1.

Define bit rate

The number of bits per second that can be transferred from one location to
another. It measures how much data is transmitted in a given amount of time. Bitrate
is commonly measured in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), or
megabits per second (Mbps).

2.Define channel capacity

The maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a given communication channel
is referred to as the channel capacity.

3.What are the different factors that decide channel capacity?

Shannon capacity is used, to determine the theoretical highest data rate

for a noisy channel:

ChannelCapacity = bandwidth X log2(1 + SNR) bits/sec

In the above equation, bandwidth is the bandwidth of the channel, SNR is the
signal-to-noise ratio, and capacity is the capacity of the channel in bits per
second.

Channel Capacity Depends on The Following Factors.

1. Bandwidth :
○ This is the bandwidth of the channel, expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz.
2. Noise :
○ It is the average level of noise power present in the communications path.
3. Signal power :

It is the average level of signal power transmitted over the communications path.

4. What is a carrier wave?

A carrier wave is an electromagnetic wave that is modulated in amplitude or

frequency to carry a information signal. It is used to carry signals from one location to
another on the surface of earth. We need the carrier waves of high frequency for
distant communication.

5. Why demodulation is required at receiver?

The process of extracting the original information signal from the modulated
wave is known as demodulation or detection.

[At the transmitter, modulation is done to transmit the low frequency message
signal over larger distances to a receiver]. When the modulated wave is picked up
by the receiver, it is necessary to recover the message(information) signal from it. So
the process of demodulation is carried out in the receiver.

6. What is frequency drift in FDM?

frequency drift is an unintended shift of an oscillator from its original frequency.

7. Which multiplexing technique transmits digital signals?

 TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) is a method used for multiplexing digital
signals. Whereas FDM and SDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing, and Space
Division Multiplexing) are used for analog signals. [ TDM is used in applications like
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) and PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network)]

8. what are the basic requirements of wireless services?

Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting information from one

point to other, without using any connection like wires, cables or any physical
medium. The system needs transmitting and receiving antennas in addition to
basic components in electronic communication system.

[ Generally, in a communication system, information is transmitted from

transmitter to receiver that are placed over a limited distance. With the help of
Wireless Communication, the transmitter and receiver can be placed
anywhere between few meters (like a T.V. Remote Control) to few thousand
kilometers (Satellite Communication). ]

9. List the different types of wireless channels?

Wireless transmission media requies no physical medium to provide

the connection between transmitter & receiver. In wireless transmission the
electromagnetic signal waves are transmitted in the air, and so it is less
secure than the guided media.

a. Radio Waves: This signal ranges between 3 KHz and 1 GHz of frequency,
and the signal types can be of AM and FM signals.

Application :

1. In cordless phones for domestic or official usage

2. In Radio devices used in mass media communication. These Radio
waves can be of Terrestrial or Satellite method of communication.

b. Microwaves: Micro Waves uses antennas as the main element for

sending and receiving the data. The signal range for this type of
transmission is between 1 GHz and 300 GHz,

Application: Used for mobile phone and television networks.

c. Infrared: Infrared is another way of transmitting the data in a small area.
It cannot pass through the obstacles. These waves come in a range of 300
GHz to 400 THz

Application : Used for wireless peripheral devices like mouse, remotes,

keyboards, printers, etc.

10. What do you mean by an internal modem?

Internal modems or Integral modems are designed to plug into another

device such as personal computer.

It connects directly to the computer bus without using RS 232 interface

Does not require additional outside power

It is portable as the computer.

Part B

1. Relationship between wavelength and frequency for a fixed velocity?

*** Draw the waveform also.

 2. Explain electromagnetic spectrum.

All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.

The electromagnetic waves in these different bands have different characteristics.
The main parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are γrays, X rays, ultraviolet rays,
visible light, infrared rays, microwaves and radio waves in the order of decreasing
frequency or increasing wavelength.

Based on the characteristics and applications the radio and microwave spectrum is subdivided into
the following bands.

EVL M H VUS

3. Phase modulation
4. Different modes of wave propagation
 5. Fiber optic modem

The term MODEM is a contraction of "MOdulator-DEModulator" and it

describes the function the modem.

• Telephone lines are designed for analog, voice signals data is usually represented
by binary signals- 0 and +5 v.

• To use telephone lines for data transmission requires specialcommunication box

called a MODEM.

• Modem acts as the electronic bridge between world of digital signal and the
established analog world such as telephone system.

FIBER OPTIC MODEM is used when data communication is carried out using
Optical fiber cables

At the transmitting end, the data signal from DTE is used to ON/OFF MODULATE a
light source (LED) which puts light waves onto OFC.

At the receiving end the optical sensitive device called PHOTOTRANSISTOR acts as

demodulator. The ON/OFF LIGHT causes 2 different amounts of current in the

phototransistor and can be detected as binary data.

ADVANTAGES

It offers absolute immunity to electrical noise, interference, tapping and harsh

environmental conditions such as water and dirt.

6. Draw the block diagram of general communication system and explain the
function of each block.

Block diagram of a general communication represents the different functional

elements in the form of blocks and the direction of connection.

The essential components of a communication system are information source, input

transducer, transmitter, communication channel, receiver and destination.

Information source:

Communication systems are used to communicate messages. The function of an

information source is to produce the required message which has to be transmitted.
Input transducer:

Its main function is the conversion of one form of energy into another form, actually
in a case if the message produced by an information source is not in electrical nature
then an input transducer converts it in the form of an electric signal.

Transmitter:

This is used to process the electrical signal such as amplification and modulation of
signal in order to ease the transmission of signal through the channel.

The channel and the noise:

Channel means the medium through which message travels from transmitter to
receiver or we can say it provides a physical connection between the transmitter and
receiver.

Receiver:

The purpose of the receiver is to reproduce the message signal in electrical form
from the distorted received signal.

O/P transducer :

The electrical message signal is converted into its original form like in radio
broadcasting the output is a loudspeaker which works as a transducer . It converts
the electrical signal in the form of original sound signal.

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1. Give some of the applications of frequencies within the medium frequency

band?

Medium frequency (MF) refers to radio frequencies (RF) in the range

of 300 kHz to 3000 kHz. These signals are reflected back to earth by different
layers of atmosphere.

This band is used for AM radio broadcasting.

There are a number of Coastguard and other ship-to-shore frequencies in use

across the range from 1600 to 2850 kHz.

Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) & VLF band is ideal for underwater
communication

Low Frequency (LF) is used for ship to shore communication

 MF & HF band is mostly used for AM broadcasting

HF is also used for air to ground communication

The Very High Frequency (VHF) band is suitable for similar

applications as the HF band. Additionally, FM radio operates within the
VHF band.

The Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band is perhaps most closely

integrated into modern civilian life. In addition to military applications, the
UHF band is used in satellite television, mobile phones, Wi-Fi,
walkie-talkies, and GPS.

Super High Frequency (SHF) band is used for wireless

communications - for satellite links and radar transmitters. Also used for
microwave heating.

The Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band is perhaps most closely integrated
into modern civilian life. In addition to military applications, the UHF band
is used in satellite television, mobile phones, Wi-Fi, walkie-talkies, and GPS.

Super High Frequency (SHF) band is also used for wireless

communications and microwave heating, the SHF band is optimal for
satellite links and radar transmitters.
Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band is the highest band on our
list. Because its radio waves are able to be absorbed by the gases in the
atmosphere, they only have a short range and can only be used for
terrestrial communication over about a kilometer. The frequency ranges
near the bottom of the band are currently used in 5G cellphone networks.

2. What is fading?

The attenuation( REDUCTION IN SIGNAL STRENGTH) experienced

by signal power due to changes in transmission medium or paths is
known as fading. Fading depends on atmospheric conditions such as
rainfall, lightening etc. In mobile scenario, fading depends on obstacles
over the path which are varying with respect to time.
3. What is adjacent channel?
The adjacent channel is the channel (or frequency) that is directly
above or below a specific channel (or frequency).
Step Index fiber - Step
index means sharp step in the index of refraction between
core and cladding interface. This indicates that in step index, core and
cladding have their own constant index of refractions N1 and N2 respectively.

Graded Index fiber - In graded index, index of refraction is not constant but
vary smoothly across the diameter of the core. Index of refraction is increasing
as one goes near the center while decreasing near outer core edges. Index of
refraction is maximum at the center of the core. Index of refraction is constant
for cladding part of the fiber.