Electric Circuits II

Sinusoids and phasors

Dr. Firas Obeidat

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 Table of Contents

• The Sinusoidal Response

1.

• The Phasor
2.

• Inverse Phasor Transform

3.
• The Passive Circuit Elements in the
4. Frequency Domain

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 The Sinusoidal Response
Let 𝒗𝒔 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔⁡(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)

Apply KVL
𝒅𝒊
𝑳 + 𝑹𝒊 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)
𝒅𝒕
The solution for i is

−𝑽𝒎 𝑽𝒎
𝒊(𝒕) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽 − 𝝓)𝒆− 𝑹 𝑳 𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽 − 𝝓)
𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎 𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑳 𝟐

Transient Component Steady State Component

where
𝝎𝑳
𝝓 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝑹

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 The Sinusoidal Response
It is important to remember the following characteristics of the steady-state
solution:

The steady-state solution is a sinusoidal function.

The frequency of the response signal is identical to the frequency of the
source signal. This condition is always true in a linear circuit when the
circuit parameters, R, L, and C, are constant. (If frequencies in the
response signals are not present in the source signals, there is a nonlinear
element in the circuit.)
The maximum amplitude of the steady-state response, in general, differs
from the maximum amplitude of the source. For the circuit being
𝑽
discussed, the maximum amplitude of the response signal is 𝟐 𝒎 𝟐 𝟐, and
𝑹 +𝝎 𝑳
the maximum amplitude of the signal source is Vm.
The phase angle of the response signal, in general, differs from the phase
angle of the source. For the circuit being discussed, the phase angle of the
current is φ-θ and that of the voltage source is φ.

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 The Phasor
The phasor is a complex number that carries the amplitude and
phase angle information of a sinusoidal function.
From Euler formula 𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝑹𝒆(𝒆𝒋𝜽 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝑰𝒎(𝒆𝒋𝜽 )

𝒗𝒔 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒄𝒐 𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽 = 𝑽𝒎 𝑹𝒆(𝒆𝒋(ω𝒕+𝜽) )=𝑽𝒎 𝑹𝒆 𝒆𝒋ω𝒕 𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 𝒆𝒋ω𝒕

The quantity𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 is a complex number that carries the amplitude and
phase angle of the given sinusoidal function. This complex number is by
definition the phasor representation, or phasor transform, of the given
sinusoidal function. Thus
𝑽 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝝆 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)
Where 𝝆 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽) is read “the phasor transform” of 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)
Thus the phasor transform transfers the sinusoidal function from the time
domain to the complex-number domain, which is also called the frequency
domain.
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 The Phasor
we also can express a phasor in rectangular form. Thus
𝑽 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 +𝒋𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

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 Inverse Phasor Transform
The step of going from the phasor transform to the time-domain expression
is referred to as finding the inverse phasor transform and is formalized by
the equation

𝝆−𝟏 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕

The steady-state solution for the current i is of
the form

𝒊𝒔𝒔 (𝒕) = 𝑹𝒆 𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜷 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕

Substitute the above equation in the following
equation
𝒅𝒊
𝑳 + 𝑹𝒊 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)
𝒅𝒕
We got
𝑹𝒆 𝒋𝝎𝑳𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜷 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 +𝑹𝒆 𝑹𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜷 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕

𝑹𝒆 (𝒋𝝎𝑳 + 𝑹)𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜷 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕

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 Inverse Phasor Transform
If we had chosen to use the sine function in the sinusoidal steady-state
analysis, then we can replace the (Re) sign in the above equation by (Im)
sign to get the following equation .
𝑰𝒎 (𝒋𝝎𝑳 + 𝑹)𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜷 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝑰𝒎 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕
From the above two equations, when both the real and imaginary parts of
two complex quantities are equal, then the complex quantities are
themselves equal.
𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽
(𝒋𝝎𝑳 + 𝑹)𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜷 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 or 𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜷 =
𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳
The phasor transform is also useful in circuit analysis because it applies
directly to the sum of sinusoidal functions. Circuit analysis involves
summing currents and voltages.

𝑽 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 + 𝑽𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝑽 𝒏
where all the voltages on the right-hand side are sinusoidal voltages of the
same frequency.

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 Inverse Phasor Transform

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 Inverse Phasor Transform

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 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain

The Resistor
Let 𝒊(𝒕) = 𝑰𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔⁡(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)

The complex voltage is

The complex current is

So that

Dividing throughout by ejωt , we find

In polar form
But Vm∟θ and Im∟ 𝝓 merely represent the
general voltage and current phasors V and I. Thus

The angles θ and 𝝓 are equal, so that the current

and voltage are always in phase.
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 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain

The Inductor
Let 𝒊(𝒕) = 𝑰𝒎 𝒄𝒐 𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓 = 𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋(𝝎𝒕+𝝓)

Taking the indicated derivative

Dividing through by ejωt

We obtain the desired phasor relationship

Note that the angle of the factor jωL is exactly

+90◦ and that I must therefore lag V by 90° in
an inductor.
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 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain

The Capacitor
Let 𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 𝒄𝒐 𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) = 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋(𝝎𝒕+𝝓)
𝒅𝒗(𝒕)
𝒊 𝒕 =𝑪
𝒅𝒕
Taking the indicated derivative
𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋(𝝎𝒕+𝜽) = 𝑪(𝒋𝝎𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋(𝝎𝒕+𝝓) )
Dividing through by ejωt
𝑰𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝒋𝝎𝑪𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝒋𝝓
We obtain the desired phasor relationship
𝑰 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑽
𝟏
𝑽= I
𝑗𝜔𝐶

Note that the angle of the factor 1/jωC is

exactly -90◦ and that I must therefore lead V
by 90° in an Capacitor.
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 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain

Comparison of Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain

Voltage-Current Expressions

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 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain
Examples

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 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain
Examples

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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain
Examples

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Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain
Examples

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