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Circle
Circle
Circle
Circle
� Circle � A round plane figure whose boundary
consists of points equidistant from a fixed point
(the centre).
� O
r
Chord � line touches circumference of circle at
two points. Q
r
P
�
Si
Radius � It is a straight line from the centre to Secant Line
the circumference of the circle. � A straight line that intersects a circle in two points
� is called secant line of circle.
p
PQ = radius of circle =r The
�
P a
n
P
t
r
io
a
at
B Secant PBA
ic
Pr
bl
A
Pu
Q
Area = �r2 � A perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle
on
Circumference
PQ = diameter = biggest chord of circle.
pi
ga
PQ = OC � AB � AC = BC
am
or If AC = BC then OC � AB
M
Ch
Major arc AB
Ga
�OPQ = 90°
38
Geometry
A C Alternate Segment Theorem
� Angle made by a chord and tangent is equal to the
angle made by the chord in other segment of the
� � circle.
O
B D
� Angle made by an arc on centre is double the angle
B
made by the same arc on the circumference of �
centre.
-�
O
90
-�
�
90
P
� A
r
2� B
O
Si
O
2�
A B A B
� �
�
p
� Angle made by an arc on same side of circle are
equal. A
�
a
n
A
t
� io
a
at
� 180-�
� C O D � P
ic
Pr
�
bl
90– �
2 90+
2
Pu
A B B
�
�
on
n
2
ga
am
�
�ACB = 90° –
2
Ch
�APB = �
Ga
�AOD � �BOC
�APD = �BPC =
2
� Angle made in quarter circle is 135°.
�APC = 180° – �APD
135°
A
O D
135°
270° P
C
B
39
Geometry
� AB and CD two chords cuts each other externally
at point P. Then � � B
A
AB CD P � r2
r1
P �
��� r
�APC = �BPD =
� 01 1 r2 02
2
C
D
A
B 0102 = r1 + r2
O
� � P r1 1 � sin �
�
r2 1 � sin �
D
C � If a circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral or a
quadrilateral is circumscribing a circle.
r
�
� �COD = 90� �
2
Si
�AOB D z R
�COD = y
2 z C
y
A
90°- �
p
C 2 S Q
O E � P
a w x
n
t
A B
D io w P x
a
AB + CD = BC + AD
at
B
� Two chords AB and CD cuts each other at point P
ic
Pr
AB CD P
Pu
A
C
PA × PB = PC × PD
on
n
PB PD
E P =
pi
PC PA
ga
am
D
B
Ch
A C
Ga
��PC + CE + ED + PD
� P �
��PC + CA + BD + PD � �
��PA + PB D B
��2PA or 2PB ( � PA = PB) � Two chords AB and CD cuts each other at point P.
� A
AB CD P
D PB×PA = PD×PC
B
C A
B
P
AD = BD = CD
D
�ACB = 90° C
40
Geometry
� From an external point a secant and tangent is � When two circles touch each other externally and
drawn. Then � common tangent is given �
�
PT2 = PB × PA �
�PAC � �PBD
T A
D
� �
� P
�
A P �
B � �
� TPB � �APT
B
C
r
PB PT
� PA PC
PT PA =
Si
PB PD
� When a circle is drawn between two parallel lines
� Two circles intersect each other at two distinct
and a tangent is given intersecting these two
points and two common tangents are given then �
parallel lines.
�COD = 90°
2� + 2� = 180°
a p AB = CD
n
A
t
R B
� + � = 90°
io P
a
at
r= ab
ic
Pr
A a C
bl
Q
Pu
r a C D
� S
O �
�
on
� E
r
b
pi
� AB × AC + AE × DE = AE2
ga
B b D
am
�ABD � �AEC
� When two circle touch each other internally and
AD AB
Ch
� AB×AC = AD × AE
�
�PAC � �PBD A
B
� �
� A
� � �
P B C
� � D �
� C E
D
PA PC
=
PB PD
41
Geometry
� If two chords intersect each other at 90°.
90°
A
a O2 r2 P
O1
x+y r1
2
x O
x-y r
z 2 w � If two circles do not touch each other, there can
C y D be maximum 4 common tangents.
z+w
2 Direct common tangent = 2
B Transverse common tangent = 2.
x �y �z �w
2 2 2 2
4
r=
2
r
x× y=z×w
A
Si
2 2
�z � w � �x �y � B
r2 = � � +� � P
� 2 � � 2 � S
z 2 � w 2 � 2zw � x 2 � y 2 � 2xy
r2 =
p
4 R Q
C D
x 2 � y 2 � z 2 � w2 a2 � y2 a
r= =
2 2 DCT = AB & CD
n
t
Extrenally Touch TCT = PQ & RS
io
a
� When two circles touch each other externally. Maximum common tangent = 4
at
Then distance between their centres is sum of =4
ic
Pr
A
A
E
on
n
B
pi
ga
O1
am
r1 P r1 O2
B
Ch
C F D
AB � common chord
Ga
42
Geometry
Direct Common Tangent Divide by r1r2 r3
� Length of DCT DCT
1 1 1
= + (Result)
r3 r1 r2
d � �r1 � r2 �
2 2
A � When two circles intersect each other at two
r1–r2 B distinct points then length of their common chord
C
r1 d AB is � Common chord
r2
O1
d O2
AB �
C D A
CB ���O1O2 r1 r2
P
r
d2 � � r1 � r2 �
2
DCT = AB = CD = O1 O2
Si
Transverse Common Tangent
B
� Length of TCT TCT ��AB = 2AP = 2PB
AP = PB
p
P S
r1 r2 1
Ar ��O1AO2 = � O1O2 � AP
O1 d O2
a �
2
If two circles pass through each others centre.
n
t
R Q
io
a
at
Length of common chord AB is �
AB �
ic
d2 � � r1 � r2 �
2
Pr
TCT = PQ = RS =
bl
2
� AB = DCT = 2 r1r2
on
A
n
A
pi
B r r
ga
r1
am
r2
O1 r O2
O1
O2
Ch
r r
Ga
d=r1+r2
B
� r1 � r2 � � � r1 � r2 � =
2 2
DCT = 4r1r2 = 2 r1r2
� AB = AC + BC
A
C
B
r1 r3
r2
2 r1r2 � 2 r1r3 � 2 r2 r3
43