Professional Documents
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- Military conflicts
- Extremist political struggle
- Social upheavals
- National and religious upheavals
- Terrorism;
- Rampant criminality
1) Emergencies of the 1st category (severe): pass almost unnoticed, and some of
them, for example, short-term torrential flooding in the streets of major cities, may
even be perceived by many as a fun episode.
2) Emergencies of the 2nd category (especially severe for the majority of
population): - a nuisance that causes discomfort, irritation, etc.
3) Emergencies of the 3rd category (catastrophic) They can significantly change
the socio-political situation, cause outbreaks of emigration
4) Emergencies of the 4th category (irreplaceable) remains as an event that
breaks the lives of survivors( immigrants).
- Transport accidents;
- Fires (explosions);
- The sudden collapse of buildings and structures;
- Accidents with the release of highly toxic substances;
- Accidents with the release of radioactive substances;
- Accidents with the release of biologically hazardous substances;
- Accidents in communal life support systems (water, sewer,
gas, heating units and power systems);
- Hydrodynamic accidents (dam breaks).
- international conflicts;
- drug trade;
- Organized crime;
- "Shadow economy";
- state crisis;
- Information and other features.
Nuclear explosions can be produced in the air, on the ground (on water surface),
underground (under water).
The shock wave is an area of rapid compression of air, extending in all directions
from the center of the explosion at a supersonic speed.
Source of a shock wave is high pressure in the center of the blast.
The main parameters determining the damaging effect of shock waves are pressure
and velocity pressure of air.
With increasing the distance from the blast epicenter wave velocity decreases
rapidly, and the shock wave weakens. At large distances the shock wave passes to an
ordinary acoustic wave and its propagation velocity approaches the speed of sound in
the environment, ie to 340 m / s. Air shock wave during the average nuclear explosion
runs approximately 1000 meters for 1.4 s, 2000 m - for 4, 3000 m - 7 s, 5000 m - for 12
seconds.
The destructive effect of the shock wave is determined by the excess pressure.
Excessive pressure in the shock front is the difference between the maximum pressure
in the shock front and the normal atmospheric pressure before this front. Unit of
excessive pressure - Pa, kPa, or kg/cm2.
The shock wave can affect directly on the people due to the excess pressure,
dynamic pressure, and indirectly – due to secondary projectiles (destroyed buildings
and constructions, flying debris)
Light radiation affects people, causing burns to exposed skin and eye lesions (initial
impact). Burns in humans may also occur as a result of flame fires arising from the
optical radiation (secondary exposure). Ocular damage, caused by light emission may
result in temporary blindness, eye fundus, cornea and eyelid burns.
The impact of light radiation on humans and animals results in burns on exposed body
areas, categorized by severity:
Third and fourth-degree burns covering large body parts can be fatal. Clothing and fur
provide protection, making burns more common on exposed body parts.
The degree of light radiation burns depends on clothing nature, color, density, and
thickness. Light-colored loose clothing, especially made of wool, offers better protection.
Dark or transparent, synthetic clothes increase susceptibility. Temporary blindness from
a bright flash of light can occur, lasting 2-5 minutes during the day and up to 30 minutes
or more at night.
Protection from light radiation involves using opaque barriers like pits, ditches, hills, or
structures to create shadows, effectively reducing or avoiding burns.
Ionizing radiation is an alpha (α) -, beta (δ) - and gamma (γ) radiation and neutron
flux emitted into the environment from a nuclear explosion. The effect of ionizing
radiation does not exceed 10-15 seconds since the explosion.
Ionizing radiation, invisible and imperceptible, penetrates all known materials, causing
damage by ionizing molecules in living cells. Gamma rays and neutrons disrupt cell
function, leading to cell death at high doses and resulting in radiation sickness. Severity
depends on absorbed energy, measured in grays (Gy) or rads (1 Gy = 100 rad).
Radiation dose varies with explosion type, power, and distance from the epicenter.
Human impact depends on both dose and exposure duration. Up to 50 p simultaneous
exposure or 100 r for 10 days or a year is considered safe. Exposure beyond 100 r
causes radiation sickness.
Materials like lead, concrete, and soil attenuate gamma rays. Attenuation depends on
material properties and thickness, denoted by the half-attenuation layer. Examples
include lead (1.8 cm), concrete (10 cm), soil (14 cm), wood (30 cm), water (23 cm),
snow (50 cm), and air (15000 cm).
Radioactive contamination of the terrain results from radioactive fallout (PB) following a
nuclear explosion. This contamination occurs as radioactive particles are captured from
the ground by updrafts and carried away with the rising cloud, spreading over vast
distances and affecting air, ground, water, crops, etc.
1. **Duration of Infection:**
- Lasts for days, weeks, or months.
2. **Scale of Distribution:**
- Covers tens to hundreds of kilometers.
3. **Difficulty of Detection:**
- No external signs (color, smell, taste), requiring dosimetry devices for identification.
The extent and degree of contamination depend on explosion capacity, surface nature,
meteorological conditions, and time elapsed. The radioactive trace's shape is influenced
by wind direction and speed, often forming an elongated ellipse on flat terrain.
- **Level of Radiation:**
- Measured in X-hours (r/h).
- Contaminated areas have radiation levels, with 0.5 r/h considered contaminated and
50 r/h considered dangerously contaminated.
Chemical weapons are warfare agents and the means by which they are used. The
basis of the harmful effect of chemical weapons are poisonous substances.
Toxic substances (TS) are chemical compounds that can defeat unprotected
manpower or reduce its combat effectiveness.
A person may be injured by inhaling contaminated air, by direct contact with toxic
substances on skin, ingestion of contaminated food or water and as a result of contact
with contaminated soil, people and objects.
Toxicity is the ability of toxic substances to cause lesions when ingested in certain
doses.
By toxic classification, all toxic substances, according to characteristic features of
influence on human body, are divided into five groups:
- neuroparalitical
- Blister
- Blood gases
- asphyxiant
- irritant
Blood gases toxic substances include prussic acid and cyanogen chloride.
Prussic acid is colorless liquid with a distinctive odor reminiscent of bitter
almonds in small concentrations, the smell is hard to distinguish. Prussic acid is volatile
and is only valid in the vapor state.
The characteristic features of the lesion by prussic acid are: a metallic taste in the
mouth, throat irritation, dizziness, weakness and nausea. Then comes the painful
shortness of breath, slow heartbeat, the poisoned faints, sudden convulsions occur.
Convulsions do not last long, then comes complete muscle relaxation with a loss of
sensitivity, a drop in temperature, respiratory depression, after which the poisoned stops
breathing. Cardiac function after cessation of breathing continues for the following 3-7
minutes.
Cyanogen chloride – is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a pungent odor,
irritates mucous membranes and causes tearing. As prussic acid, it also has blood
gases impact. Inhalation of cyanogen chloride at a concentration of 0, 005mg / L results
in irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.
Yperite - is a dark brown oily liquid with a characteristic odor reminiscent of garlic or
mustard. Yperite slowly evaporates from the affected areas, its resistance on the ground
is in summer - from 7 to 14 days, in winter - a month or more. Yperite has a
multifaceted effect on the body: in a liquid and vapor state, it affects the skin and eyes,
in the form of vapor - the airways and lungs, in case of eating it with food and water
affects the digestive organs. The impact of yperite is not immediate, it begins after a
while, this period is called the latent period of the impact. When dropped on the skin
drops of yperite are quickly absorbed into it without causing pain. After 4 - 8 hours there
appear redness and itching on the skin. By the end of the first and beginning of the
second day small bubbles are formed, but then they merge into a single large bubble,
filled with amber-yellow liquid, which eventually becomes cloudy. The emergence of
bubbles is accompanied by malaise and fever. After 2-3 days the bubbles burst,
exposing under an ulcer which does not heal for a long time. If the ulcer becomes
infected, there is a festering, and healing time increases to 5-6 months.
Lewisite. Due to the character of impact, lewisite is similar to yperite, but it has its
own features. The main feature among them is that lewisite has no latent period of
impact. After contact with skin lewisite almost immediately causes a strong burning
sensation. There appear redness and swelling, blistering stage ends at the end of the
second day, after which the bubbles burst, forming ulcers. Lewisite, as well as yperite,
being absorbed into the blood, causes systemic poisoning of organism.
First aid. If a drop of lewisite got on skin or clothing, immediately decontaminate
the affected area with individual anti-gas package or a solution of chlorine bleach. Eyes
affected by vapor or droplets of lewisite, must be washed with a 2% solution of baking
soda. Mouth and nose must be rinsed with 2% solution of soda or a mild solution of
bleach (0, 1 - 0, 2%).
Phosgene – is a colorless, highly volatile liquid with a smell of rotten hay or rotten
apples. It impacts the body in the vapor state. Phosgene has a latent period of impact-
4 – 6 hours. It affects mainly the respiratory system, destroying the walls of the
pulmonary vesicles (alveoli) and capillaries. The walls of the alveoli and the capillaries
become permeable to liquid blood, resulting in edema of the lungs, the oxygen supply of
organism is broken. In case of inhaling the phosgene person feels an unpleasant sweet
taste in mouth, then there appear cough, dizziness, and fatigue. If a person goes out of
the contaminated air, he feels good, this period is called the period of imaginary
improvement. However, after 4-6 hours the affected person feels a sharp deterioration:
cyanotic coloring of the lips, cheeks and nose develops rapidly, general weakness,
headache, hurried breathing, pronounced shortness of breath, painful cough are
observed.
First aid: it is necessary to put on the affected a respirator, remove him or her from
the contaminated air and quickly deliver to the medical center. Artificial respiration must
be applied.
Immediately after leaving the contaminated area victims may fall into a drowsy state.
Having suffered a psychosis, they usually have complete amnesia, they cannot move
remember or talk about their experiences.
Highly toxic substances include: chlorine, ammonia, nitric acid, fluorine compounds.
In small and medium concentrations
Chlorine causes a burning sensation and pain in the eyes, feeling of tightness and
pain in the chest, sore throat, watery eyes, there appear dry and painful cough,
spasms of the larynx. At high concentrations chlorine quickly causes pulmonary
edema, which runs about the same as in case of asphyxiant toxic substances. A
person who is in the atmosphere with very high concentrations of chlorine vapor, suffers
from faints and quickly dies of respiratory failure, which appears as the result of lungs
burnt by chlorine vapor.
First aid: the person affected by chlorine gas must wear respirator and quickly
taken out of the area of the lesion. People, who work in such areas, must wear
respirators.
Ammonia – is a colorless gas with sharp irritative effect. It is used in the
refrigeration industry as a refrigerant, as an avid absorber of heat during evaporation, as
well as for nitrogen fertilizers. Ammonia causes severe irritation of the respiratory tract,
and at high concentrations the arousal of the central nervous system. When exposed at
low concentrations, ammonia entails light phenomena of rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis,
bronchitis, which lasts 3-5 days. In case of influence of high concentrations of ammonia
severe cough, pain and tightness in the chest are observed, there is a diffuse muco-
purulent bronchitis. In severe lesions spasm of the glottis, pneumonia and pulmonary
edema can occur.
First aid in acute poisoning with ammonia is the rapid removal of the infected from
contaminated atmosphere, the release of hindering clothing and supply of oxygen. If
eyes are affected, copious irrigation with water is recommended. People must work in
the area in respirators and use protective skin means.
In case of mild lesions by means of inhalation changes are observed mainly in the
upper respiratory tract. In addition, the state of stupor, dizziness, weakness, fatigue are
also observed. Duration of such lesions is 3-5 days.
First aid is a quick and thorough partial sanitation, putting on the respirator and rapid
removal of the victim from the contaminated area.
Fluorine and its compounds are quite toxic substances. Lesions caused by fluorine
and its compounds are very similar to lesions caused by nitric acid. However, burns
caused by fluorine and its compounds, thereof may occur not only in contact with the
liquid product, but upon exposure of its vapor and fluorine compounds on the skin. In
this case skin burns, caused by fluorine, are usually deeper.
Inhalation of vapors of fluorine leads to the development of toxic pulmonary
edema with even more than in lesions of nitric acid, cauterizing effect and more severe
course of the lesion
28. Characteristic features of the epicenter of biological
lesion. ####
The center of bacteriological lesion is an area within which as a result of application
of biological weapons, there appear mass destruction of people, farm animals, plants,
and contamination of residential buildings, contamination of the air, water and soil
environment by bacterial means.
It is also necessary to take into account the facts of sabotage and uncontrollable
entry into the territory of the Azerbaijan Republic of foods of various assets, equipment,
etc., which can lead to the formation of the zones of bacteriological contamination with
varying degrees of danger to human life, animals and plants, etc.
The basis of biological weapons are biological means, which include pathogens -
bacteria and the toxins, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi that they produce.
The center of Bacteriological (Biological) lesion is characterized by: 1) the type of the
applied bacterial agents 2) the number of affected people, animals, plants 3) the
duration of the conservation of damaging properties of the pathogens.
29. Quarantine and observation.. ###
1) the ability to cause massive infectious disease in humans and animals when ingested
in very small quantities, 2) the ability of many infectious diseases to be rapidly
transmitted from sick to the healthy people 3) the long duration of impact (for example,
the spore form of anthrax germs retain lesion properties a few years ) 4) the presence of
a hidden (incubation) period (time from infection to the appearance of symptoms the
disease) 5) the ability of contaminated air to penetrate into various unsealed shelter,
accommodation and contaminate vulnerable people, as well as cause the contamination
of kitchens, warehouses, and other spaces 6) the difficulty and length of the detection
of pathogens and toxins in the environment, requiring special methods of laboratory
studies (diagnosis).
There are different ways and methods of transmission of infection:
1) through the respiratory system, 2) the consumption of contaminated food, fodder and
water, 3) in contact with contaminated objects 4) when dealing with sick people and
animals 5) in case of with insect bites and ticks that transmit the disease.
**Artificial Respiration:**
1. Lay the victim on their back and ensure open airways by tilting the head back.
2. If specialized apparatus is unavailable, use "mouth-to-mouth" resuscitation.
3. Clear the victim's mouth, pinch the nose, form a seal with your lips, and blow air into
their mouth.
4. Blow a sufficient amount of air to cause chest motion, aiming for 16-18 breaths per
minute.
5. Perform artificial respiration rhythmically until natural breathing is restored.
6. In cases of lower jaw wounds, air can be blown through the victim's nose with the
mouth closed.
7. Cease artificial respiration if there are obvious signs of death.
**Chest Compressions:**
1. In sudden cardiac arrest, characterized by the absence of heart rate and dilated
pupils, proceed to chest compressions.
2. Place the victim on a firm surface, kneel beside them, and interlock your hands on
the lowest part of the sternum.
3. Administer energetic rhythmic bursts of 50-60 compressions per minute, allowing the
chest to fully stretch after each thrust.
4. Shift the front chest wall to a depth of 3-4 cm.
5. Combine chest compressions with artificial respiration. Enlist two or three helpers for
continuous support.
6. Alternately perform 4-5 chest compressions (expiration) followed by one lung air
injection (inhalation).
In the initial moments of first aid, the injured should receive hot tea, coffee, and ample
fluids with baking soda (2-4 g per intake, 20-40 g per day). Baking soda aids in restoring
the acid-base balance, and increased fluid intake helps eliminate toxic substances
through urine.
In case of bruises superficially located tissues and internal organs can be damaged.
Signs of injury of superficially located soft tissues are pain , swelling, bruising . When
providing first medical aid a pressure bandage must be applied, as well as cold. Severe
bruising of chest or stomach may be accompanied by damage of the internal organs :
lungs, liver , spleen , kidney , pain and sometimes internal bleeding . It is necessary to
apply a chill and deliver the injured person urgently to a medical facility .
A sprain occurs in case of unsuccessful jump, fall, lifting of weights. There appear pain,
swelling and the limited movement in the injured area. When providing first medical aid
you should produce tight bandaging, apple cold to the damaged area, provide peace of
the affected limb.
Twists occur when joint surfaces displace, disrupting the joint capsule and potentially
tearing ligaments. Symptoms include joint pain, impaired movement, altered joint shape,
limb shortening, and forceful positioning. Dislocations can also affect mandibular and
intervertebral joints, with vertebral displacement risking spinal cord compression and
lower limb dysfunction.
First aid for dislocations involves not attempting reduction, as it is the duty of a doctor.
Immobilization is key, especially in large joints like the hip, knee, shoulder, and
intervertebral joints, accompanied by the administration of an analgesic agent..
Depending on the type of bleeding (arterial, venous, capillary) and available equipment
there are two types of stopping bleeding: temporary or final
Temporary stopping of bleeding in case of the most dangerous external arterial bleeding
is carried out by the appliance of tourniquet or twist, fixing the limb in a position of
maximum flexion, pressing of the artery in the area higher than the injury. The carotid
artery is pressed below the injury. Finger pressing is the most affordable and fast way to
temporarily stop arterial bleeding. Arteries are pressed in places where they are near or
above the bone.
Temporary stop of the external venous and capillary bleeding is carried out by
applying a compression sterile bandage on the wound ( it must be covered with a
bandage or sterile towels in 3 - 4 layers , topped with hygroscopic wool and tightly
secured with a bandage ) and giving the injured part of the body elevated position,
relative to the body. In some cases, a temporary stopping of the venous and capillary
bleeding can become final . The final stop of arterial bleeding , and in some cases,
venous bleeding is carried out in the surgical treatment of wounds..
In case of internal bleeding, you must put an ice pack on the intended area of
bleeding, and the injured must be immediately taken to the hospital.
**Burns Overview:**
Burns can occur due to high temperatures, often in areas of nuclear destruction,
potentially combined with injuries and radiation damage. Thermal burns result from light
emission, fire, boiling water, and hot steam. Chemical burns arise from strong acids and
alkalis, causing local damage and systemic poisoning. Severe burns can result from
incendiary substances like napalm, causing deep tissue damage. Radiation burns occur
with contact or prolonged exposure to radioactive substances. Severity depends on the
depth and extent of tissue damage.
**Eye Burns:**
- Apply sterile bandages on burnt eyes.
- Ensure rest for the victim.
**Chilblains:**
Chilblains result from exposure to low temperatures, occurring even above 0°C,
especially during intermittent thaws. Wet, tight shoes, prolonged exposure to cold air,
snow, or cold rain can cause tissue damage, particularly in limbs like feet. Symptoms
include tingling, cold sensation, burning, paleness, bluish skin, and loss of sensation.
Move the victim to warmth, provide warm water immersion, or protect them from the
cold. Replace wet clothes, wipe affected areas with alcohol, and gently rub until redness
if there's no tissue damage.
**Heat Stroke:**
Heat stroke, induced by prolonged exposure to high temperatures, disrupts body
thermoregulation. Symptoms include headache, ringing in the ears, dizziness,
weakness, nausea, vomiting, elevated body temperature, convulsions, dilated pupils,
increased breathing and pulse. Move the victim to a cooler place, remove constricting
clothes, elevate the head, cool the head and heart areas, provide ammonia, and
encourage fluid intake.
**Drowning:**
Drowning occurs when airways fill with liquid, usually water, leading to breathing
cessation and cardiac arrest. Quickly remove the victim from water, undress them to the
waist, clean mouth and nose, place them on their stomach, apply chest pressure to
expel water, then perform artificial respiration and cardiac massage, preferably "mouth-
to-mouth." If breathing isn't restored and the victim remains unresponsive, cease
resuscitation only with clear signs of death. After revival, keep the victim warm, offer hot
tea, and seek medical attention.
Depending on the protective properties civil defense structures are divided into:
asylims, fallout shelters (FS) and the simplest shelters.
Shelters are vital structures for emergency accommodation, equipped with main areas,
auxiliary facilities, and sometimes food storage and medical rooms. They have at least
two entries, often opposite each other, and emergency exits in built-in shelters.
Encapsulated to prevent contaminated air, they provide a continuous supply of at least
2 cubic meters of fresh air per person.
Equipped with filter units, shelters have central heating, water supply, sewerage, and
lighting. Urban underground structures can also serve as shelters. Shelter service, led
by a commander and attendants at different posts, ensures proper functioning. Rules for
filling shelters include staying calm, following attendants' directions, and avoiding bulky
items, explosives, flammable substances, and pets.
Shelters protect against light radiation, ionizing radiation, and radioactive substances.
Fallout shelters are primarily in basements, and simple shelters like open and covered
slots can be quickly constructed using industrial or local materials. Construction of open
slots should be completed within 10-12 hours from the threat announcement. Mitigating
the harmful effects of shock waves involves constructing slots in a zigzag manner with a
minimum distance of 10 meters between them.
Post №1 manages the entry door, allowing people in, and closes it when full or upon the
"Close defenses" signal. Post №2, in two shifts, operates the filtering unit under the
commandant's order. Post №3, also in two shifts, prepares the shelter, turning on lights,
closing shutters, and managing utilities before allowing entry.
Depending on the protective properties civil defense structures are divided into:
asylims, fallout shelters (FS) and the simplest shelters.
Shelters are facilities that provide the most reliable protection for people to take
refuge in them from the impact of all the destructing factors, including the weapons of
mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and bacterial agents), as well as high temperatures
and harmful gases in the areas of fires, landslides and debris from destroyed buildings
(structures ) in the explosions.
Shelters are classified according to the following criteria:
1. Due to their protective properties shelters are divided into several classes.
2. In terms of capacity, that is the number of people who can live there, shelters are
subdivided into:
small - 180 people.
average - 150-500 people.
large - more than 500 people.
3. In terms of location shelters are subdivided into:
- Separate
- Built-in
4. In terms of ventilation system equipment:
- Shelters, equipped with ventilation system of the industrial
production
- Shelters, equipped with ventilation system, made from
scrap
materials
5. In terms of the time of the construction of shelters are:
- shelters built in advance
- shelters built quickly
- Shelter entrances are cleared and light indicators are put there;
- Shelter rooms shall be exempt from foreign things , materials, and other
property;
- Shelter is installed with benches and ottomans to accommodate people ;
- All the technical components and equipment are ready to be used ;
- All the protective- hermetic and hermetic doors are checked for the serviceability;
- The emergency exit and protective hermetic lid are checked for the serviceability;
the exit is cleared;
- Filtration systems , heating, water supply , sewerage and electricity are checked
whether they are in a good condition;
- The shelter is tested for its tightness;
- A sanitary point is launched;
- Water storage is checked , water supply system is connected to the common
system,
water tanks are installed ;
- A shelter is provided with telephone and reproducers , and they are connected to
a common network ;
- A shelter is provided with supply of necessary equipment and tools;
- After airing the shelter, entrance and exit doors are closed ;
- The uninterrupted duty is organized;
- The rules of people’s behavior in case of " Air alarm " are clarified;
In the protection of the population against weapons of mass destruction, along with
finding the shelter in protective structures, evacuation and dispersal of the population, a
significant role belongs to the timely and proper use of means of personal and health
protection of the population. The need for these remedies can be explained by the fact
that the population, groups of Civil Defense will have to be within a certain time, or to
carry out rescue work in areas contaminated with radioactive and toxic substances or
biological means in case of application of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons.
Personal protective means are intended to protect against the intrusion of radioactive,
toxic substances and bacterial agents into the organism, skin and clothing.
Personal protective means are subdivided into :
a) Respiratory protective means;
b) Skin protection means;
c) Medical personal protective means.
Respiratory protective means include masks, respirators and simple protective
means, made by people.
Skin protection means. Skin protection means are designed to protect exposed areas
of skin, clothing, footwear and equipment from falling on them drip-liquid toxic
substances, infectious agents, radioactive dust, and partly from the effects of light
radiation. According to the principle of the protective effect, special means are divided
into filter (breathable) and insulating (airtight).
Medical personal protective means. Key components of Medical Personal Protective
Equipment (MPPM) include the individual first aid kit (AI-2), individual anti-gas package
(IPP-8), and individual dressing package. Designed for both prevention and medical
care, these tools play a crucial role in saving lives, preventing or minimizing injuries, and
enhancing the body's resistance to various damaging factors in affected populations.
Gas masks. Modern gas masks have a fairly high barrier properties and performance
characteristics that protect the respiratory system and eyes from the effects of toxic
substances (vapor, mist, gas, smoke, liquid drip-RH), as well as pathogens and toxins
which are aerosolized.
Gas masks are divided into insulating and filtering. Most widely used are filter masks,
which are in their turn subdivided into combined arms, civilians, and children). The
device is based on the principle of purification of contaminated air into the inner layers
of filtering-absorbing boxes, which are placed in the coal (catalyst) and Particulate
(suppressant) filter.
Respiratory protection of human against the carbon monoxide, which is not hold by
protective layers of filtering-absorbing boxes, is provided by the use of special gopkalit
cartridge that is inserted (screwed) between the front part of the mask and filtering and
absorbing box.
Ustable gas masks include industrial gas masks, especially used in chemical plants.
Boxes of these masks are specialized and may contain various adsorbents or aerosol
filter.
Filtering gas masks are composed of filtering-absorbing box and the front part. The
scope of the mask also includes a gas mask bag and box with anti-fog film or a special
pen that is used to protect the front glass eyeglass sites of the mask from fogging.
**Selection of GP-5 Mask:**
- Measure the head using a closed line passing through the crown, cheeks, and chin.
- Round the result to the nearest 0.5 cm.
- Size ranges:
- Up to 63 cm (61 cm for full-face mask): Zero size.
- 63.5 to 65 cm (61.5 to 64 cm): First size.
- 65.5 to 68 cm (64.5 to 67 cm): Second size.
- 68.5 to 70.5 cm (67.5 or more): Third size.
- 71 cm and more: Fourth size (helmet-mask).
The P-2 respirator for adults features two breathing valves, a headband, and a nose
clip. Made of polyurethane and thin airtight films with a polymer fiber filter, it's reusable
for 12 hours. The inhalation valve allows fresh air, cleaning the filter, while exhalation
exits through a separate valve with a safety screen.
Respirator R-2 comes in three sizes, indicated on the mask and label. R-2d is for
children, smaller in size, usable for 4 hours. If moisture accumulates, briefly remove,
wipe, and reuse. After use, especially in radioactive conditions, deactivate by removing
dust and wiping the inner surface. Do not turn the half mask inside out. Respirators
don't protect eyes, so wear safety glasses while using.
The simplest respiratory protection means. These means can be used by the
population as respirators. They are intended for protection of a person’s respiratory
system from radioactive dust and in case of existence of bacterial agents in secondary
clouds. They do not protect from toxic substances. They are simple in structure and,
therefore, recommended as a mass protection means manufactured by population.
They include dust-repellent cloth masks PTM-1 and cotton-gauze bandages. Everyone
should have them at home and work place.
The PTM-1 dust-repellent cloth mask consists of a body and a mount, made of 2-4 fabric
layers with inspection holes. Safety glasses are needed if no transparent membrane is present.
The mask attaches to the head with a fabric strip, using elastic bands and ties for a snug fit. The
entire surface of the mask cleans the air during inhalation. Worn in radioactive dust areas, it
should be deactivated by cleaning and washing with hot, soapy water after exiting the
contaminated zone.
Protection Principles:
Methods of Protection:
1. Sheltering: Population seeks shelters during threats, using modern means for
protection from destruction and industrial accidents.
2. Evacuation: Non-production population and workers continue activities in safe areas
outside cities.
3. Individual Protection: Use of personal protective equipment by the population.