn from past data, identify
patterns, and make decisions using algorithms.
❖ Machine learning algorithms are designed in such a way that they can learn and improve
their performance automatically.
❖ Machine learning helps in discovering patterns in data.
Natural Language processing

Natural language processing is a subfield of computer science and artificial intelligence.
NLP enables a computer system to understand and process human language such as English.
LP plays an important role in AI as without NLP, AI agent cannot work on human instructions,
but with the help of NLP, we can instruct an AI system on our language. Today we are all
around AI, and as well as NLP, we can easily ask Siri, Google or Cortana to help us in our
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language. Natural language processing application enables a user to communicate with the
system in their own words directly.
The Input and output of NLP applications can be in two forms:
o Speech
o Text
Expert Systems
❖ An expert system is an application of artificial intelligence. In artificial intelligence,
expert systems are the computer programs that rely on obtaining the knowledge of
human experts and programming that knowledge into a system.
❖ Expert systems emulate the decision-making ability of human experts. These systems
are designed to solve the complex problem through bodies of knowledge rather than
conventional procedural code.
❖ One of the examples of an expert system is a Suggestion for the spelling error while
typing in the Google search box.
Robotics
❖ Robotics is a branch of artificial intelligence and engineering which is used for
designing and manufacturing of robots.
❖ Robots are the programmed machines which can perform a series of actions
automatically or semi-automatically.
❖ AI can be applied to robots to make intelligent robots which can perform the task with
their intelligence. AI algorithms are necessary to allow a robot to perform more
complex tasks.
❖ Nowadays, AI and machine learning are being applied on robots to manufacture
intelligent robots which can also interact socially like humans. One of the best examples
of AI in robotics is Sophia robot
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Machine Vision
❖ Machine vision is an application of computer vision which enables a machine to
recognize the object.
❖ Machine vision captures and analyses visual information using one or more video
cameras, analog-to-digital conversations, and digital signal processing.
❖ Machine vision systems are programmed to perform narrowly defined tasks such as
counting objects, reading the serial number, etc.
❖ Computer systems do not see in the same way as human eyes can see, but it is also not
bounded by human limitations such as to see through the wall.
❖ With the help of machine learning and machine vision, an AI agent can be able to see
through walls.
Speech Recognition:
Speech recognition is a technology which enables a machine to understand the spoken
language and translate into a machine-readable format. It can also be said as automatic Speech
recognition and computer speech recognition. It is a way to talk with a computer, and on the
basis of that command, a computer can perform a specific task.
There is some speech recognition software which has a limited vocabulary of words
and phrase. This software requires unambiguous spoken language to understand and perform
specific task. Today's there are various software or devices which contains speech recognition
technology such as Cortana, Google virtual assistant, Apple Siri, etc.
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Applications of AI:
1. AI in Astronomy
❖ Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin,
etc.
2. AI in Healthcare
❖ In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry
and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
❖ Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
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3. AI in Gaming
❖ AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like
chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance
❖ AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security
❖ The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and
cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. AI in Social Media
❖ Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize
and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest
trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport

❖ AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels,
flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered
chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry
❖ Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
❖ Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.
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9. AI in Robotics:
❖ Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI,
we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences
without pre-programmed.
❖ Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and
behave like humans.
10. AI in Entertainment
❖ We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms,
these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture
❖ Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best
result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
❖ AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even brand.
13. AI in Education:
❖ AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
❖ AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.
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Development of AI Languages:
Artificial Intelligence has become an important part of human life as we are now highly
dependent on machines. Artificial Intelligence is a very important technology to develop and
build new computer programs and systems, which can be used to simulate various intelligence
processes like learning, reasoning, etc.
❖ Python
❖ R
❖ Lisp
❖ Java
❖ C++
❖ Julia
❖ Prolog
1. Python
Python is one of the most powerful and easy programming languages that anyone can
start to learn. Python is initially developed in the early stage of 1991. Most of the developers
and programmers choose Python as their favourite programming language for
developing Artificial Intelligence solutions. Python is worldwide popular among all developers
and experts because it has more career opportunities than any other programming language.
Features of Python
❖ It is easy to learn than any other programming language.
❖ It is also a dynamically-typed language.
❖ Python is an Object-oriented language.
❖ It provides extensive community support and a framework for ML and DL.
❖ Open-source.
❖ Large standard sets of libraries.
❖ Interpreted language.
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2. Java
Java is also the most widely used programming language by all developers and
programmers to develop machine learning solutions and enterprise development. Similar to
Python, Java is also a platform-independent language as it can also be easily implemented on
various platforms. Further, Java is an object-oriented and scalable programming language. Java
allows virtual machine technology that helps to create a single version of the app and provides
support to your business. The best thing about Java is once it is written and compiled on one
platform, then you do not need to compile it again and again. This is known as WORA (Once
Written Read/Run Anywhere) principle.
Features of Java
Java has so many features which make Java best in industry and to develop artificial
intelligence applications:
❖ Portability
❖ Cross-platform.
❖ Easy to learn and use.
❖ Easy-to-code Algorithms.
❖ Built-in garbage collector.
❖ Swing and Standard Widget Toolkit.
❖ Simplified work with large-scale projects.
❖ Better user interaction.
❖ Easy to debug.
3. Prolog
Prolog is one of the oldest programming languages used for Artificial Intelligence
solutions. Prolog stands for "Programming in Logic", which was developed by French
scientist Alain Colmerauer in 1970.
For AI programming in Prolog, developers need to define the rules, facts, and the end goal.
After defining these three, the prolog tries to discover the connection between them.
Programming in AI using Prolog is different and has several advantages and disadvantages.
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Features of Prolog
❖ Supports basic mechanisms such as
❖ Pattern Matching,
❖ Tree-based data structuring, and
❖ Automatic backtracking.
❖ Prolog is a declarative language rather than imperative.
4. Lisp
Lisp has been around for a very long time and has been widely used for scientific
research in the fields of natural languages, theorem proofs, and to solve artificial intelligence
problems. Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for programs but
eventually became a top choice of developers in the field of AI.
Features of LISP
❖ The program can be easily modified, similar to data.
❖ Make use of recursion for control structure rather than iteration.
❖ Garbage Collection is necessary.
❖ We can easily execute data structures as programs.
❖ An object can be created dynamically.
5. R
R is one of the great languages for statistical processing in programming. However, R
supports free, open-source programming language for data analysis purposes. It may not be the
perfect language for AI, but it provides great performance while dealing with large numbers.
Features of R programming
❖ R is an open-source programming language, which is free of cost, and also you can add
packages for other functionalities.
❖ R provides strong & interactive graphics capability to users.
❖ It enables you to perform complex statistical calculations.
❖ It is widely used in machine learning and AI due to its high-performance capabilities.
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6. Julia
Julia is one of the newer languages on the list and was created to focus on performance
computing in scientific and technical fields. Julia includes several features that directly apply
to AI programming. Julia is a comparatively new language, which is mainly suited for
numerical analysis and computational science. It contains several features that can be very
helpful in AI programming.
Features of Julia
❖ Common numeric data types.
❖ Arbitrary precision values.
❖ Robust mathematical functions.
❖ Tuples, dictionaries, and code introspection.
❖ Built-in package manager.
❖ Dynamic type system.
❖ Ability to work for both parallel and distributed computing.
❖ Macros and metaprogramming capabilities.
❖ Support for multiple dispatches.
❖ Support for C functions.
7. C++
C++ language has been present for so long around, but still being a top and popular
programming language among developers. It provides better handling for AI models while
developing.
Although C++ may not be the first choice of developers for AI programming, various machine
learning and deep learning libraries are written in the C++ language.
Features of C++
❖ C++ is one of the fastest languages, and it can be used in statistical techniques.
❖ It can be used with ML algorithms for fast execution.
❖ Most of the libraries and packages available for Machine learning and AI are written in
C++.
❖ It is a user friendly and simple language.
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Current Trends in AI:

1. DALL-E
❖ In terms of artificial intelligence, this tool is getting considered one of the most
advanced systems on the market for creating images. The system works as you can
create hyperrealistic photographs or artwork by typing a description.
❖ DALL-E is currently unavailable to the public. Researchers, academics, journalists,
and artist testers are the only ones who can access to use this system.
❖ The company has recently announced that it will invite more people to the event. As
it moves from research to beta, the company plans to accept 1 million people from
its waiting list.
2. Google Imagen
❖ Imagen is a new text-to-image AI from Google Research. This system creates
photorealistic images based on the input text.
❖ Using text input, Google has demonstrated an artificial intelligence system that can
generate images. Using AI, users can enter any descriptive text and have it turned
into an image. Developed by the Google Brain Team, the Imagen diffusion model
delivers “unprecedented levels of photorealistic precision and language
understanding.”
❖ The Imagen is currently not available publicly, but Google has shared several
examples of how this AI system works. In order to evaluate the performance of the
text-to-image model, Google created a benchmark named DrawBench that is
comprehensive and challenging. With this DrawBench, Imagen can get compared to
VQ-GAN+CLIP, DALL-E 2, and Latent Diffusion Models. According to
DrawBench, humans prefer Imagen compared to its rivals.
3. Conversational AI
❖ Conversational AI is a trending technology that enables speech-based interaction
between users and platforms. It is used for better engagement. It requires software
such as speech recognition, speech synthesis, NLP (natural language processing),
and ML.
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❖ Back in 2021, research from ReportLinker concluded that the conversational AI

market size will grow from US$6.8 billion to US$18.4 billion by the year 2026.
❖ This technology is mainly getting used in AI-based customer support service,
continuous customer engagement, and chatbots.
4. AI-Based Cybersecurity
❖ The World Economic Forum recently declared cybercrime as a potential risk to
global wealth and requested all countries to oppose it.
❖ As cyberattacks are growing, AI is helping cybersecurity operation analysts to face
them and stay ahead of threats. AI technologies like Threat Intelligence, ML, and
NLP are learning continuously from millions of research papers and blogs to provide
a rapid solution to cut down the attack.
❖ As our life is incomplete without machines, we are becoming vulnerable
to cybercrimes. The main reason behind this is that our devices are connected to the
internet and giving an opportunity for the attacker to exploit its loopholes. To prevent
this, AI can play a vital role in tracking suspicious activity by network traffic pattern
analysis.
5. AI Analytics
❖ AI analytics, with the help of ML algorithms, keeps monitoring and analyzing a large
amount of data to automate the work normally done by the data analyst. In other
words, analytics is a process of taking raw data as input and applying some data
analysis methods to result in meaningful data patterns.
❖ It is a subset of Business Intelligence that uses ML techniques to find new data
patterns and relations between them. The goal behind this is not to replace human
data analysts but to improve speed, performance, and productivity.
❖ Augmented analytics is another form of analytics that could be the future of
analytics. It uses AI and ML to monitor and discover data patterns without any help
from data scientists. Sectors such as forecasting demand, predictive maintenance,
and business monitoring are the businesses that leverage AI analytics the most.
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6. Computer Vision Technology in Businesses

❖ Computer vision is the most in-demand feature among businesses. According to a
survey by Gartner, one-third of the technology service provider computer vision
companies with AI technology are planning to invest $1 million or more in AI-based
technology in the next two years.
❖ The same survey concluded that an average of US$679000 will get invested in the
computer vision industry. AI in the computer vision field deals with the machine to
understand images and videos.
❖ These AI algorithms with computer vision work similarly to human imagery. and are
generally trained to track, observe and understand the object and learn patterns to
identify and classify different objects using complex data sets.
7. Natural Language Processing

❖ Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the heart of the text generation method. It
allows the computer to understand the meaning of human spoken text or speech. AI
assistants like Google Assistant, Siri, Alexa, and Microsoft’s Cortana are the best
examples of NLP.
❖ Tech AI companies like Google and Microsoft use the NLP-based BERT model for
their search engine to work smoothly. This model helps technologies like AI
assistants to understand what people are saying and respond accordingly.
❖ The advanced feature of NLP like OpenAI’s Generative Pretrained Transformer, or
GPT-3, is a machine learning model powered by neural networks that generate any
text from internet data. The system produces large volumes of relevant and
sophisticated machine-generated text with a small amount of input text.
❖ It can create significant amounts of quality data with only a small amount of input
text. The GPT-3 can get used to create articles, stories, news reports, poetry, and
dialogue.
❖ The NLP program automates the translation process between human-understandable
language and computer language. To perform this operation, it manipulates
unstructured data or words in the form of conversion and processes it.
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8. AI for Content Generation

❖ Today AI content creation platforms offer writing system-generated content like blog
posts and marketing email copy. The process includes the human giving AI a prompt
like keywords and a short description of their content needs. The machine then
generates multiple pieces of content in a few seconds.
❖ As a result, you will have many pieces of content in no time compared to human
writers. There are multiple AI content generation tools available, and most are free
to use. These tools are capable of writing all sorts of content.
9. No-code Apps
❖ No-code AI platforms are taking place in this growing industry. It allows small
companies to use various powerful technological tools only available to large
enterprises.
❖ Developing AI-based models from scratch requires time and knowledge in that area.
That’s where no-code platforms come into the limelight. This platform simplifies the
hard tasks by reducing the entry barrier.
❖ Google Cloud auto ML, Google ML Kit, CreateML, MakeML, and SuperAnnotate
are the most demanding no-code AI platforms you can take leverage with according
to your need.
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Future of AI:
1. Healthcare
❖ The healthcare industry is bound to witness a drastic change.
❖ Artificially Intelligent robots would be employed for performing complex

surgeries with a high degree of precision. It puts consumers on top of things like health
and well-being.
❖ Additionally, AI increases the power for healthcare professionals to try understand the
day-to-day patterns and wishes of the people they look after.
❖ Thereupon understanding they’re ready to provide better feedback, guidance and

support for staying healthy.
❖ AI would also be developed in wearable devices like watches and wrist bands to
monitor the human body and predict any diseases if any.
2. Autonomous Vehicles
❖ Everyone these days is all hyped about “Autonomous Vehicles”. Level 2.0 Autonomy
has already been achieved by Tesla. Autonomous driving is one among the key
application areas of AI.
❖ Autonomous vehicles (AV) are equipped with multiple sensors, like cameras, radars
and lidar, which help them better understand the environment and in path planning.
❖ These sensors generate a huge amount of knowledge
30
❖ Once autonomous vehicles would be on road, cab services like Uber and Ola would be
driverless. This would change the way transport industry functions.
❖ The Autonomous Vehicle Market being driven by AI is projected to have a valuation

of $127 billion by 2025.
3. Security and Défense
❖ The utilization cases for AI in defines and security are virtually unlimited.
❖ AI are often embedded into weapons and surveillance systems to
reinforce performance. It is often to improve target recognition, combat simulation and
training, and threat monitoring.
❖ Most importantly, the critical and risky jobs of securing the borders of the country can
be delegated to artificially intelligent robots, unmanned aircraft, and drones, UAVs, etc.
❖ This would reduce the risk of life for the soldiers on the borders and provide better
surveillance measures using evolved Facial Recognition Technologies.
4. Manufacturing
❖ Manufacturing in the near future would be fully automated. AI also optimizes

manufacturing supply chains, helping companies anticipate market changes. This
information is invaluable to manufacturers because it allows them to optimize staffing,
internal control , energy consumption and therefore the supply of raw materials
❖ The manufacturing processes enabled by Artificially Intelligent Systems would be able

to not just perform the required processes but also be able to inspect, improve, and
quality checks the products without any human intervention.
❖ In addition, according to the reports of Markets and markets, Artificial Intelligence in

the manufacturing market is expected to grow from USD 1.0 billion in 2018 to USD
17.2 billion by 2025, at a CAGR of 49.5% during the forecast period.
31
5. Education
❖ The future of classrooms is digital. Already, there are a lot of courses on platforms
which are highly informative and can be accessed from anywhere, anytime. AI can
automate the expedition of administrative duties for teachers and academic institutions.
❖ Educators spend tons of their time on grading exams, assessing homework, and
providing valuable responses to their students. AI is allowing automation of
classification and processing of paperwork.
❖ The concept of education will be redefined from the comfort of the homes, personalized
according to every students’ needs with the help of Artificially Intelligent systems.
❖ According to a report by Market Research Future (MRFR), the AI-enabled Ed-tech
sector is projected to grow to USD 2 billion, at a CAGR of 38% during 2018-2023.
6. Entertainment
❖ Already, the OTT’s like Netflix and Amazon Prime are rapidly increasing their user
base. Smart algorithms are going to be ready to come up with the simplest marketing
and advertising solutions.
❖ With AI, it’s possible to form all marketing processes a couple of times faster by
utilizing predictive analytics.
❖ In the future, the AI will be able to predict not just our preference, but also our mood
and would display content according to it.
❖ Virtual Reality enabled sci-fi content and games can be a part of sources of
entertainment in the future.
❖ By 2021, the U.S. E&M industry is projected to reach $759 billion in revenue,
increasing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.6 percent.
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7. Workplace
❖ Businesses are using AI to enhance the productivity of their employees.

❖ The advantage of AI for business is that it handles repetitive tasks across a
corporation in order that employees can specialize in creative solutions, complex
problem solving, and impactful work.
❖ One example of that is chatbot.
❖ The concept of the workplace will also be redefined by the advent of technologies. The
future workplace will not just be global in nature but also highly flexible.
❖ The concept of Work from Home will be the new norm and digital conferences and
meetings would be the accepted practice. This would cause, the commercial real estate
spaces to witness a drop in their demands.
Saturday, 14 October 2023
8. Banking and Finance
❖ Artificial Intelligence is the best way forward for banking because it brings the facility
of advanced data analytics to combat fraudulent transactions and improve compliance.
❖ AI assistants, like chatbots, use AI to get personalized financial advice and work on
processing to supply instant, self-help customer service. With increasingly efficient and
intelligent systems, it becomes easier to detect and stop fraud in the banking sector.
❖ For Example, Artificially Intelligent Systems can help in high-frequency trading,

enhanced customer service and better decision making due to the faster processing of a
large amount of data.
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QUESTION BANK
Q1. What is Artificial Intelligence? Explain in brief the history of Artificial Intelligence.
Q.2. What is Intelligent agent? Briefly explain the categorization of intelligent system.
Q.3. Explain the components of AI program.
Q.4. Write a short note on foundation of Artificial Intelligence.
Q.5. Explain in detail the sub areas of Artificial Intelligence.
Q.6 List and explain in detail any ten applications of Artificial Intelligence.
Q.7. Explain in brief the various languages used in Artificial Intelligence.
Q.8. Expalin in detail the current trends and future of Artificial Intelligence.
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Introduction to AI & ML (22ESC147)-Module-I

Introduction, Brief History, Intelligent Systems, Categorization

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a method of making a computer, a computer-controlled

Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

❖ The Netflix Recommendation Engine: Netflix’s viewing recommendations are powered

Examples of Limited Memory AI

Emotion AI is a theory of mind AI currently in development. AI researchers hope it will have

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It starts with a general statement and

Even if all of the premises are true in a If something is true of a class of

Example − "All women of age above

• Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising, being

• Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing

1. Philosophy (423 BC - present):

• 1) Propositional or Boolean logic

• C) Probability – Baye’s rule is the underlying approach for uncertain reasoning in AI

7. Control theory and cybernetics:

8. Linguistics (1957 - present):

Sub Area of AI.

Natural Language processing

7. AI in Travel & Transport

Current Trends in AI:

❖ Back in 2021, research from ReportLinker concluded that the conversational AI

6. Computer Vision Technology in Businesses

7. Natural Language Processing

8. AI for Content Generation

❖ The healthcare industry is bound to witness a drastic change.

❖ Artificially Intelligent robots would be employed for performing complex

❖ Thereupon understanding they’re ready to provide better feedback, guidance and

❖ The Autonomous Vehicle Market being driven by AI is projected to have a valuation

3. Security and Défense

❖ Manufacturing in the near future would be fully automated. AI also optimizes

❖ The manufacturing processes enabled by Artificially Intelligent Systems would be able

❖ In addition, according to the reports of Markets and markets, Artificial Intelligence in

❖ Businesses are using AI to enhance the productivity of their employees.

❖ For Example, Artificially Intelligent Systems can help in high-frequency trading,

Q.3. Explain the components of AI program.

Q.4. Write a short note on foundation of Artificial Intelligence.

Q.5. Explain in detail the sub areas of Artificial Intelligence.

Q.7. Explain in brief the various languages used in Artificial Intelligence.

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