CHAPTER 2:

TEACHING
APPROACHES
AND METHODS
Meaning of Approach, Methods and Techniques
Approach is a set of assumptions that define
beliefs and theories about the nature of the learner
and the process of learning.
Method is an overall plan for systematic
presentation of a lesson based upon a selected
approach
Techniques are the specific activities manifested in
the classroom that are consistent with a method
and therefore in harmony with an approach
The Teaching Approaches of the Subjects in
the K to 12 Curriculum
Section 5 of the Enhanced Basic Education Act of
2013, states to wit:
The DepEd shall adhere to the following standards
and principles in developing the enhanced basic
education curriculum:
The curriculum shall be:
1. Learner-centered
2. Inclusive
3. Developmentally appropriate
4. Responsive and relevant
5. Research-based
6. Culture sensitive
7. Contextualized and global
8. Constructivist
9. Inquiry-based and Reflective
10. Collaborative
11. Integrative
12. Spiral progression approach
13. MTB-MLE-based
14. Flexible
 DIFFERENT METHODS OF TEACHING
1. Direct and Indirect Method
The direct method is teacher-dominated. You lecture
immediately on what you want the students to learn without
necessarily involving them in the process. This is the traditional
OBE that emphasizes on subject-specific content.
The indirect method is learner-dominated. You give the
student an active role in the learning process. The teacher
synthesize what have been to connect loose ends and give a
whole picture of the past class proceedings and ideas shared
before you lead them to the drawing of generalization or
conclusion.
 In the indirect method, teacher synthesize what
have been shared to connect loose ends and give a
whole picture of the past class proceedings and ideas
shared before you lead them in the drawing of
generalization or conclusion. As a teacher who is
expected to know more than the student, you add to
what your students shared. You must have a
significant input. It is important that you supplement
information given by the students. These are essential
in the drawing valid conclusion.
 DIFFERENT METHODS OF TEACHING
2. Deductive and Inductive

Deductive method, you begin your lesson with a

generalization, a rule, a definition and end with examples
and illustration or with what is concrete.
Examples:
1. You start your lesson in economics with the law of
supply and demand and then give examples to illustrate
2. You state the rule on subject-verb agreement then
give sentences that illustrate the rule.
 DIFFERENT METHODS OF TEACHING
2. Deductive and Inductive
Inductive method, the teacher begin the lesson with the
examples, with what is known, with the concrete and
with details, you end with students giving the
generalization, abstraction or conclusion.
Examples:
For the lesson on the law of supply and demand, you start by
giving many instances that illustrate the law then with your
questioning skills, the class will arrive at a general statement
showing the relationship of supply and demand which is actually
the law of supply and demand in economics
 The contrast of deductive and direct instruction
and inductive and indirect instruction is summarized below:
DEDUCTIVE AND DIRECT INSTRUCTION
Begin with the abstract, rule, definition,
generalization, unknown and ends with experience,
examples, details, known.

Abstract, rule, Experience,

definition, examples, details,
generalization, unknown known
 INDUCTIVE AND INDIRECT INSTRUCTION

Begin with the concrete, experience, examples,

details, known and ends with rule, definition, generalization or
conclusion.

Experience, Abstract, rule,

examples, details, definition,
known generalization, unknown
 WHICH IS MORE INTERACTIVE?
The inductive and indirect method give more
opportunities for students to participate in the learning
process
Students are made to study details, examples or
concrete experience
Make sense of these details and state in their own
words relationship that they see.
The teacher does not tell the pattern in the details nor
does he/she state the generalization and rule but leads
the students to the generalization or rule with her/his
questioning skills.
 WHICH IS MORE INTERACTIVE?

- In the deductive and direct method, the teacher

tells directly the rule and the generalization and follows
it up with concrete examples and illustration.
- The students are engaged in the drills - mental
or physical - that come after the teacher has told them
what they need to know or demonstrated that which
they should be able to do.
WHICH IS THE BEST METHOD
There is no such thing as better or best
method. The best method is the method that works,
the method that is effective, the method that will
enable you to realize your intended outcome. The
effectiveness of a method is dependent on many
factors such as:
Teacher's readiness
Learner's readiness
nature of the subject matter
time allotment for a subject
ADVANTAGES OF INDUCTIVE-INDIRECT
METHOD

1. Superior in terms of learners' engagement

2. More in keeping with time-tested principle
that learning is an active process, the more
a learner is engaged in the learning process,
the better his/her learning.
DISADVANTAGES

1. There are times students are not capable

of drawing abstraction or generalization,
the teachers do it.
2. When the subject matter is quite difficult,
teacher finds difficulty to make the learners
understand the lesson.
 INSIGHTS
1. Manipulative skills like dancing tango, focusing
the microscope, playing the guitar, cooking a
recipe are better taught with the direct method.
2. Cognitive content like the law of conservation of
matter and energy, the law of the land (unless
you discuss the constitutionality or the
unconstitutionality of the law or propose
amendments to the law) are better taught with
the direct method.
 INSIGHTS
3. The inductive or indirect method require more
time than the deductive and direct method. Time is
needed for students to interact, think, analyze and do
abstraction. If you don't have the luxury of time for
one reason or another, it is wise not to go inductive.
4. Teachers advocate the use of the inductive and
indirect method because it is more engaging and
interactive. However, to ensure its effective use, both
students and teacher must be ready.