ARSC443

ARCHITECTURAL
STRUCTURES

MODULE 5

PILE FOUNDATION 1
 TOPIC OBJECTIVE
• To understand the principles of friction piles
and end bearing piles, driven piles and
bored piles, and the methods based on
installation.
• To assimilate the principles involved in pile
foundation application and construction
methodology.
• To recognize the risks associated in the
installation process of pile foundation. 3
INTRODUCTION

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The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa)
A freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa.
Constructed on August 9, 1173. The seventh floor was completed in
1319 and in 1372 the bell chamber was added for its final design. To
date the tower is 848 years old.
The height of the tower is
55.86 meters from the ground
on the low side and 56.67
meters on the high side. Its
estimated weight is14,500
metric tons.

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The 3 meter foundation was set on weak unstable subsoil that
caused the tilt and dropped 2 meters deep over the years,.

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It was in February 27, 1964, when
the government of Italy requested
aid in preventing the tower from
toppling, or at least keep to a safer
angle.
In May 2008, the team of engineers
working on its restoration
announced that the Tower had been
stabilized for the first time in its
history. They stated it would be
stable for at least 200 years.
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In summary,
a) the tilting of the bell tower
was largely attributed to the
differential stability of the
ground to properly support
the weight of the structure,
displacing the horizontal
foundation of the tower.
b) Technology was the key to
the success of the
restoration. 4 13
Soil Mechanics

Laser scanners
 Computer Aided Analysis

Modern
Equipment
Geotechnical engineering
is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the
mechanical behavior of earth materials, concerned
with construction occurring on the surface or within
the ground, earthwork and foundation construction to
mitigate risks in foundation displacement or
settlements.

Soil Mechanics
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PILE FOUNDATION
is used for those tall
buildings of massive
structures, which
require foundations
that can bear the
load of thousands of
tons, most probably
in unstable or difficult
soil conditions.
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PILES
are vertically installed
structural elements to
prevent the
displacement of a
foundation produced
by the weight of a
structure, or an
overturning moment

PIER OF BRIDGE 5
It is usually installed in rows at an even distance
to produce a uniformly distributed load capacity.
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It is a Vertical
shaft buried deep
in the ground to
transfer the
weight of the PILE CAP
whole structure,
live loads and
movable loads or
uplift loads
produced by lateral
forces on the
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superstructure.
Piles will increase the stability
of tall structures, where the
foundations are subjected to
large eccentric loads, inclined
loads and overturning
moment.

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The eccentric load will produce an
overturning moment at the
clockwise direction.The horizontal
foundation at point A will deflect
upwards while at point B will
deflect downward, if pile A is uplift,
thus in tension it is called tension
pile,…..while pile D is a A B C D
compacting pile.
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It is a Deep PILES
Foundation to
transfer the load
or weight, and the
imposed loads,
such as movable
loads, live loads,
and environmental
loads to guarantee
the integrity of a
massive structure.
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 TYPES OF PILES
Piles are classified on the basis of
the following characteristics:
➢ Mechanism of load transfer
➢ Type of materials
➢ Method of installation 10
Mechanism of
load transfer
The ability of a pile to resist
settlement is dependent on
the cohesive qualities of
the soil which produce
friction along the length of
the pile shaft.
FRICTION PILE
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Mechanism of load transfer
When a pile toe rest on a
founding layer or hard
bearing strata, but the soil is
too fluid to grip the shaft, all
the loads are transferred to
the longitudinal axis of the
shaft.

END BEARING PILE 12

Mechanism of load transfer
However, majority of piles are
buried deep in the ground
with enough cohesiveness to
MEDIUM DENSITY
grip the shaft of the pile and a
founding layer. The figure
shows a socket imbedded on HIGH DENSITY

the hard strata.

BED ROCK
FRICTION AND END
BEARING PILE 13
Types of Piles based on Materials

TIMBER PILES 14
Timber piles are made of-tree trunks with
structural importance due to its ability to
withstand shear force and bending moment with
a load bearing capacity of 100 to 250 KN per pile.
It is the most economical pile material.due to its
flexibility in handling and installation. However
its length, and diameter is limited due to its
natural growth.
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The method of installation is, driven to the ground with a
hammer of 250 to 1,000 Kg. of weight, displacing the
earth as it is forced to penetrate beneath the strata. 16
The head is protected by a steel
helm to avoid splinter, while the
toe is protected by a metal
shoe.

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 STEEL PILES
The cross sectional area vary from different forms,
circular, pipe, I-section, H-section, sheets, hexagonal,
etc. it’s load bearing capacity is 1,800 KN per pile

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Maximum
length of steel
pipes are
practically
unlimited due
to its ability to
be welded.

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Steel piles are basically
driven to the ground,
wide flange beams & I-
beams proportioned to
withstand the hard
driving stress to which the
pile may be subjected.

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 Ability to penetrate
through light obstructions
displacing lesser soil due
to its minimal cross
sectional area, therefore
occupying lesser space.

Best suited for end

bearing on rock
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 Pre Cast Concrete
Precast concrete
piles are fabricated
off site, it is a high
compressive material
capable of carrying
bearing loads up to
2,000 Kg. per pile.
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 Length varies from
20 to 30 M.
transporting the
piles specially at
considerable length
can cause a
problem negating
curves, handling,
and storage.
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The two basic types
of piles according to
method of installation
DRIVEN PILES
It is fabricated off site
and brought to the
site for installation
And driven to the
ground by a crane
with a hammer. 24
While the pile is driven inward to the
ground, the cross sectional area of the
pile displaces the soil beneath.
1. The soil is compacted in the process
2. The friction on the skin of the pile
becomes heavier as a result of
compaction.
3. The area of friction exposed on the
pile increase as the length of
embedment increase
 BORED PILES
Cast in-place
Concrete

It is a non-displacement method
because
the soil is extracted out
and replaced by casting a reinforced
concrete mix. 26
BORED PILES

Bored piles refer to the characteristic based on

the method of installation on pile foundation.
It is the most efficient of all the methods, but requires
expertise, collaborative team effort, and timely execution
during the stages of installation. It is also the most expensive
and most strenuous execution of a project.
Bored piles are categorized into two methods.
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THE CASED
THE NON-CASED

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CASED PILES are also categorized into two types
The permanent cased and the temporary cased PILES

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In summary;

➢ All piles that are fabricated off site are

basically driven piles.
➢ The amount of soil displacement depend on
the cross sectional area of the material or the volume
of soil displaced, either downward sideward or upward.
➢ The physical properties of the soil, the water table, and
geology of the site determines the type of
material to be employed. 30
OTHER AREAS OF CONCERN

➢ The project cost.

➢ Stability and durability.
➢ Environmental impact.
➢ Industry standards.

The design of pile foundation addresses all of these.

Which include,… owner, PM & team, contractor.
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THE PLANNING STAGE
Details required on drawing

1. Requirement for materials

2. Reinforcement and concrete details
3. Maximum pile loads and moments
4. Minimum length of socket
5. Pile toe contact level
6. Detail of permanent casing and driving shoe
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Detailed drawing requirement

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Detailed drawing requirement

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EXECUTION STAGE

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Stage 1 - Pre-drilling

An initial bore is set

to correctly identify
the exact location of
the bore with a
rotating bucket

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Stage 2 –
installation of
temporary casing

This is done if the

soil is loose to avoid
collapse of the bore
wall during the
installation process.
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Stage 3 – inspecting the socket

The traditional inspection is done

by an engineer on the walls of the
socket, todays technology can be
done by a remote control camera,
large mirror, or probe. The founding
layer is certified by a geotechnical
engineer.
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Stage 3

A data of the earth

strata is recorded
and must be kept
available at the site
for inspection.

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Stage 4 – installation of
the reinforcement cage.
CHECK
➢ Specified number and
diameter of the
reinforcing bars
➢ Spiral hoops diameter
and pitch
➢ Tack welding to
specification 12
Stage 4 –
CHECK
➢ Correct lap length
➢ Correct length
above pile
➢ Free of dirt and
corrosion
➢ Roundness and
specified clear
cover 13
Stage 5 – Installation
of tremie pipe and
concrete pouring

➢ Slump test
➢ Check Level of
concrete to tremie
height 2 M
➢ Toe of casing
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Stage 5

Removal of
temporary
casing while
the concrete
is still fluid,
by judgement
call of the
technician.
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END OF MODULE 3
THANK YOU!

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