Thermal Capacity (Heat Capacity), Specific Heat Capacity, Latent Heat, Specific Latent Heat

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Thermal capacity( Heat capacity), specific heat

capacity, latent heat, specific latent heat
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Thermal capacity(Heat capacity) of an object: Q:
It is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by
10C.
Units:J/0C
Thermal energy lost by the water=Q=mc𝚫𝚫𝜽𝜽
=250 x 4.2 x 20=21 000J
Heat is conserved 21 000J
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Note:
• If an object Y has a greater thermal capacity than object X, then this
means that it also needs more heat energy to heat up and it will also lose
more heat energy as it cools down to room temperature as compared to block
X.
• If equal masses of different liquids are heated to a same temperature
rise but if liquid 2 takes twice as long as liquid 1, then the thermal capacity
of liquid 1 is less than the thermal capacity of liquid 2.
• In general if a thing gets heated up fast then it has low thermal
capacity.
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Specific heat capacity of an object: C:
It is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one kg of a
substance by 10C.
𝑬𝑬
Hence : 𝒄𝒄 = ⟹ E= 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎(𝜽𝜽𝟐𝟐 − 𝜽𝜽𝟏𝟏 )
𝒎𝒎(𝜽𝜽𝟐𝟐 −𝜽𝜽𝟏𝟏 )
Units: J/kg0C
Experiment:
Suppose you need to find our specific heat capacity of aluminium.
Take the following measurements:
• mass of aluminium,
• initial temperature (𝜽𝜽𝟏𝟏 )
• final temperature(𝜽𝜽𝟐𝟐 ) of the
aluminium block
• Time (t) for which heat is supplied
• Voltage(V)
• Current(I)
• Note that the formula for specific
heat capacity is:
𝑬𝑬
𝒄𝒄 = ; but since we do not have
𝒎𝒎(𝜽𝜽𝟐𝟐 −𝜽𝜽𝟏𝟏 )
a joule meter we are calculating the value of E using the formula E=VIt
𝑬𝑬 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽
𝒄𝒄 = =
𝒎𝒎(𝜽𝜽𝟐𝟐 − 𝜽𝜽𝟏𝟏 ) 𝒎𝒎(𝜽𝜽𝟐𝟐 − 𝜽𝜽𝟏𝟏 )
If heat losses occur:
If a lid is not present as shown in the above diagram then the value to
specific heat capacity will be higher as more heat will be lost to the
surroundings and hence the temperature rise will be less. So more heat will
be needed to cause the same temperature rise.
Preventing heat losses:

• Care should be taken to prevent heat losses to the environment by
using lagging or insulation around the block.
• By polishing the surface of the block or wrapping the block in a shiny
material or it can be painted white
• Reduce draughts
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If the following procedure is used to find the specific heat capacity of a given
metal, then it will result in inaccuracy. This is because heat will be lost to the
surroundings or the cup
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Note:
Water has a very high specific heat capacity. This is a disadvantage for
cooking because:
• It will take long time to heat up
• long time to cool down
• expensive as it takes lot of energy to heat up,
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Latent heat of an object:
The energy supplied to a substance when it undergoes a state change is said
to be latent heat or hidden heat. Heat is said to be latent as there is no
temperature rise during state change although heat is being supplied.
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Specific latent heat of fusion :
It is the energy needed to melt 1kg of a substance at its melting point.
E = ml
Unit:J/kg
In general; fusion means melting
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Experiment: to calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice:
In this experiment, a low voltage heater is used to melt the crushed ice in a
funnel.
To take into account the heat
transferred from the
surroundings, the mass of the ice
melted in a certain time must be
measured with the heater on and
then with the heater off. The
difference in the two masses gives
the mass of the ice melted due to
the heater only. Suppose the mass
of melted ice with heater off=m 1
and mass of melted ice with
heater on =m2.Then m2- m1=m = mass of ice melted by the heater only.
[ Note that the time to record the masses m1 and m2 must be the same]
𝑬𝑬
The formula for the specific latent heat of fusion:l=
𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 −𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏
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Numerical:
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Specific latent heat of vaporisation:
It is the energy needed to change 1kg of a substance at its boiling point
from liquid to vapour,
E = ml
Unit:J/kg
Experiment to find the specific latent heat of vaporisation:
An electric heater is used to bring water
to its boiling point. When the water boils,
the joulmeter reading (E 1 ) and the mass of
water (m 1 ) is recorded and then re-
measured after a set time and recorded
again as (E 2 ) and (m 2 ) The amount of heat
supplied during the recorded time interval
is = E 2 - E 1. =E. Similarly, the
mass = m 1 -m 2 =m
𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 −𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏
The equation l= is used to find
𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 −𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏
the specific latent heat of vaporisation.
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NUMERICALS:
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Given: l=3200J/g and mass of water= 75g

Hence the amount of heat lost=E=l x m= 3200 x 75 =240 000J or 240kJ
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Melting and boiling point:
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Melting point: The temperature at which a substance melts is called its melting
point.
Boiling point: The temperature at which a substance boils is called as its
boiling point.
Freezing point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is called
as its freezing point.
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• Whenever a substance undergoes a state change, its temperature stays
the same.
• The freezing point of a substance=melting point of the substance
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Energy and state change for ice:
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Condensation and solidification
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Condensation is when heat of vaporisation is released and the substance
undergoes a state change from gas to
liquid. The intermolecular forces of
attraction increase and the intermolecular
distance decreases and the average kinetic
energy of the molecules is reduced as
energy is given out.
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Solidification is when heat of fusion is released and the substance undergoes a

state change from liquid to gas. The intermolecular forces of attraction
increase and the intermolecular distance decreases and the average kinetic
energy of the molecules is reduced as energy is given out.
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Note: There is no change in mass during the changes of state.
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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS-MCQ:
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APPLICATION QUESTIONS-EXTENDED MCQ
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Examples of conduction, convection and radiation:
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Convection
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CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION-MIXED BAG
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To use the following apparatus to check the emission of infra red radiations
from different surfaces.
• Near the center of each side place an identical infra-red detector.

• Note the temperature of each thermometer.
• Then pour hot water in the box above.
• Note the temperature of each thermometer after some time again for
all the thermometers .
• Note the rise in temperature of each thermometer.
• You will find theta dull black is the best emitter.
• painter shiny white is the worst emitter.
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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS:
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MCQ:
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Thermal Capacity (Heat Capacity), Specific Heat Capacity, Latent Heat, Specific Latent Heat

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---------------------------------------------------------------

Thermal capacity( Heat capacity), specific heat

Thermal energy lost by the water=Q=mc𝚫𝚫𝜽𝜽

=250 x 4.2 x 20=21 000J

Heat is conserved 21 000J

Preventing heat losses:

Given: l=3200J/g and mass of water= 75g

Solidification is when heat of fusion is released and the substance undergoes a

• Near the center of each side place an identical infra-red detector.

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