11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

Propane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Propane (/ˈproʊpeɪn/) is a three­carbon alkane with the Propane

molecular formula C3H8, a gas, at standard temperature and
pressure, but compressible to a transportable liquid. A by­
product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, it is
commonly used as a fuel for engines, oxy­gas torches, portable
stoves, and residential central heating. Propane is one of a group
of liquefied petroleum gases (LP gases). The others include
butane, propylene, butadiene, butylene, isobutylene and
mixtures thereof.

Names
Contents Preferred IUPAC name
Propane[1]
1 History
2 Sources Systematic IUPAC name
3 Properties and reactions Tricarbane (never recommended[1])
3.1 Energy content Identifiers
3.2 Density
4 Uses CAS Number 74­98­6 (http://www.commonc
4.1 Domestic and industrial fuel hemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.as
4.2 Refrigeration px?ref=74­98­6)
4.2.1 In motor vehicles
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image (http://chema
4.3 Motor fuel
4.4 Improvised explosive devices pps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?m
4.5 Other uses odel=CCC)
5 Hazards Beilstein Reference 1730718
6 Comparison with natural gas
ChEBI CHEBI:32879 (https://www.eb
7 Retail cost
7.1 United States i.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebi
8 See also Id=32879)
9 References ChEMBL ChEMBL135416 (https://www.
10 External links
ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/c
ompound/inspect/ChEMBL135
416)
History
ChemSpider 6094 (http://www.chemspider.c
Propane was first identified as a volatile component in gasoline om/Chemical­Structure.6094.ht
by Walter O. Snelling of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1910. The ml)
volatility of these lighter hydrocarbons caused them to be known ECHA InfoCard 100.000.753 (https://echa.europ
as "wild" because of the high vapor pressures of unrefined a.eu/substance­information/­/su
gasoline. On March 31, the New York Times reported on
bstanceinfo/100.000.753)
Snelling's work with liquefied gas and that "a steel bottle will
EC Number 200­827­9
carry enough gas to light an ordinary home for three weeks."[5]
E number E944 (glazing agents, ...)
Gmelin Reference 25044
KEGG D05625 (http://www.kegg.jp/en

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 1/10
11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

It was during this time that Snelling, in cooperation with Frank try/D05625)
P. Peterson, Chester Kerr, and Arthur Kerr, created ways to
PubChem 6334 (https://pubchem.ncbi.nl
liquefy the LP gases during the refining of natural gasoline.
m.nih.gov/compound/6334)
Together, they established American Gasol Co., the first
commercial marketer of propane. Snelling had produced RTECS number TX2275000
relatively pure propane by 1911, and on March 25, 1913, his UNII T75W9911L6 (http://fdasis.nl
method of processing and producing LP gases was issued patent m.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regn
#1,056,845.[6] A separate method of producing LP gas through o=T75W9911L6)
compression was created by Frank Peterson and its patent
UN number 1978
granted on July 2, 1912.[7]
InChI
The 1920s saw increased production of LP gas, with the first SMILES
year of recorded production totaling 223,000 US gallons
Properties[2]
(840 m3) in 1922. In 1927, annual marketed LP gas production
Chemical formula C3H8
reached 1 million US gallons (3,800 m3), and by 1935, the
annual sales of LP gas had reached 56 million US gallons Molar mass 44.10 g·mol−1
(210,000 m3). Major industry developments in the 1930s Appearance Colorless gas
included the introduction of railroad tank car transport, gas
Odor Odorless
odorization, and the construction of local bottle­filling plants.
The year 1945 marked the first year that annual LP gas sales Density 2.0098 kg/m3 (at 0 °C, 101.3
reached a billion gallons. By 1947, 62% of all U.S. homes had kPa)
been equipped with either natural gas or propane for cooking.[6] Melting point −187.7 °C; −305.8 °F; 85.5 K
Boiling point −42.25 to −42.04 °C; −44.05 to
In 1950, 1,000 propane­fueled buses were ordered by the
Chicago Transit Authority, and by 1958, sales in the U.S. had −43.67 °F; 230.90 to 231.11 K

reached 7 billion US gallons (26,000,000 m3) annually. In 2004 Solubility in water 47

it was reported to be a growing $8­billion to $10­billion industry
mg L−1 (at 0 °C)
with over 15 billion US gallons (57,000,000 m3) of propane
being used annually in the U.S.[8] log P 2.236
Vapor pressure 853.16 kPa (at 21.1 °C
The "prop­" root found in "propane" and names of other
(70.0 °F))
compounds with three­carbon chains was derived from
Henry's law 15 nmol Pa−1 kg−1
"propionic acid",[9] which in turn was named after the Greek
constant (kH)
words protos (meaning first) and pion (fat).
Thermochemistry

Sources Specific
heat capacity (C)
73.60 J K−1 mol−1

Std enthalpy of −105.2–−104.2 kJ mol−1

Propane is produced as a by­product of two other processes,
formation (ΔfHo298)
natural gas processing and petroleum refining. The processing of
natural gas involves removal of butane, propane, and large Std enthalpy of −2.2197–−2.2187 MJ mol−1
amounts of ethane from the raw gas, in order to prevent combustion
condensation of these volatiles in natural gas pipelines. (ΔcHo298)
Additionally, oil refineries produce some propane as a by­ Hazards
product of cracking petroleum into gasoline or heating oil.
Safety data sheet See: data page
The supply of propane cannot easily be adjusted to meet GHS pictograms
increased demand, because of the by­product nature of propane
production. About 90% of U.S. propane is domestically
produced. The United States imports about 10% of the propane GHS signal word DANGER

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 2/10
11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

consumed each year, with about 70% of that coming from GHS hazard H220
Canada via pipeline and rail. The remaining 30% of imported statements
propane comes to the United States from other sources via ocean GHS precautionary P210
transport. statements
EU classification
F+
After it is produced, North American propane is stored in huge (DSD)
salt caverns. Examples of these are Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta;
R­phrases R12
Mont Belvieu, Texas and Conway, Kansas. These salt caverns
S­phrases (S2), S16
were hollowed out in the 1940s,[10] and they can store
NFPA 704
80,000,000 barrels (13,000,000 m3) or more of propane. When 4
the propane is needed, much of it is shipped by pipelines to 2 0
other areas of the United States. Propane is also shipped by
truck, ship, barge, and railway to many U.S. areas.[11]
Flash point −104 °C (−155 °F; 169 K)
Propane can also be produced as a biofuel.[12] Autoignition 470 °C (878 °F; 743 K)
temperature

Properties and reactions Explosive limits 2.37–9.5%

US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
Propane undergoes combustion reactions in a similar fashion to PEL (Permissible) TWA 1000 ppm (1800
other alkanes. In the presence of excess oxygen, propane burns mg/m3)[3]
to form water and carbon dioxide.
REL TWA 1000 ppm (1800
(Recommended)
C H + oxygen
3 8 5 O2 →
propane
3 CO2
carbon dioxide
+ 4 H2O + heat
water
mg/m3)[3]
IDLH (Immediate 2100 ppm[3]
danger)
When not enough oxygen is present for complete combustion,
incomplete combustion occurs, allowing carbon monoxide Related compounds
and/or soot (carbon) to be formed as well: Related alkanes Ethane
Ethyl iodide
C3H8 + oxygen
2propane 9 O2 → 4 CO2
carbon dioxide
+ 2 CO + 8 H2O
water n­Propyl iodide
carbon monoxide
+ heat Isopropyl iodide
Butane
C H + oxygen
3 8 2 O2 → 3 C + 4 water
propane
H2O + heat Butyl iodide
soot
Related compounds Diiodohydroxypropane
When properly combusted, propane produces about 50 MJ/kg of Supplementary data page
heat.[13] The gross heat of combustion of one normal cubic Structure and Refractive index (n),
properties
meter of propane is around 91 megajoules.[14] Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic Phase behaviour
Propane combustion is much cleaner than gasoline combustion, data solid–liquid–gas
though not as clean as natural gas combustion. The presence of
C–C bonds, plus the multiple bonds of propylene and butylene, Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS
create organic exhausts besides carbon dioxide and water vapor Except where otherwise noted, data are given for
during typical combustion. These bonds also cause propane to materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F],
burn with a visible flame. 100 kPa).
verify (what is ?)
Energy content Infobox references

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 3/10
11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

The enthalpy of combustion of propane gas where all products return to

standard state, for example where water returns to its liquid state at
standard temperature (known as higher heating value), is (−2219.2 ± 0.5)
kJ/mol, or (50.33 ± 0.01) MJ/kg.[13] The enthalpy of combustion of propane
gas where products do not return to standard state, for example where the
hot gases including water vapor exit a chimney, (known as lower heating
value) is −2043.455 kJ/mol.[15] The lower heat value is the amount of heat
available from burning the substance where the combustion products are
vented to the atmosphere. For example, the heat from a fireplace when the
flue is open.

Density

The density of liquid propane at 25 °C (77 °F) is 0.493 g/cm3, which is

equivalent to 4.11 pounds per U.S. liquid gallon or 493 kg/m3. Propane
expands at 1.5% per 10 °F. Thus, liquid propane has a density of
approximately 4.2 pounds per gallon (504 kg/m3) at 60 °F (15.6 °C).

Uses Pyrometry of a propane flame using

thin­filament velocimetry. The hottest
parts of the flame are in a hollow
Propane is a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because the
cone­shaped area near its base and
low boiling point of −42 °C (−44 °F) makes it vaporize as soon as it is
pointing upward.
released from its pressurized container. Therefore, no carburetor or other
vaporizing device is required; a simple metering nozzle suffices. Propane >1,750 K (1,480 °C)
powers some locomotives, buses, forklifts, taxis and ice resurfacing 1,700 K (1,430 °C)
machines and is used for heat and cooking in recreational vehicles and 1,600 K (1,330 °C)
campers. Since it can be transported easily, it is a popular fuel for home
heat and backup electrical generation in sparsely populated areas that do 1,350 K (1,080 °C)
not have natural gas pipelines. 1,100 K (830 °C)
875 K (602 °C)
Propane is generally stored and transported in steel cylinders as a liquid
with a vapor space above the liquid. The vapor pressure in the cylinder is a 750 K (477 °C)
function of temperature. When gaseous propane is drawn at a high rate, the
latent heat of vaporisation required to create the gas will cause the bottle to
cool. (This is why water often condenses on the sides of the bottle and then freezes). In addition, the lightweight,
high­octane compounds vaporize before the heavier, low­octane ones. Thus, the ignition properties change as the
cylinder empties. For these reasons, the liquid is often withdrawn using a dip tube. Propane is used as fuel in
furnaces for heat, in cooking, as an energy source for water heaters, laundry dryers, barbecues, portable stoves, and
motor vehicles.

Commercially available "propane" fuel, or LPG, is not pure. Typically in the United States and Canada, it is
primarily propane (at least 90%), with the rest mostly ethane, propylene, butane, and odorants including ethyl
mercaptan.[16][17] This is the HD­5 standard, (Heavy Duty­5% maximum allowable propylene content, and no
more than 5% butanes and ethane) defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials by its Standard 1835
(http://hd5propane.com) for internal combustion engines. Not all products labeled "LPG" conform to this standard
however. In Mexico, for example, gas labeled "LPG" may consist of 60% propane and 40% butane. "The exact
proportion of this combination varies by country, depending on international prices, on the availability of
components and, especially, on the climatic conditions that favor LPG with higher butane content in warmer
regions and propane in cold areas".[18]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 4/10
11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

Domestic and industrial fuel

Propane use is growing rapidly in non­

Domestic spherical steel
pressure vessel with pressure
regulator for propane storage
in the United States. This
example was installed on this
property in 1974.
industrialized areas of the world. Propane
has replaced many older other traditional
fuel sources. The "propane" sold outside
North America is actually a mixture of
propane and butane. The warmer the
country, the higher the butane content,
commonly 50/50 and sometimes reaching
75% butane. Usage is calibrated to the
different­sized nozzles found in non­U.S.
grills. Americans who take their grills
overseas — such as military personnel —
can find U.S.­specification propane at
AAFES military post exchanges.
A 20 lb (9.1 kg) steel propane
North American industries using propane cylinder. This cylinder is fitted with
include glass makers, brick kilns, poultry an overfill prevention device (OPD)
farms and other industries that need valve, as evidenced by the trilobular
portable heat. handwheel.

In rural areas of North America, as well as northern Australia and some

parts of southern India propane is used to heat livestock facilities, in grain
dryers, and other heat­producing appliances. When used for heating or
grain drying it is usually stored in a large, permanently placed cylinder
which is recharged by a propane­delivery truck. As of 2007, 9.7 million
American households use propane as their primary heating fuel.[19]

In North America, local delivery trucks with an average cylinder size of A local delivery truck, behind the
3,000 US gallons (11,000 L), fill up large cylinders that are permanently pickup truck
installed on the property, or other service trucks exchange empty cylinders
of propane with filled cylinders. Large tractor­trailer trucks, with an
average cylinder size of 10,000 US gallons (38,000 L), transport the
propane from the pipeline or refinery to the local bulk plant. The bobtail
and transport are not unique to the North American market, though the
practice is not as common elsewhere, and the vehicles are generally called
tankers. In many countries, propane is delivered to consumers via small or
medium­sized individual cylinders, while empty cylinders are removed for
refilling at a central location.

Propene (also called propylene) can be a contaminant of commercial

propane. Propane containing too much propene is not suited for most Retail sale of propane in the United
vehicle fuels. HD­5 is a specification that establishes a maximum States
concentration of 5% propene in propane. Propane and other LP gas
specifications are established in ASTM D­1835.[20] All propane fuels include an odorant, almost always
ethanethiol, so that people can easily smell the gas in case of a leak. Propane as HD­5 was originally intended for
use as vehicle fuel. HD­5 is currently being used in all propane applications.

Refrigeration

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 5/10
11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

Propane is also instrumental in providing off­the­grid refrigeration, usually by means of a gas absorption
refrigerator.

Blends of pure, dry "isopropane" (R­290a) (isobutane/propane mixtures) and isobutane (R­600a) have negligible
ozone depletion potential and very low Global Warming Potential (having a value of 3.3 times the GWP of carbon
dioxide) and can serve as a functional replacement for R­12, R­22, R­134a, and other chlorofluorocarbon or
hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.[21]

In motor vehicles

Such substitution is widely prohibited or discouraged in motor vehicle air conditioning systems, on the grounds
that using flammable hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non­flammable refrigerant presents a
significant risk of fire or explosion.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]

Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been
very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with hydrocarbons.[30][31]

Motor fuel

Propane is also being used increasingly for vehicle fuels. In the U.S., over 190,000 on­road vehicles use propane,
and over 450,000 forklifts use it for power. It is the third most popular vehicle fuel in the world,[32] behind gasoline
and Diesel fuel. In other parts of the world, propane used in vehicles is known as autogas. In 2007, approximately
13 million vehicles worldwide use autogas.[32]

The advantage of propane in cars is its liquid state at a moderate pressure. This allows fast refill times, affordable
fuel cylinder construction, and price ranges typically just over half that of gasoline. Meanwhile, it is noticeably
cleaner (both in handling, and in combustion), results in less engine wear (due to carbon deposits) without diluting
engine oil (often extending oil­change intervals), and until recently was a relative bargain in North America. The
octane rating of propane is relatively high at 110. In the United States the propane fueling infrastructure is the most
developed of all alternative vehicle fuels. Many converted vehicles have provisions for topping off from "barbecue
bottles". Purpose­built vehicles are often in commercially owned fleets, and have private fueling facilities. A
further saving for propane fuel vehicle operators, especially in fleets, is that pilferage is much more difficult than
with gasoline or Diesel fuels.

Propane is also used as fuel for small engines, especially those used indoors or in areas with insufficient fresh air
and ventilation to carry away the more toxic exhaust of an engine running on gasoline or Diesel fuel. More
recently, there have been lawn care products like string trimmers, lawn mowers and leaf blowers intended for
outdoor use, but fueled by propane to reduce air pollution.

Improvised explosive devices

Propane and propane cylinders have been used as improvised explosive devices in attacks and attempted attacks
against schools and terrorist targets such as the Columbine High School massacre, 2012 Brindisi school bombing,
the Discovery Communications headquarters hostage crisis and in car bombs.

Other uses

Propane is the primary flammable gas in blowtorches for soldering or brazing.

Propane is used as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking.
Propane is the primary fuel for hot air balloons.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 6/10
11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

It is used in semiconductor manufacture to deposit silicon carbide.

Propane is commonly used in theme parks and in the movie industry as an inexpensive, high­energy fuel for
explosions and other special effects.
Propane is used as a propellant, relying on the expansion of the gas to fire the projectile. It does not ignite
the gas. The use of a liquefied gas gives more shots per cylinder, compared to a compressed gas.
Propane is used as a propellant for many household aerosol sprays, including shaving creams and air
fresheners.

Hazards
Propane is a simple asphyxiant.[33] Unlike natural gas, propane is denser than air. It may accumulate in low spaces
and near the floor. When abused as an inhalant, it may cause hypoxia (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, or cardiac
failure or arrest.[34][35] Propane has low toxicity since it is not readily absorbed and is not biologically active.
Commonly stored under pressure at room temperature, propane and its mixtures will flash evaporate at
atmospheric pressure and cool well below freezing. The cold gas, which appears white due to moisture condensing
from the air, may cause frostbite.

Propane is denser than air. If a leak in a propane fuel system occurs, the gas will have a tendency to sink into any
enclosed area and thus poses a risk of explosion and fire. The typical scenario is a leaking cylinder stored in a
basement; the propane leak drifts across the floor to the pilot light on the furnace or water heater, and results in an
explosion or fire. This property makes propane generally unsuitable as a fuel for boats.

A hazard associated with propane storage and transport is known as a BLEVE or boiling liquid expanding vapor
explosion. The Kingman Explosion involved a railroad tank car in Kingman, Arizona in 1973 during a propane
transfer. The fire and subsequent explosions resulted in twelve fatalities and numerous injuries.[36]

Comparison with natural gas

Propane is bought and stored in a liquid form (LPG), and thus fuel energy can be stored in a relatively small space.
Compressed natural gas (CNG), largely methane, is another gas used as fuel, but it cannot be liquefied by
compression at normal temperatures, as these are well above its critical temperature. As a gas, very high pressure is
required to store useful quantities. This poses the hazard that, in an accident, just as with any compressed gas
cylinder (such as a CO2 cylinder used for a soda concession) a CNG cylinder may burst with great force, or leak
rapidly enough to become a self­propelled missile. Therefore, CNG is much less efficient to store, due to the large
cylinder volume required. An alternative means of storing natural gas is as a cryogenic liquid in an insulated
container as liquefied natural gas (LNG). This form of storage is at low pressure and is around 3.5 times as
efficient as storing it as CNG. Unlike propane, if a spill occurs, CNG will evaporate and dissipate harmlessly
because it is lighter than air. Propane is much more commonly used to fuel vehicles than is natural gas because the
equipment required costs less. Propane requires just 1,220 kilopascals (177 psi) of pressure to keep it liquid at
37.8 °C (100 °F).[37]

Retail cost
United States

As of October 2013, the retail cost of propane was approximately $2.37 per gallon, or roughly $25.95 per 1 million
BTUs.[38] This means that filling a 500­gallon propane tank, which is what households that use propane as their
main source of energy usually require, costs $948 (80% of 500 gallons or 400 gallons), a 7.5% increase on the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 7/10
11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

2012–2013 winter season average US price.[39] However, propane costs per gallon change significantly from one
state to another: the Energy Information Administration (EIA) quotes a $2.995 per gallon average on the East
Coast for October 2013,[40] while the figure for the Midwest was $1.860 for the same period.[41]

As of December 2015 the propane retail cost was approximately $1.97 per gallon.[42] This means that filling a 500­
gallon propane tank to 80% capacity costs $788, a 16.9% decrease or $160 less from the November 2013 quote in
this section. Similar regional differences in prices are present with the December 2015 EIA figure for the East
Coast at $2.67 per gallon and the Midwest at $1.43 per gallon.[42]

See also
Blau gas Isopropyl alcohol
Dimethyl ether Propargyl alcohol
National Propane Gas Association
Isopropyl alcohol
References

1. Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge:
The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 4. doi:10.1039/9781849733069­FP001. ISBN 978­0­85404­182­4. "Similarly,
the retained names ‘ethane’, ‘propane’, and ‘butane’ were never replaced by systematic names ‘dicarbane’, ‘tricarbane’,
and ‘tetracarbane’ as recommended for analogues of silane, ‘disilane’; phosphane, ‘triphosphane’; and sulfane,
‘tetrasulfane’."
2. Record of Propane (http://gestis­en.itrust.de/nxt/gateway.dll?f=id$t=default.htm$vid=gestiseng:sdbeng$id=010020) in the
GESTIS Substance Database of the IFA
3. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0524". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
4. http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/9018
5. "GAS PLANT IN STEEL BOTTLE.; Dr. Snelling's Process Gives Month's Supply in Liquid Form.". The New York
Times. April 1, 1912. p. 9. Retrieved 2007­12­22.
6. National Propane Gas Association. "The History of Propane". Archived from the original on January 11, 2011. Retrieved
2007­12­22.
7. "The First Fifty Years of LP­Gas: An Industry Chronology" (PDF). LPGA Times. January 1962., Page 17.
8. Propane Education & Research Council. "Fact Sheet – The History of Propane". Archived from the original on February
16, 2004. Retrieved 2007­12­22.
9. "Online Etymology Dictionary entry for propane". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2010­10­29.
10. Argonne National Laborator (1999). "Salt Cavern Information Center". Retrieved 2007­12­22.
11. Propane Education & Research Council. "History of Propane". Retrieved 22 May 2012.
12. MIT Technology Review. "A New Biofuel: Propane". Retrieved 2015­07­15.
13. Propane (http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74986&Units=SI&Mask=1#Thermo­Gas). NIST Standard
Reference Data referring to Pittam, D. A.; Pilcher, G. (1972). "Measurements of heats of combustion by flame
calorimetry. Part 8.—Methane, ethane, propane, n­butane and 2­methylpropane". Journal of the Chemical Society,
Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases. 68: 2224. doi:10.1039/f19726802224. and Rossini,
F.D. (1934). "Calorimetric determination of the heats of combustion of ethane, propane, normal butane, and normal
pentane". J. Res. NBS. 12: 735–750.
14. Bossel, Ulf (2003) Well­to­Wheel Studies, Heating Values, and the Energy Conservation Principle (http://web.archive.or
g/web/20120717085922/http://www.efcf.com/reports/E10.pdf), Proceedings of Fuel Cell Forum.
15. Ҫengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. (2006). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (Fifth ed.). McGrawHill.
p. 925. ISBN 9780072884951.
16. Amerigas. "Amerigas Material Safety Data Sheet for Odorized Propane" (PDF). Retrieved 2011­10­24.
17. Suburban Propane. "Suburban Propane Material Safety Data Sheet for Commercial Odorized Propane" (PDF). Retrieved
2011­10­24.
18. Mexican Ministry of Energy. "Liquefied Petroleum Gas Market Outlook 2008 – 2017" (PDF). Mexican Ministry of
Energy. Retrieved 2012­05­17.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 8/10
11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

19. Sloan, Michael & Meyer, Richard. "2009 Propane Market Outlook" (PDF). Propane Education and Research Council.
Retrieved 28 May 2012.
20. ASTM D­1835 (http://www.astm.org/Standards/D1835.htm)
21. "European Commission on retrofit refrigerants for stationary applications" (PDF). Archived from the original on August
5, 2009. Retrieved 2010­10­29.
22. "U.S. EPA hydrocarbon­refrigerants FAQ". Epa.gov. Retrieved 2010­10­29.
23. Compendium of hydrocarbon­refrigerant policy statements, October 2006 (http://web.archive.org/web/20080719055123/ht
tp://www.vasa.org.au/pdf/memberlibrary/hydrocarbons/hc_white_paper.pdf). vasa.org.au
24. "MACS bulletin: hydrocarbon refrigerant usage in vehicles" (PDF). Retrieved 2010­10­29.
25. "Society of Automotive Engineers hydrocarbon refrigerant bulletin". Sae.org. 2005­04­27. Retrieved 2010­10­29.
26. "Shade Tree Mechanic on hydrocarbon refrigerants". Shadetreemechanic.com. 2005­04­27. Retrieved 2010­10­29.
27. "Saskatchewan Labour bulletin on hydrocarbon refrigerants in vehicles". Labour.gov.sk.ca. 2010­06­29. Retrieved
2010­10­29.
28. VASA on refrigerant legality & advisability (http://web.archive.org/web/20080719134349/http://www.vasa.org.au/content/
refriggas/index.php#Bookmark%202). vasa.org.au
29. "Queensland (Australia) government warning on hydrocarbon refrigerants" (PDF). Energy.qld.gov.au. Archived from the
original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved 2010­10­29.
30. "New South Wales (Australia) Parliamentary record, 16 October 1997". Parliament.nsw.gov.au. 1997­10­16. Retrieved
2010­10­29.
31. "New South Wales (Australia) Parliamentary record, 29 June 2000". Parliament.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2010­10­29.
32. Propane Education & Research Council. "Autogas". PERC. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved
2012­05­17.
33. "Propane". The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Retrieved 2016­05­12. "Propane is a
simple asphyxiant and does not present an IDLH hazard at concentrations below its lower explosive limit (LEL). The
chosen IDLH is based on the LEL of 21,000 ppm rounded down to 20,000 ppm."
34. "Inhalants – Facts and Statistics". Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol & Drug Abuse. March 4, 2006. Archived from the
original on 2009­04­08.
35. "Inhalants". National Inhalant Prevention Coalition.
36. "The Disaster Story". Kingman Historic District. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
37. "Propane Vapor Pressure". The Engineering ToolBox. 2005. Retrieved 2008­07­28.
38. US Energy Information Administration (November 12, 2013). "Heating Oil and Propane Prices".
39. Propane Deal (November 12, 2013). "Current Propane Prices".
40. US Energy Information Administration (November 12, 2013). "East Coast Heating Oil and Propane Prices".
41. US Energy Information Administration (November 12, 2013). "Midwest Heating Oil and Propane Prices".
42. US Energy Information Administration (December 12, 2015). "Residential Propane: Weekly Heating Oil and Propane
Prices (October ­ March)".

External links
Canadian Propane Association (http://www.propane.ca)
Direct synthesis of propane from synthesis gas (syngas) (http://cat.ini Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Propane.
st.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=19971197)
International Chemical Safety Card 0319 (http://www.inchem.org/do
cuments/icsc/icsc/eics0319.htm)
National Propane Gas Association (U.S.) (http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0524.html)
Propane Education & Research Council (U.S.) (http://www.propanecouncil.org)
Propane Properties Explained (http://www.propane101.com/aboutpropane.htm) Descriptive Breakdown of
Propane Characteristics
UKLPG: Propane and Butane in the UK (http://www.uklpg.org)
US Energy Information Administration (http://www.eia.gov/)
World LP Gas Association (WLPGA) (http://www.worldlpgas.com)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propane&oldid=751060478"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 9/10
11/30/2016 Propane ­ Wikipedia

Categories: Alkanes Aerosol propellants Refrigerants Fuel gas Hydrocarbons Industrial gases
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators

This page was last modified on 23 November 2016, at 03:52.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply.
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark
of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non­profit organization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane 10/10