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MA1301 Tutorial 2 Solution
MA1301 Tutorial 2 Solution
MA1301 Tutorial 2 Solution
Tutorial 2 Solution
(a) Find the smallest positive integer n for which the sum of the first n
terms of the following arithmetic sequence
5, 8, 11, 14, · · ·
exceeds 1500.
(b) Find the smallest positive integer n for which the sum of the first n
terms of the geometric sequence
exceeds 127.95.
Note that the terms form a geometric sequence with first term 64 and
common ratio 0.5. Then the sum of the first n terms is
1 − 0.5n
64 × = 128(1 − 0.5n ).
1 − 0.5
Then
N
X 1
(b) .
4r2 − 1
r=2
Thus, lg r+1
r = lg(r + 1) − lg r = − lg r + lg(r + 1).
Hence,
99 99
X r+1 X
lg = (− lg r + lg(r + 1))
r
r=1 r=1
= (− lg 1 + lg 2) + (− lg 2 + lg 3) + (− lg 3 + lg 4) + · · ·
+ (− lg 98 + lg 99) + (− lg 99 + lg 100)
= − lg 1 + (lg 2 − lg 2) + (lg 3 − lg 3) + · · ·
+ (lg 99 − lg 99) + lg 100
= − lg 1 + lg 100
=0+2
= 2.
TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 6 / 29
Question 2(b) Suggested Solution
1 A B (2A + 2B)r + (A − B)
= + = .
4r2 −1 2r − 1 2r + 1 4r2 − 1
Compare the coefficients of the numerator:
2A + 2B = 0 and A − B = 1.
(r + 1)! − r! = r(r!).
Then
(iii) Find the value of the constant a for which the coefficient of x in the
expansion of (1 + ax)(2 − 3x)6 is zero.
By binomial theorem,
(2 − 3x)6 = [2 + (−3x)]6
6 6 0 6 5 1 6 4
= 2 (−3x) + 2 (−3x) + 2 (−3x)2
0 1 2
6 3 6 2 6 1
+ 2 (−3x)3 + 2 (−3x)4 + 2 (−3x)5
3 4 5
6 0
+ 2 (−3x)6
6
= 1 · 64 · 1 + 6 · 32 · (−3x) + 15 · 16 · 9x2 + 20 · 8 · (−27x3 )
+ 15 · 4 · 81x4 + 6 · 2 · (−243x5 ) + 1 · 1 · 729x6
= 64 − 576x + 2160x2 − 4320x3 + 4860x4 − 2916x5 + 729x6 .
So the coefficient of x3 is
8
· 28−3 · (−3)3 = 56 · 32 · (−27) = −48384.
3
1 r
12 12−r 12 12−r
(3x) − = 3 (−1)r · x(12−r)−r .
r x r
9
x √4
A term of 2 + x
is given by
4 r
r
9 x 9−r 9 4 r
√ = 9−r
· x(9−r)− 2 .
r 2 x r 2
r
Let (9 − r) − 2 = 0. Then r = 6. So the constant term is
6
9 4 4096
9−6
= 84 · = 43008.
6 2 8
Use the binomial theorem to show that for all natural number n,
n n n n
+ + + ··· + = 2n .
0 1 2 n
Let a = b = 1. Then
n n n n−1 n n−2 2 n n n
(1+1)n = 1 + 1 1+ 1 1 +· · ·+ 1·1n−1 + 1 .
0 1 2 n−1 n
That is,
n n n n
+ + + ··· + = 2n .
0 1 2 n
√
(i) Expand 1 − x up to and including the term in x2 .
1
√ 10837
(ii) By taking x = 64 in the expansion of (i), deduce that 7≈ 4096 .
√ 1 1
1 ( − 1) 1 1
1 − x = 1 + (−x) + 2 2 (−x)2 + · · · = 1 − x − x2 + · · · .
2 2! 2 8
1
Let x = 64 . Then
r 2
1 1 1 1 1 32511
1− ≈1− · − · = .
64 2 64 8 64 32768
q
1
q q
32 ·7
√
Note that 1 − 64 = 63 64 = 82
= 38 7. Then
√ 32511 8 10837
7≈ · = .
32768 3 4096
x
(i) Express x2 −3x+2
in the partial fraction form.
x A B (A + B)x + (−2A − B)
= + = .
x2 − 3x + 2 x−1 x−2 x2 − 3x + 2
Compare the coefficients of the numerator:
A + B = 1 and − 2A − B = 0.
(A + B) + (−2A − B) = 1 + 0.
1 (−1)(−1 − 1)
− ≈ 1 + (−1)(−x) + (−x)2 = 1 + x + x2 .
x−1 2!
2 1
−1
= − 1−1 x = − 1 + − x2
Since x−2 = x −1 ,
2 2
x (−1)(−1 − 1) x 2
2 1 1
≈ − 1 + (−1) − + − = −1 − x − x2 .
x−2 2 2! 2 2 4
Therefore, for x small enough,
x 1 2
=− +
x2 − 3x + 2 x − 1 x − 2
1 1
≈ (1 + x + x ) + −1 − x − x2
2
2 4
1 3
= x + x2 .
2 4
TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 26 / 29
Question 9
√ x
1
= 2 1 + − x4 2 ,
p
Since 4−x=2 1− 4
" #
√ 1 x 12 ( 12 − 1) x 2 1 1
4−x≈2 1+ − + − = 2 − x − x2 .
2 4 2! 4 4 64
1
Since √1
1+x
= (1 + x)− 2 ,
(− 12 )(− 21 − 1) 2
1 1 1 3
√ ≈1+ − x+ x = 1 − x + x2 .
1+x 2 2! 2 8
q
4−x
√
Note that = 4−x· √1 . Then for sufficiently small x,
1+x 1+x
r
4−x 1 1 2 1 3 2
≈ 2− x− x 1− x+ x
1+x 4 64 2 8
1 1
=2·1+ 2 − + − 1 x
2 4
3 1 1 1
+ 2· + − − + − 1 x2 + · · ·
8 4 2 64
5 55
≈ 2 − x + x2 .
4 64