MA1301 Chapter 3

MA1301 Introductory Mathematics
Chapter 3
Integrals
TAN BAN PIN
National University of Singapore
TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 1 / 97

Overview
Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

Standard Integrals
Definite Integrals
Integration by Substitution
Integration by Parts
Area
Volume of Solids of Revolution
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations

Suppose dFdx = f (x).
F is called the antiderivative of f .
Example.
d 2 d 2
(x + 5) = 2x (x − 9) = 2x
dx dx
Both x2 + 5 and x2 − 9 are antiderivatives of 2x.
d
In fact, dx (x2 + C) = 2x for any constant C.
Thus, x2 + C is an aniderivatives of 2x for any constant C.

In general, F is an anti-derivative of f ,
then so is F + C for any real constant C.
d
(since dx (F + C) = dFdx = f ).
dF
We can also rewrite dx = f (x) as
Z
F (x) = f (x) dx
and call F the indefinite integral of f .

Indefinite Integral - Remark
The geometrical interpretation of the process on integration is to find all

curves
y = F (x) + C
which have their slopes f (x) at x.

Integral Formulae
n+1
1. R xn dx =R xn+1 + C, n 6= −1, n rational
R
1 dx = dx = x + C (Special case, n = 0)
sin kx dx = − coskkx + C
R
2.
R sin kx
3. cos kx dx = k +C
sec2 x dx = tan x + C
R
4.
csc2 x dx = − cot x + C
R
5.

Integral Formulae
R
6. sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
R
7. csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C
R 1
8. x dx = ln |x| + C
x
a dx = lna a + C
R x
9.
R x x
10. e dx = e + C

Standard Integrals
(ax+b)n+1
(ax + b)n dx =
R
1. (n+1)a +C (n 6= −1)
R 1 1
2. ax+b dx = a ln |ax + b| + C
dx = a1 eax+b + C
R ax+b
3. e
R 1
4. sin(ax + b) dx = − a cos(ax + b) + C
R 1
5. cos(ax + b) dx = a sin(ax + b) + C
R 1
6. tan(ax + b) dx = a ln | sec(ax + b)| + C

Standard Integrals
R 1
7. sec(ax + b) dx = a ln | sec(ax + b) + tan(ax + b)| + C
csc(ax + b) dx = − a1 ln | csc(ax + b) + cot(ax + b)| + C

R
8.
cot(ax + b) dx = − a1 ln | csc(ax + b)| + C

R
9.
1
sec2 (ax + b) dx =
R
10. a tan(ax + b) + C
csc2 (ax + b) dx = − a1 cot(ax + b) + C

R
11.
R 1
12. sec(ax + b) · tan(ax + b) dx = a sec(ax + b) + C

Standard Integrals
csc(ax + b) · cot(ax + b) dx = − a1 csc(ax + b) + C
R
13.

1 1
tan−1 x+b
R
14. a2 +(x+b)2
dx = a a +C

√ 1
dx = sin−1 x+b
R
15. a +C
a2 −(x+b)2

−1
√ dx = cos−1 x+b
R
16. a +C
a2 −(x+b)2

R 1 1 x+b+a
17. a2 −(x+b)2
dx = 2a ln x+b−a +C

R 1 1 x+b−a
18. (x+b)2 −a2
dx = 2a ln x+b+a +C
√ 1
R p
19. dx = ln (x + b) + (x + b)2 + a2 + C
(x+b)2 +a2
√ 1
R p
20. dx = ln (x + b) + (x + b)2 − a2 + C
(x+b)2 −a2
Trigonometric Identities Useful for Integration
sec2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ
csc2 θ − 1 = cot2 θ
1
sin A cos A = 2 sin 2A
cos2 A = 12 (1 + cos 2A)
sin2 A = 21 (1 − cos 2A)
sin A · cos B = 21 [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)]
cos A · sin B = 12 [sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)]
cos A · cos B = 12 [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]
sin A · sin B = − 12 [cos(A + B) − cos(A − B)]

Example
√ 6 6 6
R R R
(i) 5−3x
dx (ii) 5+3x dx (iii) (x−1)(x2 −1)
dx

Example
5
(ii) (5 sec2 x − 2 sin 3x) dx
R R
(i) (2x − x2
) dx

Example
R 1 R 1
(i) 4x2 −8x+12
dx (ii) √
40x−4x2
dx

Example
R 3 cos2 x+2
(i) (2 cos 2x − sin 2x)2 dx
R
(ii) sin2 x
dx

Definite Integral
R
Suppose f (x) dx = F (x) + C.
Then the definite integral of f (x) from a to b is
Z b
f (x) dx = [F (x)]ba = F (b) − F (a)
a
Example
We know that x dx = 12 x2 + C
R
R5
Hence 3 x dx =

Definite Integrals - Terminology
[a, b]: the interval of integration

Z b a: lower limit of integration
f (x) dx b: upper limit of integration
a x: variable of integration
f (x): the integrand
Note:
x is a dummy variable, i.e.,
Z b Z b Z b
f (x) dx = f (u) du = f (t) dt, etc.
a a a

Rules of algebra for Definite Integrals
Ra
1. a f (x) dx = 0
Rb Ra
2. a f (x) dx = − b f (x) dx
Rb
kf (x) dx = k ab f (x) dx, where k is a constant
R
3. a
In particular, ab −f (x) dx = − ab f (x) dx
R R
Take k = −1
Rb Rb Rb
4. a [f (x) ± g(x)] dx = a f (x) dx ± a g(x) dx

Example
Prove the identity
(2 cos 4θ − 2 cos 2θ + 1) cos θ = cos 5θ.
Hence, show that π

cos 5θ π
Z
4
dθ = − 1
0 cos θ 4

Example
2
f (x) dx = 5 and 52 f (x) dx = −2, find
R R
If −5
R5 R5
(i) 2 2f (x) dx (ii) −5 (−f (x)) dx

Integration by Substitution
To evaluate f 0 (x)g(f (x)) dx

R
Method: Let u = f (x)

Example
Evaluate (x2 + 2x − 3)2 (x + 1) dx.

R
du
Then = 2(x + 1).
dx
Let u = x2 + 2x − 3. du = 2(x + 1) dx
1
du = (x + 1) dx
2
1
Z Z
(x2 + 2x − 3)2 (x + 1) dx = u2 du
2
1
= u3 + C
6
1
= (x2 + 2x − 3)3 + C
6

Example
sin4 x cos x dx.

R
Evaluate
du
Let u = sin x. Then = cos x.
dx
du = cos x dx
Z Z
sin4 x cos x dx = u4 du
1
= u5 + C
5
1
= sin5 x + C
5

Example
R (ln x)5
Evaluate x dx.
du 1
Then = .
Let u = ln x. dx x
1
du = dx
x
(ln x)5
Z Z
dx = u5 du
x
1
= u6 + C
6
1
= (ln x)6 + C
6

Example
R0
2x2 · (1 + x3 )2021 dx and hence evaluate 2 · (1 + x3 )2021 dx.
R
Find −1 2x

Example
R 2x √
Find e 1 + e2x dx

Example
R 2
Find x(1+ln x) dx

Example
R etan−1 x
Find (1+x2 )
dx

Example
√8
R
Find x ln x
dx

Recall the product rule

d dv du
(uv) = u +v
dx dx dx
In differential form it becomes
d(uv) = u dv + v du
or equivalently,
u dv = d(uv) − v du

d dv du
(uv) = u +v
dx dx dx
dv d du
u = (uv) − v
dx dx dx
Thus we have the Integration-by-parts Formula:
dv du
Z Z
u dx = uv − v dx.
dx dx
Z Z
u dv = uv − v du.

Z Z
u dv = uv − v du
| {z } | {z }
tough easier
Must choose u and dv correctly

The part you choose as u, you differentiate to find du
The part you choose as dv, you integrate to find v

Integration by Parts - Example
R R R
Evaluate x ln x dx. u dv = uv − v du.
Two choices:
(1) Let u = x dv =R ln x dx
du
dx = 1
v = ln x dx
du = dx Difficult to find v
(2) Let u = ln x dv = x dx
du = x1 dx v = 12 x2 Good Choice

R R R
Evaluate x ln x dx. u dv = uv − v du.
v v du
z}|{ u Z z}|{ z }| {
Let u = ln x Z
1 z}|{ 1 21
du = x1 dx x ln x dx = x2 ln x − x dx
2 2 x
1 1
Z
dv = x dx = x2 ln x − x dx easy to solve
v = 12 x2 2 2
1 x2
= x2 ln x − +C
2 4

xex dx.
R R R
Evaluate u dv = uv − v du.

x2 ex dx.
R R R
Evaluate u dv = uv − v du.
dv =R ex dx
Let u = x2
v = ex dx = ex
du = 2x dx
Z Z
2 x 2 x
x e dx = x e − ex 2x dx
Z
= x2 ex − 2 xex dx
= x2 ex − 2(xex − ex ) + C
= x2 ex − 2xex + 2ex + C

R R R
Evaluate ln x dx. u dv = uv − v du.
Let u = ln x dv =R dx
1 v = 1 dx = x
du = dx
x
1
Z Z
ln x dx = (ln x)x − x dx
x
Z
= x ln x − 1 dx
= x ln x − x + C

R x R R
Evaluate e cos x dx. u dv = uv − v du.
dv =R cos x dx
Let u = ex
v = cos x dx = sin x
du = ex dx
Z Z
x x
e cos x dx = e sin x − (sin x)ex dx
Z
= ex sin x − ex sin x dx
Need integration by parts again

R x R R
To find e sin x dx. u dv = uv − v du.
R x
Similarly to evaluate e cos x dx,
dv =R sin x dx
Let u = ex
v = sin x dx = − cos x
du = ex dx
Z Z
ex sin x dx = ex (− cos x) − (− cos x)ex dx
Z
x
= −e cos x − ex cos x dx
Get back the integral we started with

Z Z
ex sin x dx = −ex cos x + ex cos x dx

Z Z
ex sin x dx = −ex cos x + ex cos x dx
Z Z
ex cos x dx = ex sin x − ex sin x dx
Z
= ex sin x − (−ex cos x + ex cos x dx)
Z
= ex sin x + ex cos x − ex cos x dx
Z
2 ex cos x dx = ex sin x + ex cos x
1
Z
ex cos x dx = (ex sin x + ex cos x)
2

Integration by Parts - Remark
The method is suitable for other integrands such as

xn ex , xn ln x, xn cos x, xn sin x, etc.
Z Z
u dv = uv − v du
| {z } | {z }
tough easier


Z Z
u dv = uv − v du
| {z } | {z }
tough easier

Question:
Which function to integrate and which to differentiate?

Question:
Which function to integrate and which to differentiate?
LIATE Rule

Example
sin−1 x
R
Find 2 dx

Example
Re 2
Find 1 (ln x) dx

Example
(a) Use integration by parts to find

Z √
ln 2x dx.
(b) Use an appropriate substitution to find

√
ln 2x
Z
dx.
x

Integrals
Area under the curve of f (x)
Area under curve Z b

A= f (x) dx
a

Question
What is the difference between finding the value of an integral and finding
area bounded?
To find value of integral:
Z π
cos x dx = [sin x]π0
0
= sin π − sin 0
=0−0
=0

Rules of algebra for Definite Integrals
Z b Z c Z c
f (x) dx + f (x) dx = f (x) dx
a b a

Question
What is the difference between finding the value of an integral and finding
area bounded?
To find shaded area:
π
π
Z
2
cos x dx = [sin x]02
0
π
= sin − sin 0 = 1
Z π 2
cos x dx = [sin x]ππ
π 2
2
π
= sin π − sin = −1
2 Shaded Area = 1 + | − 1| = 2

Rb
If f (x) > 0 on [a, b], then a f (x) dx > 0
Rb
Area under the curve of f (x), A = a f (x) dx

Note
Z b Z c
f (x) dx = +ve, f (x) dx = −ve
a b
Z d Z e
f (x) dx = +ve, f (x) dx = −ve
c d

Area between two curves
Z b
A= (g(x) − f (x)) dx
a | {z }
Top curve − bottom curve

Consider g(x) > f (x)
Rb
Area between the two curves = a g(x) − f (x) dx

Z c
A= g(x) − f (x) dx
a
Z b
B= f (x) − g(x) dx
c

Z c Z d
A1 + A2 + A3 = (g(x) − f (x)) dx + (f (x) − g(x)) dx
a c
Z b
+ (g(x) − f (x)) dx
d

Find the area enclosed by the parabola y = 2 − x2 and the line y = −x.
Consider − x = 2 − x2
x2 − x − 2 = 0
(x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = −1
Z 2
Area = 2 − x2 − (−x) dx
−1
Z 2
= 2 − x2 + x dx
−1
" #2
x3 x2 1
= 2x − + =4 units2
3 2 −1
4

Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves
√
y = x and y = x − 2.
√ √
Consider x−2= x y = x Domain : x > 0
√
x− x−2=0
√ √
( x)2 − x − 2 = 0
√ √
( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0
√ √
x = 2 or x = −1 (Not possible)
√
x=4 x = take positive root
Z 4
√
Area = x − (x − 2) dx
0
4
2 3 1

= x 2 − x2 + 2x
3 2 0
16
= units2
3
Pause and Think !!!
1. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves
√
y = x and y = x − 2.
√
2. Find the area bounded by the curves y = x, y = x − 1 and the y-axis.
What is the difference between the two questions???

√
2. Find the area bounded by the curves y = x, y = x − 1 and the y-axis.
√ √
Consider x−2= x y = x Domain : x > 0
√
x− x−2=0
√ √
( x)2 − x − 2 = 0
√ √
( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0
√ √
√
x=4 x = take positive root
Z 4
√
Area = x − (x − 2) dx
0
4
2 3 1

= x 2 − x2 + 2x
3 2 0
16
= units2
3
Pause and Think !!!
1. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the
√
curves y = x and y = x − 2.
In Question 1, we consider first quadrant

1. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves
√
y = x and y = x − 2.
Z 4
√ 16
Area = x − (x − 2) dx Area A = − Area of red triangle
0 3
4
2 3 1

16 1
= x 2 − x2 + 2x = − ×2×2
3 2 0 3 2
16 10
= units2 =
3 3

√
y = x and y = x − 2.
Method 2
Z 4
√
Area A = x dx − Area of triangle B
0
2 3 2 1

= x2 − × 2 × 2
3 0 2
10
= units2
3

Area = cd g2 (y) − g1 (y) dy

R
Rd
Area = c g(y) dy
Find y = c and y = d

√
y = x and y = x − 2.
√
Consider x−2= x
√
x− x−2=0
√ 2 √
( x) − x − 2 = 0
√ √
( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0
√ √
x=4
√
When x = 4, y = 4 = 2
Z 2
√ A= ((y + 2) − y 2 ) dy
y= x → x = y2 0
y =x−2→x=y+2 10
= units2
3

Example (Curve lies above the x-axis)
Find area of the region bounded by y = x(6 − x) and the x-axis.

Example (Curve lies below the x-axis)
Find area of the region bounded by y = − x62 and the lines x = 1 and
x = 3.

Example (f (x) changes sign on the interval [a, b])
Find area of the region bounded by y = x(x2 − x − 2) and the x-axis for
−1 6 x 6 2.

Example (Area bounded between two curves y = f (x) and
y = g(x))
Find area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curve
π
y = 1 − cos x and the line y = 2x π for 0 6 x 6 2 .

Example (Curve lies to the right of the y-axis)
Find area of the region bounded by y = x3 , the y-axis and the lines y = 1
and y = 2.

Example (Curve lies to the left of the y-axis)
Find area of the region bounded by x = y 2 − 4y, the y-axis and the lines
y = 1 and y = 2.

Example (Area bounded between two curves x = g(y) and
x = h(y))
Find area of the region bounded by x = y 2 − 2y − 3 and y = x − 1.

Example
(i) Find a and b

(ii) Calculate the area of R
(iii) Use (ii) to find the area of S

(I) About x-axis
Z b Z b
2
V = πy dx or V = π[f (x)]2 dx
a a

Volume of solid generated by revolving about the x-axis from x = a to

x = b is:
Z b
V = π[f (x)]2 dx
a
Z b
= πy 2 dx
a
Can only use this formula if you

revolve about x-axis
Note: revolving about x-axis is the same as revolving about the line y = 0

Example
√
The region between y = x, 0 6 x 6 4, and the x-axis is revolved about
the x-axis. Find the volume generated.
Z b
V =π y 2 dx
a
Z 4
√
=π ( x)2 dx
0
Z 4
=π x dx
0
= 8π units3

Example
Derive formula for volume of a sphere: V = 43 πr3 .

Z b
V = πy 2 dx
a
Question:
or How to modify the formula to find
Z b volume???
V = π[f (x)]2 dx
a

About the line y = a.

Z b
V =π (y − a)2 dx
a
or
Z b
V =π (f (x) − a)2 dx
a

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
√
y = x and the lines y = 1 and x = 4 about the line y = 1.
Z b
V =π (y − a)2 dx
a
Z 4
√
= π ( x − 1)2 dx
1
Z 4
√
=π (x − 2 x + 1) dx
1
" #4
x2 4 3
=π − x2 + x
2 3 1
7π
= units3
6

(II) About y-axis
Z d Z d
V = πx2 dy or V = π[g(y)]2 dy
c c

Example
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
x = y2 , y = 1 and y = 4 about the y-axis.
Z 4
V =π x2 dy
1
Z 4 2
2
=π dy
1 y
Z 4
= 4π y −2 dy
1
" #4
y −1
= 4π = 3π units3
−1 1

Example
The region R is formed by y = ln x, the axes and the line y = 1 is rotated

completely about the y-axis. Calculate the volume of the solid formed.

Revolve about y-axis
Same as the line x = 0
Revolve about the line x = b

Z d
V =π (g(y) − b)2 dy
c
Z d
V = π[g(y)]2 dy
c
Z d
V = πx2 dy
c

Volume of solids formed by two curves
Example
Find the volume of the solid formed by rotating the region bounded by
y = x2 + 1 and y = 9 − x2 about
(i) the y-axis (ii) x-axis.

Example
The diagram below shows the graph of y = 3 − e−x which cuts the y-axis
at the point A. The line y = c is a horizontal asymptote of the curve, and
the tangent to the curve y = 3 − e−x at A is drawn. The region R is
bounded by the curve, the tangent at A and the x-axis.
Find
(i) the coordinates of A,
(ii) the value of c,
(iii) the exact area of the region R,
(iv) the exact volume of the solid formed by rotating the region R
completely about the x-axis.

Introduction to First Order Ordinary Differential
Equations (ODE)

First Order Ordinary Differential Equations
A first order ordinary differential equation in x and y is an equation that

dy
contains terms involving dx and and one or both of x and y.
Example of first order ODE:
dy
+ y = y2
dx
dy
x + x + y = 2021
dx

Solutions of ODE
General Solution
For any constant c, y = cos 2x + c is the general solution of the ODE:
dy
+ 2 sin 2x = 0
dx
Verify:

Particular Solution
dy
+ 2 sin 2x = 0
dx
y = cos 2x − 1 and y = cos 2x + 7 are two particular solutions of the
above ODE

dy
ODE of the form dx = f (x)
Example
Find y in terms of x
dy
x =x+2
dx
y = 3 when x = 1.

Example
Find the particular solution of the DE

dx
(2x − 1) − 2ex = 0
dy
for which y = 2 when x = 0.

dy
ODE of the form dx = g(y)
Example
dy
Solve the ODE 6e2y+1 dx = e1−y

Example
A curve C which passes through the point (2, 1) is such that at any point
(x, y) on C,
dy y
= .
dx 1 + 2y 2
(i) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point (2, 1).
(ii) Find the equation of the curve C, giving your answer in the form
x = f (y).

dy
ODE of the form dx = f (x)g(y)
Example
A curve C passes through (2, 1) and is such that at any point (x, y) on
the curve,
dy
x2 = y(x3 + 4)
dx
Find the equation of the curve.

DE by Substitution
To convert given ODE to the form

dy dy
= f (x) or = g(y)
dx dx
Example
dy 1
Use the substitution y = w + x to solve the ODE dx =1+ (y−x)2
given
that the solution curve passes through the origin.

Example
Show that the differential equation

dy
x3 + 4 = 2x2 y
dx
can be reduced to
dz 4
=− 5
dx x
by means of the substitution y = zx2 .
Hence, find y in terms of x, given that y = 6 when x = 1.

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MA1301 Chapter 3

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MA1301 Introductory Mathematics

TAN BAN PIN

National University of Singapore

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 1 / 97

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 2 / 97

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 3 / 97

and call F the indefinite integral of f .

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 4 / 97

The geometrical interpretation of the process on integration is to find all

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 5 / 97

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 6 / 97

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 7 / 97

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 8 / 97

csc(ax + b) dx = − a1 ln | csc(ax + b) + cot(ax + b)| + C

cot(ax + b) dx = − a1 ln | csc(ax + b)| + C

csc2 (ax + b) dx = − a1 cot(ax + b) + C

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 9 / 97

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 11 / 97

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 12 / 97

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[a, b]: the interval of integration

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Prove the identity

(2 cos 4θ − 2 cos 2θ + 1) cos θ = cos 5θ.

Hence, show that π

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 19 / 97

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 20 / 97

To evaluate f 0 (x)g(f (x)) dx

Method: Let u = f (x)

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Evaluate (x2 + 2x − 3)2 (x + 1) dx.

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sin4 x cos x dx.

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Recall the product rule

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Must choose u and dv correctly

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Need integration by parts again

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Get back the integral we started with

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The method is suitable for other integrands such as

Must choose u and dv correctly

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