Mechanisms

Dr. Necla KARA TOĞUN

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Mechanism

 A kinematic diagram or kinematic scheme illustrates the connectivity of links and

joints of a mechanism or machine rather than the dimensions or shape of the parts.

 Often links are presented as geometric objects, such as lines, triangles or squares,
that support schematic versions of the joints of the mechanism or machine.
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Mechanism
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Mechanism
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Mechanism
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Mechanism

Example: Plot the kinematic diagram of the below mechanisms.

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Mechanism

Example: Plot the kinematic diagram of the below mechanisms

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Mechanism

Example: Plot the kinematic diagram of the below mechanisms

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Mechanism Although it is not possible to classify the mechanisms exactly, they can be grouped
under several headings in different ways. According to Reuleaux, mechanisms are
classified into six basic types

 Classification according to type of links

Grouping can be made according to the type of the most important link on the mechanism.

Wheel mechanisms Cam mechanisms Crank mechanisms

(gear mechanisms or (sometimes also called
roller mechanisms) link mechanisms)
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Mechanism Although it is not possible to classify the mechanisms exactly, they can be grouped
under several headings in different ways. According to Reuleaux, mechanisms are
classified into six basic types

 Classification according to type of links

Grouping can be made according to the type of the most important link on the mechanism.

Belt mechanisms Ratchet and lock mechanisms

(including Geneva drives)
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Mechanism

 Classification of mechanisms based on mobility

Torfason’s lists nine different mechanisms, and many variations are possible.
1. Swinging or rocking mechanisms (Oscillating mechanisms )
2. Reciprocating mechanisms
3. Indexing mechanisms
4. Reversing mechanisms
5. Couplings and connectors
6. Sliding connectors
7. Stop and pause mechanisms
8. Curve generator mechanisms
9. Straight line generator mechanisms
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Mechanism  Classification of mechanisms based on mobility

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Mechanism  Classification of mechanisms based on mobility

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Mechanism OSCILLATING MECHANISMS

Slider- Crank Mechanisms

 Slider- crank mechanism is the one of the most widely known mechanism. It is used in
oscillating motion, eccentric press, part driving, etc. An important feature of the
slider-crank mechanism is that it can generate very large forces on the connecting
rod with small forces at certain positions of the crank (0° and 180°).

 Slider- crank mechanism has a crank capable of doing full rotation. Other link
connected directly to the ground does oscillates. It is a special case of four bar
mechanism.
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Mechanism RECIPROCATING MECHANISMS
Scotch-Yoke Mechanism

 Scotch Yoke is a mechanism for converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational
motion or vice versa. It delivers pure harmonic motion.
 This mechanism is commonly used in control valve actuators in high-pressure gas and oil
pipelines.
 The piston is coupled to a sliding yoke. This sliding Yoke has a slot that engages a sliding
pin which slides inside the sliding yoke. This sliding pin also attached to a crank which on
the other side has a fixed link. This crank rotates around the fixed link as its center point
and the sliding pin as its endpoint.
 When the crank rotates around the fixed link, the sliding pin slides in the slot of the yoke
and the yoke slide forward and backward.

Kinematic diagram Actual mechanism

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Mechanism INDEXING MECHANISMS

Geneva Mechanism (Maltese Cross)

 The Geneva mechanism or Maltese cross is a gear mechanism that translates a

continuous rotation movement into intermittent rotary motion.
 The rotating drive wheel is usually equipped with a pin that reaches into a slot located in
the other wheel (driven wheel) that advances it by one step at a time. The drive wheel
also has an elevated circular blocking disc that "locks" the rotating driven wheel in
position between steps.
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Mechanism REVERSING MECHANISMS

 When a mechanism is desired which is capable of delivering output rotation in either direction,
some form of reversing mechanism is required. Many such devices make use of a two way clutch
which connects output shaft to either of two drive shafts turning in opposite directions.

Ters hareket üreteci Çift kremayerli dişli çark Bell krankı

This method is used in both gear and

belt drives and does not require that the
drive be stopped to change direction.
Gear shift devices, as in automotive
transmissions, are also in quite common
use.
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Mechanism COUPLINGS

 Couplings and connectors are used to transmit motion between coaxial, parallel,
intersecting and skewed shafts. There are many types of coupling. The simplest use is
the transmission of motion and power between two concentric shafts. If the shafts
intersect but there is an angle between them, a Hooke or Cardan joint or coupling is
used.

Cardan coupling

Rotated coupling Universal coupling

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Mechanism STOP AND PAUSE MECHANISMS

 In an automotive engine a valve must open, remain open for a period of time, and then
close.

 A conveyor line may need to halt for a period of time while an operation is being
performed, and then continue its advance motion.

 Many similar requirements occur in the design of machines.

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Mechanism CURVE GENERATOR MECHANISMS

 The connecting rod or coupler of a planer four bar linkage may be imagined as an
infinite plane extending in all directions but pin connected to the input and output
links. Then during motion of the linkage, any point attached to the plane of the
coupler generates some path with respect to the fixed link, this path is called
coupler curve.
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Mechanism STRAIGHT-LINE GENERATOR MECHANISMS

 In the late 17th century, before the development of the milling machine, it was
extremely difficult to machine straight, flat surfaces. For this reason, good prismatic
pairs without backlash were not easy to make. During that era , much thought was
given to the problem of attaining a straight-line motion as part of the coupler curve
of a linkage having only revolute connections. Probably the best known result of this
search is the straight-line mechanism development by Watt for guiding the piston of
early steam engines. Watt’s linkage to be a four bar linkage developing an
approximate straight line as a part of its coupler curve.

Watt’s linkage Chebychev linkage

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Mechanism

 Classification of mechanisms based on topological characteristics

1. DOF of space of the mechanism (e.g. Spatial, spherical, planar, etc.)

2. DOF of the mechanisms
3. Number of links in the mechanism
4. Number of joints in the mechanism
5. Types of joints in the mechanism