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Structure of Matter
Structure of Matter
Structure of Matter
com
The Structure
of Matter
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16); Eneen, ©iStock.com (aluminum bars, page 16); Rennett Stowe, flickr.com (lake, page 17); Irina Loginova, ©iStock.com (balloons, page 18); Nat Tarbox, flickr.com (fish tank,
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page 22); Tom Check, ©flickr.com (mine, page 22); Eicker, flickr.com (plane, page 24); Efesan, ©iStock.com (quartz, page 24); Stephanie Howard, ©iStock.com (sodium bicarbonate,
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Cover Page
The unit title is highlighted and the learning
objectives presented. An index of the contents
according to the 5-E Model is also provided.
The digital version also includes an activity
to review the skills and knowledge required
to undertake the unit.
Engage
A video and a related activity are available
with the digital version. Both versions have a
summary on page one. Different activities are
proposed for the video; some of these may be
interactive in the digital version, but they all
contain open-ended questions.
Explore
This exploratory and discovery activity is devised
to mobilize prior knowledge and check it against
the results obtained from the experience.
The digital version contains the necessary
multimedia resources required for this activity:
simulators, videos, interactivities, etc.
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Explain
The unit’s key concepts are formally and
systematically addressed. The digital version
includes a wide range of multimedia resources
to facilitate understanding of the ideas
presented. The printable version includes all
basic graphic elements and references to the
digital resources available. The digital version
may also include reinforcement or enrichment
activities.
Elaborate
In this stage, the newly acquired knowledge
can be applied in a practical way. Thus, a
problem-solving activity is proposed, one
which requires the application of the concepts,
attitudes, and procedures learned throughout
the unit. The digital version may provide
multimedia tools (such as simulators or
videos) to help develop and solve the activity.
Exercises
Each of the concepts addressed in the
“Explain” stage is related to interactive or open-
ended exercises with the aim of consolidating
the topics covered through practice. The
printable version includes all the exercises
except for reinforcement or enrichment
activities, and they are organized in accordance
with the contents from the “Explain” section.
Unit Structure 5
The Structure of Matter
Engage
How Can A Substance Transform into Another One? 08
Explore
A Game of Letters and Chemical Reactions
10
Explain
Two Types of Substance 16
Elements 16
Compounds 17
Compounds or Mixtures 17
The Atomic Model 18
Atoms and Elements 18
Combinations of Atmos and Compounds 19
Chemical Reactions: The Rearrangement of Atoms 19
Types of Chemical Reactions 20
List of Elements 20
Periodic Table of the Elements 21
Chemical Formula of a Compound 21
Elaborate
The Materials Around You
22
Exercises
24
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Cover Page 7
HOW CAN A SUBSTANCE TRANSFORM INTO ANOTHER ONE?
Engage
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Physical Changes
a
Why do we say that the changes of state of water are physical
changes?
Icicles.
b
How does the corpuscular-kinetic theory explain the changes
of state of water?
Answer using your knowledge about the structure of matter.
Boiling water.
Chemical Changes
a
Why do we say that photosynthesis is a chemical change?
b
In photosynthesis, which substances are the reactants and
which ones the products?
CARBON
• Water: Reactant / Product. DIOXIDE SUGAR
+ +
WATER OXYGEN
• Sugar: Reactant / Product.
Engage 9
A GAME OF LETTERS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Explore
You know that scientists say that matter is made of tiny particles
and that there are different substances because each substance
has a different type of particle.
Indeed, this model of matter allows us to explain any physical
change, such as changes in state.
However, this model does not explain chemical changes
satisfactorily.
Game of Letters
The English language contains approximately 1,000,000 words.
However, words are built from a repertoire of only 26 letters.
Words are distinguished by the number of letters they contain
and the way these combine.
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a
Break down each of these words and build two different words
from all the letters.
Interactivity
L I B E R T I N E A T T R I B U T E
+ +
D I S S E N T R E F I N E D
+ +
S E C U R I T Y I N S U L T
+ +
b
Now try to build a word using all the letters of the two words
provided.
N A G + M A T E T I P + P A L A T E
S U R E + C I T Y C A N + M O R E
R A W + B U L K M I T T E N + D A R T S
c
Can you find any similarities between these game of words and
chemical changes?
Clue: think of the particles of substances as if they were words.
Explore 11
In the same way as pure substances, we can play around with
words and transform them into new words which have completely
H
O different meanings.
H C
O
This is possible because words are made up of smaller parts: letters.
H
O H Likewise, if the particles that make up substances can undergo
chemical changes and be transformed into different substances,
H H
C then they must be also formed of smaller parts.
H
H
According to this idea, there are elementary particles that
correspond to letters. When combined, these “letters” generate
O O pure compound substances, whose particles correspond to
“words.”
Decomposing Water
Straddling the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scientists discovered that some pure
substances could be broken down into other pure substances, and that some pure substances
could not be broken down in any manner.
For example, with the help of electricity, it is possible to decompose water into two different
substances: oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen and hydrogen, meanwhile, can not be broken down.
a
WATER → HYDROGEN + OXYGEN
What conclusion can be drawn from the fact that water can
decompose into oxygen and hydrogen?
Clue: think in terms of the particles that form water and recall the
games of letters.
electrolysis.
Experimental procedure to electrolyze
water.
b
Describe what occurs at the tips of the two pins immersed in
water.
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c
What relationship is there between the volumes of hydrogen
and oxygen formed?
d
Applying the same logic you applied to the game of letters, WATER
draw what you think occurred to the particles of water during
electrolysis.
Electrolysis device.
Take into account the observation you made of the volumes of oxygen
and hydrogen.
e
Which of the two representations shows water?
Animation A / B.
Animations
f
What type of substance is presented in the other animation?
Explain your answer.
Explore 13
Other Chemical Reactions
The model of letters and words allows us to understand the chemical reactions in which a
substance is broken down into other substances.
The model of letters and words helps us to understand chemical reactions in which two or
more substances combine to form two or more different substances.
a
Break down each word pair and build a new one using the letters.
L A U G H + C O N E G A L L O N + D E W M E T E R + P E A R
Interactivity
+ + +
D O U B T + R U L E C A B + L U R E L E A F + O A T S
+ + +
b
Applying the same logic as in the game of letters, infer how
many elementary particles (or atoms) of each type a methane
gas particle contains.
Interactivity
CARBON
OXYGEN WATER DIOXIDE
Oxygen → Oxygen → 4
c
Infer how many elementary particles of each type are contained
in a particle of acetic acid (found in vinegar).
Interactivity
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d
Deduce how many elementary particles of each type are
contained in one particle of sugar (glucose).
Interactivity
Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon
CARBON
DIOXIDE WATER GLUCOSE OXYGEN
Hydrogen → 12 Hydrogen →
Oxygen → 18 Oxygen →
Carbon → 6 Carbon →
Conclusion
According to the corpuscular-kinetic model that describes
physical changes in substances, matter is made up of particles.
However, to be able to explain chemical changes, we need
to extend this model and assume that there are two types of
particles:
• Elementary particles or atoms.
• Compound particles, such as the particles that make up
water. These are produced by elementary particles bind-
ing together stably.
According to this extended model, the compound particles of
a substance are always made of the same elementary par-
ticles in the same proportions.
Chemical changes are then described as the recombination
of elementary particles to form new compound particles.
Explore 15
Explain
Elements
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Compounds
Compounds or Mixtures?
Compounds are pure substances that can be decomposed into other pure substances. Mixtures,
on the other hand, are also composed of pure substances.
How do compounds and mixtures differ?
1/8 OXYGEN
OXYGEN
1. The components of a mixture can be + 7/8 HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN
found in variable proportions, whereas the
components of a compound are always found
Table
in the same relative amounts.
2. The components in a mixture maintain OXYGEN 1/2 OXYGEN
their characteristic physical and chemical +
HYDROGEN
properties. In contrast, the pure substances 1/2 HYDROGEN
Explain 17
THE ATOMIC MODEL
CORPUSCULAR-KINETIC MODEL The corpuscular-kinetic model offers an explanation of physical
changes in matter. However, it does not provide either an
explanation of chemical changes or an account of elements
and compounds.
WATER OXYGEN HYDROGEN
The atomic model provides an account of both physical and
ATOMIC MODEL chemical changes of matter. It is based on the existence of
particles which are smaller than the corpuscles described in
WATER the corpuscular-kinetic model.
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Combinations of Atoms and Compounds
The atoms of different Network Structures Molecules
elements can combine and
bond chemically in a regular
and stable manner to form
compounds.
A compound is the
stable bonding of atoms. The network structures of The molecules of a
compounds are formed compound are stable
The bonds between the atoms by the bonding of small particles made of atoms.
of a compound can only be arrangements of different The molecules of a compound
atoms that repeat regularly always have the same number
broken by chemical means.
and indefinitely in space. and type of atoms.
There are two types of The minimum unit that makes
compound, depending on up the network structure of a
whether the atoms’ bonds compound always has the same
form molecules or network arrangement of atoms.
structures:
Animation
substances, called products.
Thus, in chemical reactions:
Methane
1. In reactants, the bonds that hold the
atoms of the molecules or network
structures together are broken.
2. Atoms rearrange and form different
bonds, thus forming the new molecules or
network structures—the products.
Explain 19
Types of Chemical Reactions
There are three categories of reactions depending on how the
atoms in the reactants rearrange to form products:
Synthesis Reaction Decomposition Reaction Displacement Reaction
LIST OF ELEMENTS
How many types of atoms are there?
Since the existence of elementary substances
was understood, researchers all over the world
Magnesium (0.1%)
Silicon (0.1%) have joined efforts to try to identify them all.
Hydrogen (73.9%)
Nitrogen (0.1%)
Iron (0.1%) We know now that there exist around one
Neon (0.1%) hundred different chemical elements or, in
Carbon (0.5%) other words, types of atoms.
Helium (24%)
Oxygen (1%) Thus, all substances in the universe are formed
from the combination of approximately 100
different types of atoms.
The nine most abundant elements in the galaxy.
The atoms of an element have a mass that—
together with other physical and chemical
properties—sets them apart from the atoms
of other elements.
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Periodic Table of the Elements
The periodic table of the elements is an arrangement of the elements that compose
matter according to their physical and chemical properties.
Solid at 25 ºC
Gas at 25 ºC
Liquid at 25 ºC
Interactivity
Synthesized by
humans
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
Symbol
Name
The formula of a molecular compound The formula of a network structure indicates the
shows the types of atom in a molecule of the number and types of atoms that make up the
substance, along with the number of each type. basic unit of the repetitive pattern in the structure.
The chemical formula for water is H2O, which The chemical formula for salt, NaCl, indicates that
indicates that each molecule of water consists of the basic unit that repeats in the network structure
two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. consists of one atom of sodium (Na) and one atom
of chlorine (Cl).
Explain 21
Elaborate
Materials in Nature
All synthetic materials are based on materials
found in nature.
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Let’s Prepare a Presentation
There are many examples of synthetic substances with remarkable industrial or medical
importance.
In this activity, you should look for information about one of these synthetic substances and
prepare a presentation to explain it to the rest of your classmates.
Your presentation should only include 5 slides. Each slide should address the following aspects
in a summarized way:
1. How the synthetic material is produced,
from what raw materials and by what pro-
cesses.
2. What is the atomic structure of the mate-
rial and what are its main physical and
chemical properties.
3. How the properties of the substance
contribute to performing the functions for
which it is used.
4. What social needs the synthetic material
satisfies.
5. How the manufacture and use of this
synthetic material affects the environment
and society.
Rubric
While you work on your task, you can look at a rubric in the
digital version to evaluate the quality of your project.
Elaborate 23
Two Types of Substance Compounds
1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS 4. ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS?
OF DECOMPOSITION Classify each of the following substances as a com-
Exercises
2. SUBSTANCES DECOMPOSING
Observe the following decomposition reactions:
1.
Sodium chlorate → Salt + Oxygen
Salt → Sodium + Chlorine
2.
Water Sodium bicarbonate
Select the substances which you are sure are com-
pounds, on the basis of the reactions shown above.
□
Salt □ Sodium □
Sodium chlorate
□
Oxygen □
Chlorine
3. TRUE OR FALSE?
Indicate whether each of the following statements
about elements and compounds is true or false.
Sodium chloride (salt) Sucrose
○t ○f The substances that a compound
decomposes into are always other
compounds.
○t ○f Elements are pure substances that
become other elements when they
decompose.
○t ○f The substances that a compound de-
composes into are always elements.
○t ○f Compounds are substances that
Gold Sulfur
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Compounds or Mixtures? The Atomic Model
5. FACTS ABOUT COMPOUNDS 7. FACTS ABOUT THE ATOMIC THEORY
AND MIXTURES Complete the following statements about the atomic
theory.
Indicate whether each of the following statements
about mixtures and compounds is true or false. • The most basic particles of matter are .
○t ○f By means of chemical reactions,
• Not all atoms are identical. The number of
other pure substances can be ob- atom types is equal to the number of .
tained from a compound. • Each atom type is characterized by specific
○t ○f Water can be decomposed into dif-
physical and chemical .
ferent proportions of hydrogen and
• By means of , elementary particles of
oxygen.
matter form stable arrangements.
○t ○f By means of separation methods,
various pure substances can be ob- Atoms and Elements
tained from a mixture.
8. FREE ATOMS, MOLECULES,
○t ○f The physical and chemical proper-
AND NETWORKS
ties of a compound are the same
as the physical and chemical prop- Look up information about the elements below, and
erties of the pure substances that indicate whether their atoms are arranged into mol-
make up the compound. ecules, network structures, or not arranged at all.
Exercises 25
Combinations of Atoms and 11. MOLECULES OR ATOM NETWORKS
Compounds Look up information about each of these compounds
and indicate whether its atoms are organized into
10. SPHERE-AND-BAR MODELS molecules or network structures.
Sphere-and-bar models allow us to represent the
1. Glucose: It forms network structures / It forms
structure of molecules and atom networks.
molecules
2. Carbon dioxide: It forms network structures / It
forms molecules
3. Silicon dioxide (silica): It forms network
structures / It forms molecules
4. Methane: It forms network structures / It forms
molecules
5. Sodium chloride (salt): It forms network
structures / It forms molecules
6. Calcium carbonate: It forms network structures
/ It forms molecules
7. Acetic acid (vinegar): It forms network
structures / It forms molecules
8. Water: It forms network structures / It forms
Sphere-and-bar representations of the vinegar molecule (A) and the molecules
methane molecule (B).
12. FACTS ABOUT THE ATOMIC
a. Examine the model of molecules and complete STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS
the following statements correctly: Indicate whether the following statements are true
• The bars represent atoms / bonds between or false.
atoms. ○t ○f In network structures, the atoms
are placed close to one another,
• The spheres represent atoms / bonds between but do not form bonds.
atoms.
○t ○f The total number of atoms in the
b. How many atoms do these molecules have? How network structures of the same com-
many different types of atoms are in each of these pound varies, but the proportion of
molecules? each type is always the same.
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14. NETWORK STRUCTURES
Classify these images according to whether they correspond to atomic models of molecules, network struc-
tures, or free atoms.
Exercises 27
Periodic Table of the Elements Chemical Formula of a Compound
17. FROM THE SYMBOL TO THE NAME 20. FORMULAS AND MOLECULES
The symbols for some of the elements happen to Each of the following formulas describes a molecule.
be made by the first letter of its name in English, Examine each formula and indicate how many atoms
often with a second letter added. of each element are contained in the molecule.
What elements do the symbols below correspond to?
a. CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
Interactivity
• calcium atoms
Look up the symbol of the element first and then
find its name in English in the periodic table of the • chlorine atoms
digital version.
b. SiO2 (Silicon dioxide)
1. Stannum: 4. Ferrum: • silicon atoms
2. Cuprum: 5. Natrium: • oxygen atoms
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22. ATOMIC MASSES
a. Look up the periodic table and enter the symbol and mass for each of the following atom types:
Write your answers correct to one decimal place, where necessary.
• The symbol of hydrogen is H. Its atoms have a mass of 1 u.
• The symbol of carbon is . Its atoms have a mass of u.
• The symbol of oxygen is . Its atoms have a mass of u.
• The symbol of phosphorus is . Its atoms have a mass of u.
b. Using the previous data, calculate the mass of a molecule of each of the following compounds:
Write your answers correct to one decimal place, where necessary.
• A molecule of CO2 has a mass of u.
• A molecule of CH4 has a mass of u.
• A molecule of H2CO3 has a mass of u.
• A molecule of H3PO4 has a mass of u.
Solid at 25 ºC
Gas at 25 ºC
Liquid at 25 ºC
Synthesized by humans
Exercises 29
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