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ScientificAmerican Hildebrand 1960 HowAnimalsRun
ScientificAmerican Hildebrand 1960 HowAnimalsRun
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by Milton Hildebrand
A
man (but not necessarily you or from skeletons and muscles. The move- Iyzed. The main problem is to get pic
I!) can run 220 yards at the rate of ments of the running animal are so fast tures from the side of animals running
22. 3 miles per hour, and a mile at and so complex that they cannot be at top speed over open ground. With
15. 1 miles per hour. The cheetah, how analyzed by the unaided eye. an electric camera that exposes 200
ever, can sprint at an estimated 70 miles In my study I have related compara frames per second I have succeeded in
per hour. And the horse has been known tive anatomy to the analysis of motion photographing the movements of a chee
to maintain a speed of 15 miles per hour pictures of animals in action. The meth tah that had been trained by John Ham
not just for one mile but for 35 miles. od is simple: Successive frames of the let of Ocala, Fla. , to chase a paper bag
Other animals are capable of spectac motion picture are projected onto trac in an enclosure 65 yards long. However,
ular demonstrations of speed and endur ing paper, where the movements of the the animal never demonstrated its top
ance. Jack rabbits have been clocked at parts of the body with respect to one speed, but merely loped along at about
40 miles per hour. The Mongolian ass is another and to the ground can be ana- 35 miles per hour. I have used the same
reported to have run 16 miles at the im
pressive rate of 30 miles per hour. Ante-
lopes apparently enjoy running beside a
moving vehicle; they have been reliably
timed at 60 miles per hour. The camel
has been known to travel 115 miles in 12
hours. Nearly all carnivorous mammals
are good runners: the whippet can run
34 miles per hour; the coyote, 43 miles
per hour; the red fox, 45 miles per hour.
One red fox, running before hounds,
covered 150 miles in a day and a half. A
fox terrier rewarded with candy turned
a treadmill at the rate of 5,000 feet per
hour for 17 hours.
I have been attracted by such per
formances as these to undertake an in
vestigation of how the living running
machine works. The subject has not been
thoroughly explored. One study was un
dertaken by the American photographer
Eadweard Muybridge in 1872. Working
before the motion-picture camera was
invented, Muybridge set up a battery of
still cameras to make photographs in
rapid sequence. His pictures' are still
standard references. A. Brazier Howell's
work on speed in mammals and Sir James
Gray's studies on posture and movement
are well known to zoologists. Many in
vestigators have added to our knowledge
of the anatomy of running vertebrates,
but the analysis of function has for the STRIDE OF A CANTERING HORSE is shown in these photographs from Eadweard Muy
most part been limited to deductions 1878. The sequence runs right to left across the
bridge's The Horse in Motion, published in
148
top row and continues across the bottom row. With these and or not a horse "even at the height of his speed (hasl all four of
similar photographs Muybddge settled the controversy of whether his feet .. . simultaneously free from contact with the ground."
149
SECOND FRONT
I
FIRST HIND
FIRST FRONT
r lRST HIND
I, !
TIME (SECONDS)
I
.1
I .2
STRIDES OF THE CHEETAH AND THE HORSE in full gallop relate to the time·scale at bottom, which is calibrated in lOths of a
nre contrasted in these illustrations. The sequence and duration of second. The cheetah has two unsupported periods, which account
their footfalls, indicated by the horizontal lines under each animal, for about half its stride; the horse has one unsupported period,
150
ONE STRIDE
:OND FRONT
ONE STRIDE
.3
which accounts for about a quarter of its stride. Although both because it takes about 3.5 strides to the horse's 2.5. The size oj
the cheetah and the horse cover about 23 feet per stride, tbe cheetah the horse has been reduced disproportionately in these drawing,
attains speeds on the order of 70 miles pel' hour, to the horse's 43, for the sake of uniformity in the stride·lines and time·scale.
151
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Bristol, Pennsylvania
Other Plants in: TRENTON, NEW JERSEY; DENVILLE,
NEW JERSEY; MOSS POINT, MISSISSIPPI; ELKTON,
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ADAPTATION OF THE LEG FOR SPEED is illustrated by the hind·leg bone of the slow
ALABAMA; BRIGHAM CITY, UTAH.
badger (left), moderately fast dog (middle) and highly adapted deer (right). The length.
®Registered trademark of the Thiokot Chemical Corporation for its
rocket propellants,liquid polymers, plasticizers, and other chemical ened metatarsus of the latter two has yielded a longer foot and an altered ankle posture that
products. is better suited to rW1l1ing. The thigh bones of all three animals have been drawn to the
same scale to show that the le g segments farthest from the body have elongated the most.
155
I
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POWER AND SPEED are alternatively achieved in the badger oscillation rate, coupled with a longer leg (l), yields a faster stride.
(left) and the cheetah (middle) by placement of the teres major In the vicuna (right) the gluteus muscle (c) develops about five
muscle. In the cheetah the small distance (b) between the muscle times the velocity but only a fifth the force of the larger semimem
insertion and the joint it moves yields a higher rate of oscillation branosus muscle (d). The animal may use the latter to overcome
than in the badger, in which the distance (a) is greater. The higher inertia; the former, for high speed. Legs are not in same scale.
156
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The spherical design concept is the major factor in the su the roller seeks positive contact with the center flange. The
perior performance characteristics and longer service life of result is extremely accurate roller guidance, a high degree
Torrington Spherical Roller Bearings. It provides inherent of geometric stability, minimum friction, and truer rolling
self-alignment...allows compensation within the bearing for motion.
initial or dynamic misalignment. It insures the maintenance Torrington Spherical Roller Bearings are one outstanding
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160