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4 Series and Parallel Ac Circuits
4 Series and Parallel Ac Circuits
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law in the Frequency Domain
Kirchhoff’s voltage law in the time domain is
𝒗𝟏 𝒕 + 𝒗𝟐 𝒕 + ⋯ + 𝒗𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑽𝒎𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝟏 + 𝑽𝒎𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒎𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒏 ) = 𝟎
Use Euler’s identity
𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 + 𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 +⋯ + 𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 + 𝑽𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒎𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎
Factoring the term 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 from each term yield
𝑹𝒆 (𝑽𝒎𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟏 + 𝑽𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒎𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝒏 )𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎
Or
𝑹𝒆 (𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒏 )𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎
But 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 ≠ 𝟎 , so
𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒏 = 𝟎
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law in the Frequency Domain
Kirchhoff’s voltage law for series RL circuit
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Kirchhoff’s Current Law in the Frequency Domain
𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑰𝒏 = 𝟎
Where I1, I2, and In are the phasor representations of the individual currents
i1, i2, and in.
Example: For the RLC circuit, determine Is and is(t) if both sources operate at
ω = 2 rad/s, and IC = 2∟ 28 A.
Or
Impedance (Z) is the ratio of the phasor voltage to the phasor current.
𝟏
𝒁𝑹 = 𝑹 𝒁𝑳 = 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝒁𝑪 =
𝒋𝝎𝑪
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Combining Impedances in Series and parallel
𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝒁𝟏 𝑰 +𝒁𝟐 𝑰 + ⋯ + 𝒁𝒏 𝑰 a Z1 Z2 Zn
𝑽𝒂𝒃 = (𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒁𝒏 )𝑰 I
Vab
𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝒁𝒂𝒃 = = 𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒁𝒏 b
𝑰
Impedances connected in parallel can be reduced to a single equivalent
impedance by the reciprocal relationship.
Apply KCL
𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑰𝒏
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
= + +⋯+
𝒁𝒂𝒃 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + ⋯+
𝒁𝒂𝒃 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝒏
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Combining Impedances in Series and Parallel
𝟏 𝟏
𝒀= = = 𝑮 + 𝒋𝑩 Y: Admittance in Siemens
𝒁 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚
G: Conductance in Siemens
𝒀𝒂𝒃 = 𝒀𝟏 +𝒀𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒀𝒏 B: Susceptance in Siemens
𝟏 𝟏
𝒀𝑹 = 𝒀𝑳 = 𝒀𝑪 = 𝒋𝝎𝑪
𝑹 𝒋𝝎𝑳
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Voltage Division
Voltage division is used to express the voltage across one of
several series impedances.
Vs=V1+V2=Z1I+Z2I =(Z1+Z2)I
So
𝑽
𝑰=
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐
Thus 𝑽
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑰𝒁𝟐 = 𝒁𝟐
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐
Or 𝒁𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 General result for voltage division
across a string of N series impedances
And the voltage across Z1 is similarly
𝒁𝒌
𝒁𝟏 𝑽𝒌 = 𝑽
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽 𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 +𝒁𝟑 + ⋯ +𝒁𝑵
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Current Division
Current division is used to express the current across one of
several parallel impedances.
𝒗 𝑰 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝑰 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐
𝑰𝟐 = = =
𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐
Or
𝒁𝟏
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰 For a parallel combination of N
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐
impedances, the current through
resistor Zk is
And similarly
𝟏
𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝒌
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰 𝑰𝒌 = 𝑰
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ + + ⋯+
𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟑 𝒁𝑵
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Examples
Example: A 90 Ω resistor, a 32 mH inductor, and a 5 μF capacitor are connected in
series across the terminals of a sinusoidal voltage source. The steady-state expression
for the source voltage vs is 750cos (5000t + 30°) V.
a) Construct the frequency-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Calculate the steady-state current i by the phasor method.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Examples
b)
Example: The sinusoidal current source in the circuit produces the current is
is=8cos200,000t A.
a) Construct the frequency-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Find the steady-state expressions for v, i1, i2, and i3.
𝑅1 = 10𝛺 𝑅2 = 6𝛺
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 𝑗200000 × 40 × 10−6 𝛺=8Ω
𝑍𝐶 = 1/𝑗𝜔𝐶 = 1/(𝑗200000 × 1 × 10−6 )𝛺=-j5Ω
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Examples
b)
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
Examples
b)
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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
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