General Physics II

Electric Charge and

Electric Fields
Session 9

Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

Facilitator
SESSION OUTCOMES
 State that there are positive and negative charges
 Describe charging by rubbing, conduction and induction
 Draw electric field patterns due to systems with isolated
point charges
 Predict the trajectory of a charge in a uniform
electric field
 Calculate the net electric field of a point due to a system of
point charges using Coulomb’s Law and calculate the net
electric force on a charge at that point
 Calculate the net electric field for highly symmetric
charge distributions using Gauss’s Law (optional)

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE
 property of matter involved in electromagnetic interaction
 “elektron”(amber)

 interactions between electric charges at rest

 Benjamin Franklin
 positive & negative charges

“Like charges repel, opposite charges attract.”

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE

“Like charges repel, opposite charges attract.”

????

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE
 atom: electron, proton, neutron
 proton, neutron; quarks
 gaining or losing of electrons

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE

“The algebraic sum of all electric charges in

any closed system is constant.” Nature of Electric Charge
“The magnitude of charge of the electron or
proton is a natural unit (quanta) of charge.”

qe  1.602 10 19 C electron

q p  1.602  10 19 C proton

e  1.602 10 19 C quanta of charge

(electron charge)
1 2 Quarks doesn’t exist
qquarks   e, e
3 3 in isolation
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
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ELECTRIC CHARGE

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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11/13/2015 8
CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS & INDUCED CHARGES

 permits electric charges to move

easily from one region of the
material to another (Ex. metals)

 opposite of a conductor
(ex. Plastic)

 can become an insulator or a

conductor

 permits ALL/MOST charges to

flow within 9
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS & INDUCED CHARGES

 charging using physical

contact w/conductors
 charging with no physical contact
 acquires charge with opposite sign

 charges that lie on the surface of the m

induction

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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Volume Holographic Generation of Optical Bottle Beams, JP Manigo 11/13/2015 11
Charging by Contact
- charged by touching it with a positively
charged glass rod

-the glass rod is an insulator, it must

actually touch the electroscope to
transfer charge to or from it

- some are transferred to the positive rod

by touch, leaving the electroscope with a
net positive charge.
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Charging by Contact
Electrostatic repulsion in the
leaves of the charged electroscope
separates them. The electrostatic
force has a horizontal component
that results in the leaves moving
apart as well as a vertical
component that is balanced by the
gravitational force. Similarly, the
electroscope can be negatively
Volume Holographic Generation of Optical Bottle Beams, JP Manigo
charged by contact with a negatively
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Charging by Induction
not necessary to transfer excess charge directly to an
object in order to charge it

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Charging by Induction
not necessary to transfer excess charge directly to an
object in order to charge it

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Volume Holographic Generation of Optical Bottle Beams, JP Manigo 11/13/2015 16

Charging by induction, using a ground connection.

Polarization
 is the separation of charges in an object that remains
neutral.
 If the spheres are now separated (before the rod is
pulled away), each sphere will have a net charge.
 the object closest to the charged rod receives an
opposite charge when charged by induction.
 no charge is removed from the charged rod, so that
this process can be repeated without depleting the
supply of excess charge.
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CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS & INDUCED CHARGES

 electrostatic
painting process

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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 ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
 repulsion/attraction between electric charges

q1q2 Coulumb’s Law

F k 2
r

1 N  m 2
k  9 109
4 0 C2

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS

 imaginary field created by an electric charge  a vector quantity

 electric force per unit charge (N/C)
  
 F
E F  qE
q
 The electric force on a charged body is exerted by the
electric field created by other charged bodies

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS

  moves along the

q F  qE direction of the
field

E
q
 
F  qE
moves opposite the
direction of the field

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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Electric Field, Work, and Potential
Energy  objects naturally move
from high potential energy
to low potential energy
under the influence of the
field force
 to move a charge in an
electric field against its
natural direction of motion
would require work.
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ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
q1q2
F k 2
r
F
E
q

q
Ek 2
r
Coulumb’s
Law for E
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D. PhET simulation – Charges and Fields 23
ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS

    q1 q2
Ftotq  F1q  F2 q  F3q  
   
Etot  E1  E2  E3  

 Ftotq q3 q
Etot 
q

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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Sample Problem 1:
Calculate the electric field that a test charge will experience on the
following distances from the source charge of +5.02 x 10-13 C.
a. Distance from source charge: 2.04 x 10-3 m
b. Distance from source charge: 1.55 x 10-12 m
Solution: kq
E 
r2
The source charge will experience an electric field of
approximately 1084.43 N/C.

kq
E 
r2
The source charge will experience an electric field of
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approximately 1.88 x 1021 N/C.

ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
+y
 What is the total electric field at
the origin due to charges q1 and q2?
 What is the total electric
force experienced by the q1  1nC q
negative charge q =-1nC at +x
the origin?
x = -1m

q2  1nC
y = -1m

PhET simulations – Charges and Fields 26

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
+y
 What is the total electric field at
the origin due to charges q1 and q2?
q1
E1  k 
q1  1nC
2
r1
9
E1
 9 N m 
1  10 C 2 +x
  9 10 
 C 2
 1 m 2
x = -1m

N

E1  9 E2
C
q2  1nC
q2 N y = -1m
E2  k 2
9
r2 C
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
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ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
+y
 What is the total electric field at
the origin due to charges q1 and q2?
 Nˆ  N ˆ
E1  9 i E2  9 j
 C  C
q1  1nC

Etot  E1  E2 E1
  N ˆ  N  ˆ +x
Etot   9 i   9  j 
 C  C x = -1m
 N  N
2
N
2

Etot   9     9   12.7 E2 
 C  C C
Etot
magnitude
 N
9  q2  1nC
  tan 1 
C y = -1m
 450  3150
 N
9  direction
 C
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
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 ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
What is the total electric force
 +y

experienced by the negative Ftotq 
charge q =-1nC at the origin? F2 q
q1q
F1  k q1  1nC
r1
2
q

9 N  m  1nC   1nC 
+x
 2
  9 10  F
 C 2
 1m 2 x = -1m 1q

F1  9 10 N 9
F1  9 10 9 N iˆ

F2  9 10 N 9
F2  9 10 9 N ˆj q2  1nC
 y = -1m
Ftotq  9 10 9 N  iˆ  9 10 9 N  ˆj
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
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 ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
What is the total electric force
 +y

experienced by the negative Ftotq 
charge q =-1nC at the origin? F2 q
magnitude

Ftotq   9 10 9
N   9 10
2 9
N 
2
 1q.27
1  1nC
10 8
N q
9 10 N 9
  +x
  tan 1   0 0
F
 9  10 9 N
45 ,

135
direction
x = -1m 1q

Alternative solution:
Ftotq

 N
 q Etot   110 C 12.7  9
 q2  1nC
 C y = -1m
Ftotq  1.27 10 8 N

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC FLUX
 is the rate of flow of the electric field through a given
area
 is proportional to the number of electric field lines going
through a virtual surface
 is the amount of electric field penetrating a surface. And that
surface can be open or closed.

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Electric Flux Through Open Surfaces
 lines represent a uniform electric field
 The electric flux that passes through
this small area dφ, is defined as a dot
product of the magnitude of the
electric field E and the magnitude of
the vector area dA, times the angle
between these two vectors θ.

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Electric Flux Through Open Surfaces
 It is a scalar quantity
 the end result can be positive or negative
 if the flux is going from the inside to the outside

a positive flux 
 if it is going from the outside to the inside
 a negative flux

 The unit of electric flux is

Newton meters squared per
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Coulomb (Nm2/C) 11/13/2015 33
Electric Flux Through Open Surfaces

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Electric Flux Through Open Surfaces

 the area is perpendicular to the electric field

 the angle between their vectors, θ is 0°

 maximum flux

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Electric Flux Through Open Surfaces

 the angle between E and dA θ is 60°

 the electric flux will be half EdA

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Electric Flux Through Open Surfaces

 the area is parallel to the electric field

 which means that their vectors are

perpendicular to each other, and the angle
θ between them is 90°
 nothing goes through that rectangle, so
here we have zero flux

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Electric Flux Through Closed Surfaces

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Electric Flux Through Closed Surfaces
 the normal to the closed surface always
points from the inside to the outside.
 The total flux can be positive, negative,
or equal to zero.
 If more flux is leaving than entering the
surface  positive total flux

 If more flux is entering than leaving the

surface  negative total flux

 If the same amount of flux is entering and

Volume Holographic Generation of Optical Bottle Beams, JP Manigo
leaving the surface,
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 zero total flux

Sample Problem:
An electric field of 500 V/m makes an angle of 40.0o with the
surface vector. It has an area of 0.400 m2 . Find the electric flux that
passes through the surface.

 Given:  Solution:
E = 500V/m
θ = 40.o o
A = 0.400m2

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Gauss’s law
 also known as Gauss’s flux theorem
 is a law relating to the distribution of
electric charge to the resulting electric
field.
 states that the net outward normal
electric flux through any closed surface
is proportional to the total electric
charge enclosed within that closed
surface.
 The total of the electric flux out of a
closed surface is equal to the charge
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enclosed divided by the permittivity.

Gauss’s law
 The magnitude of the electric field everywhere
is the same because the distance from the
charge is the same at each point.

where:
Volume Holographic Generation of Optical Bottle Beams, JP Manigo Q = total charge within the given surface
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ε0 = permittivity constant 8.85 x10-12 C2/Nm2

Gauss’s law
 The flux doesn‘t depend on the distance r.
 the same result no matter the size of the
closed surface around the point charge.

 The equation should also hold for any system of

charges inside.

Gauss’s Law, which says that “the electric flux going

through a closed surface, is the sum of all charges Q
inside that closed surface, divided by permittivity of
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free space E0”.

Gauss’s law
 If that flux is zero, that means there is no net
charge inside the shape. There could be
positive and negative charges inside the shape,
but the net is zero. The same result no matter
the size of the closed surface around the point
charge.

 No matter how weird the shape, Gauss‘s Law

always holds, as long as there‘s symmetry in
the charge distribution inside the surface.
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Gauss’s law
Gauss’s Law Square

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Sample Problem :
1. There are three charges q1, q2, and q3 having charges of 6 pC, 5 pC
and 3 pC respectively enclosed in a surface. Find the total flux enclosed
by the surface.
Given:
q1 = 6pC
q2 = 5pC
q3 = 3pC Solution:
Q = q1 + q2 + q3
= 6 pC + 5 pC + 3 pC
= 14 pC

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 THANK YOU
and
SEE YOU NEXT SESSION!

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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