44 12th Chemistry Unit 9 11 Study Material English Medium

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Cathode i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
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a i a i a i a i
d adsaasItlaislaa electrode in which d a
d
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d ad aaslala electrons into the
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It is a electrode in which reduction occurs.It receives electrons from the outer circuit.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a l a i l al a i l al a i l
asal a a i asla
adsaasadoes conductivity
2.adaWhy d
a ada sa
of asaasolution decrease d
a ada sa
onasadilution of the a sa
solution
d
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3. State Kohlrausch r g g Law. How is it
rg useful
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r g g molar conductivity r gofg weak
. O O r . O O r . O O r . O O r
a aaslaaliai.at infinite dilution.
electrolyte
s a sa aslaaliai. a saaslaaliai. a sa aslaaliai. a saasla
aa d d At infinite dilution,aad d
the limiting molar aad d
conductivity of an aad
electrolyte d is equal to the aad d
ww.P.P .P.P
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limitingw w conductivities www w
of its constituent ions.ww w w
i.e., the molar conductivitywww w
is due to the rindependent grg migration of
rgrg cations in one direction rgrg and anions in the opposite
rgrg
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i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
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w conductance at infinite w w w
w dilution for weak w w w w
electrolytes rgrg experimentally. However,
rgrg the same can be rgrgcalculated using i.O.O rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i
a saasKohlraush’s
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a s a
l
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ad conductance of.P.CH
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O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
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d3s
𝐶𝑂𝑂
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
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4. Describe the rgrg electrolysis of molten rgrg NaCl using inert electrodes
rgrg rgrg
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i . O
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i . O
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i . O
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i . O
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sodium
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i a a i
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O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
asala − i a i a i a i
𝑵𝒂 d +s
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(𝒍) + 𝒆 → 𝑵𝒂(𝒍) d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala E o
= d
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d saasla
a
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O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a −sa(𝒍) d −s
a a d a sa o d a sa d a sa
w .P.𝟐𝑪𝒍
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w w. .a𝟐𝒆
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w .P.P
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w w
a ad
E =P-1.36V
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l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasla
.P.Pa a• The negative E.Pvalue
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w w ww.P
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l a ia.Oi . Org l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
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.P.P aa aa
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The O
i . mass
. rgrg of the substancei.(m)
O O . rgrliberated
O g at an electrode
i . O . rgrgduring electrolysis
O i . O . rgrdirectly
is
O g
saasla
Padasalai
a
sasa
proportional l to the quantity a
sasa
of l
charge (Q) passed a
sasa
through l the cell. a
sasa l
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa w𝒎.P.𝜶Pa𝑸
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Second Law
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rthe . O rgrg
O
l a ia i .
asal the amount ofasubstances l
asala ia i . l alia i . l a ia i . asla
a s
electrolytes,
a sa liberated at a s
the
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asare a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
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6. Describe i .O . rgrgconstruction ofi.Daniel
the
O O . rgrg cell. Write thei.cell
O O . rgrreaction.
O g
i .O . rgrg
O
d •adsaasThe l
a separation of half
d a
d
asa l
sareaction is the basisdfor a
d saasthe l
a construction of Daniel
d a
d
l
saasa cell. d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
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Oxidation half cell
A metallic i .Ozinc
. rgrgstrip that dips into
O i .O an
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O
zinc
. a.O grg
rbeaker
l a a i l a a i a i l a a i
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d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
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.P.Reduction
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A copper strip that dips into an aqueous solution of copper sulphate taken in a beaker
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
ala i a i a i a i
d a
Joiningd saaslathe half cells d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
• aThe l a
al
ia i .
electrolytic solution l
asala ia i
present . in the cathodic l
asal a i
and
a i . anodic compartment l
asal a ia i .
are asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
.P.Pa ad connected using.P.an d
a ainverted
P U tube containing
.P.Pa ad a agar-agar gel.P.mixed a ad with an inert .P.P
P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www electrolyteww w as KCl, Na2SO4 w
such . ww www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 2 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
s as laalia. i.O a laalia. i.O
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s s s as lia. i.O
d
aa a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w www w ww ww
• The i .Oions
. rgrgof inert electrolyte
O i .O . O
dorgrnot
g react with other
i .O . rgrg present in the half
O
ions i .O . rgrg and
O
cells
d a
d saastheyl
a are not either oxidised
d a
d
l
saasa (or) reduced atdathe d
l
saaselectrodes.
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w • The solution w w
w
inw the salt bridge cannotw ww
w get poured out, but w ww
w
through which the ions wwww
can
ww ww ww ww ww
move into (or) out of the half cells.
O rgrg
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
• aWhen a
lalai . i . the switch (k) closes a
aslalai . i .
the circuit, the electronsa
aslalai . i . flows from zinc a i . i .
aslala copper
strip to
d a
d sa s d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa strip. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww • This is due w ww
towthe w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww following redox wwreactions which are taking ww place at the respective ww
electrodes. rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad oxidation .P.P d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.Anodic
P w w w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
w
www • In Daniel w w
ww the oxidation takewplace
cell, w
ww at zinc electrode,wi.e., w
ww zinc is oxidised towZn w
ww 2+
ionsO
i
and
. i.O rgrgthe electrons. i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
•asaasThe
d
l 2+
a Zn ions entersathe
d d
l
saasasolution and the electrons d a
d
l
saasa enter the zinc dmetal, a
d
l
saasathen flow d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a through the external a a wire and then enter
.P.P athe
.P.P a copper strip. Electrons a a are liberated at .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww zinc electrode ww and hence it is negative ww ( - ve). ww ww
𝒁𝒏(𝒔) →i.𝒁𝒏 O O grg(𝒂𝒒) + 𝟐𝒆−
r𝟐+ .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a a i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Cathodic
P reduction
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww The electrons flow wwthrough the ww ww ww
circuit from i . O . rgrg to copper,
zinc
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lalaCu2+ ions in the saslala a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
where
d a
d saasthe d a
d a d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
Pa
.P.solution a a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww accept theww w.P.P
electrons, get ww ww ww
ww
ww ww w wwww wwww ww ww
reduced to copper and the same
get deposited i . O . rgon
O rg the electrode. i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a l a a i
al electrons are consumed l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
Here,
d a sa s
the d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.and
P a ad
.P.(+ve).
P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w hence it is w
positive
w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
𝑪𝒖𝟐+ (𝒂𝒒) + 𝟐𝒆− → 𝑪𝒖(𝒔)
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d
Salt a
d saasa
bridge
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w • The electrolytesw ww
w present in w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
two half cells are
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
connected
l a a i using a salt l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa bridge. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w • Anodic oxidation w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww ww of zinc ww ww ww
electrodes rgrg results in the i.O.O rgr2+g rgrg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a i a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saasincrease in concentration la Zn in solution.saslala
saaslaof saaslala saasla
d a
d d a
d d a
d a d a
d d a
d
ww .P.Pa• Hence the solution
a
ww
a
.P.Pain the anodic compartment ww
a
.P.Pa would become ww
a
.Pa
positively
.P charged. w.P.Pa a
ww
ww • Similarly, the w w w
w solution in the cathodic w w w w w w
w compartment wouldwbecome negatively charged ww www
as the
. O O grg2+ ionsare reduced.OtoO
rCu rgcopper
rg . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
•asaasTo al maintain the electrical a saasalneutrality in bothathe s a
l
asacompartments, theanon
sa
l
asareactive anions asaasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad adad
w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P
ww
ww ww ww ww
ww wwww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww 3 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i l al a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w wwww www w www w
Cl -
i .O
(from. rgrgKCl taken in thei.salt
O O . Orgbridge)
rg move from i O
.the. rgrsalt
O g bridge and enter
i .O . rgrg the
O
into
d ad
a l
saasanodiccompartment, d a
d saasthe
at
l
a same time someaof
d d saasthe l
a K+ ions move from
d a
d saasthe l
a salt bridge
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w into the w www
cathodic compartment. wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
. O Ogrg
rof . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
Completion a i i . circuit a i i . a i i . a i i .
d a saaslalaflow from the negatively
Electrons
d d a
d saaslala charged zincdanode a
d
a
saaslalinto the d
positively a
d
aslala
scharged
a copper d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.electrode a
P.Pa
.external a a
.P.Ptime, a
.P.Pa anode and ww a
.PPa
ww
ww
ww through ww www
wthe wire, at the ww www
wsame anions move wwwwwtowards
w wwww .
cations are move towards the cathode compartment. This completes the circuit.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad
7. Why is anode in a ad
galvanic
.P.P
cell considered a ad
to
.P.P
be negative and a ad
cathode
.P.P
positive a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www electrode? www www www www
• The electrode rgrg at which the oxidation rgrg occur is called the rgrganode. Electronsi.are rgrliberated
g
at
l a i
zinc
a . O
i . O electrode and hence l a ia. O
i
it. Ois negative ( - ve). l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasla
.P.Pa a• The electrons are
d .P.P a d
aconsumed in the cathode
.P.P d
a a in which reduction aa d
.P.occurs
P and hence it is.P.P aa d
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww positive (+ve). ww ww ww ww
i O
.of . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
9. Which
d adsaasa l 0.1M HCl and
d a
d
0.1
saasa lM KCl do you
d
expect
a
d saasa l to have greater
d
molar
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.conductance(˄
P 𝐨
𝒎) w and awhy?
.P.P a aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww Since the w w
concentration of Both HCl ww & KCl are same , HCl ww will have greater molar ww
+ +
conductance
. O Ogrg
rbecause H (aq) beingOsmaller
. rgrg in size than K
O . O rgrg and have greateri.mobility
(aq)
O O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i .
Padasalai
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww Pa Arrange the following
.P.10. ww .P.Pa solutions in the ww P.Pa
.decreasing order of w .P.Pa conductance. ww
specific
w .P.Pa
ww
ww i) 0.01M KCl ii) 0.005M w w
w w KCl iii) 0.1M w w ww
KCl iv) 0.25 M KCl v) w w w
w 0.5 M KCl w w
w w
Specific conductance
. O rgrg
O α Concentration . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l a i
a i .
asal order of specific l
asal a ia i . l
asal a ia i . l
asal a ia i . asla
Decreasing
a sa a saconductance a sa a sa a sa
d
a adM KCl > 0.25 M.KCl d
a ad d d
a aKCl d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w 0.5 w w P.P > 0.1M KCl > 0.01M ww.P.P > 0.005M KCl w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
11. Why iis.O.AC rgrgcurrent used instead
O i .O . rgrgof DC in measuring
O i .O . rgthe
O rg electrolytic conductance?
i .O . rgrg
O
d•adsaasWhenl
a we apply DC acurrent
d d
l
saasa through the conductivity d a
d saasa l cell, it will d
lead
a
d
l
saastoa the d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.Pcell.
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w electrolysiswofw ww the solution taken inwthe www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
• So, AC current is used to prevent electrolysis
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
12.d a0.1M
d
l
saasa NaCl solution disadplaced l
saasa in two different d a
d saa
cells
l
sa having cell constant d a
d
l
saasa 0.5 and d a
d saasla
a a -1
.P.0.25cm
P aa
.P.Which
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w respectively. w www of the twowwww
will have greater value
w wof
w w specific conductance. wwww
ww ww 1 𝑙
ww ww ww
Specific conductance (κ) =
i . O . rgrg
O 𝜌𝑎
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
𝑙 alala a i a i a i a i
κaαdadsa(cell
s constant ) d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Pa 𝑎 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww The cell with 0.5ww ww
cm w-1w (higher cell constant) wwwwwill have greater specific wwww conductance ww wwww
ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww 4 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i l al a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
s as laalia. i.O a
www.Padasalai.Net
s slaalia. i.O s a s lia. i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w www w wwww www w
24. Derive i .O an
. rgrexpression
O g for Nernst i .O . Orgrgequation i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a
Itadrelates
d
l
saasa the cell potential d a
dand
l
saasathe concentration d ad
l
saofasathe species involved d a
d
asaan
sain l
d a
d saasla
Pa
.P.electrochemical .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w www
reaction
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Consider an electrochemical cell for which the overall redox reaction is,
. O O grg
r𝐥𝐂 . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
𝒙𝑨 + 𝒚𝑩 a i ⇋ i . + 𝐦𝐃 a i i . a i i . a i i .
Thed adsaaslala quotient Q for
reaction d a
d a aslala
sthe above reaction d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa [𝐶]𝑙[𝐷]𝑚 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w www w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww 𝑄 = 𝑥 𝑦 ………..(1) w w w w ww w w
[𝐴] [𝐵]
∆G = ∆G o
. O
+i.O grg lnQ……….(2) .OO
rRT rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l a ia l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
∆G a=sa al
as−𝑛𝐹𝐸 ∆G o
= a s
−𝑛𝐹𝐸
a asal 𝑜 a sa asal a saasal a sa
d
a ad 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 d
a ad 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.Sub
w P ∆G ∆G o w .P.in
w P w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www & w
values
www (2) w
w𝑚ww w
www w
www
𝑙
grg 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 [𝐶] [𝐷]
−𝑛𝐹𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙i.O = . r−𝑛𝐹𝐸
O
𝑜
+ 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 i.O . r𝑥grg 𝑦
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa [𝐴]
l [𝐵]
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a by -nF and we.Pwill
.P.Divide
P .Pa a get aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww w w w
w w wwww w w
w w
ww w𝑅𝑇 [𝐶] [𝐷] 𝑙 𝑚
ww ww ww
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑜
− w 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑦
i . O . rgrg 𝑛𝐹 [𝐴] [𝐵] 𝒍 i.O
O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i 𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟑𝑹𝑻 [𝑪]la[𝑫] a i
𝒎
l a a i l a a i
𝑬𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍
d adsa= l
asa𝑬𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 −𝒐
𝒍𝒐𝒈
d a
d
l
asa𝒙 𝒚 ………….Nernst
sa[𝑨] d ad
l
saasaequation d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.At
P 𝒏𝑭
.P.Paa [𝑩] aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 25 o
C (298K), w
the
wwwabove equation w ww
becomes
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww 𝑙 𝑚
ww ww ww
𝑜 rgrg
0.0591 [𝐶] [𝐷]
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸i𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 . O . O − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala aslala[𝐵] saaslala saaslala
𝑥 𝑦
saasla
Padasalai
𝑛𝐹 [𝐴]
sa
a d ad a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
ww ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 25. Write a note w w w w
on sacrificial protection. w w
w w wwww w w
w w
1) It is O
. O grg
a rcorrosion protection method
. O rgrg in which a more
O . O rgrg
electrochemically
O
active
. O rgrmetal
O g is
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
a sa al
aselectrically attachedatosasaaless
a
l active metal sasal
a a a saasal a sa
d
a a2)d The highly active dad donates electrons
ametal d
a atod replace those which d d have been lost.PP
a amay d d
w w .P.P
w w w .P.P
w w w .P.P
w w w .P.P
w w w w .a a
www during oxidation www of the protectedwmetal. ww www www
3) This.Oreverts
i . rgrg the protected imetal
O .O . rgrgback to its original
O i .O . rgrg and thereby prevents
form
O i .O . rgrgits from
O
d ad
a l
saascorroding d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a4) In this technique, .P.Paunlike
a aentire
.P.P a surface of the .metal aa aa
w ww
w w www galvanisingwthe
ww w w wwP.P to be protected
w w ww
w
.P.P
ww need not be wwcovered with a protecting ww metal instead, metals ww such as .Mg .or zinc wwwhich
is corroded
i .O . rgrg more easily than
O i .O . rgrg can be used as ai.O
iron
O . rgrg
sacrificial
O anode and the i .O . rgrg
iron
O
d ad
a l
saasmaterial acts as a cathode.
d ad
l
saasa So iron is protected, d ad
l
saasabut Mg or Zn is corroded. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww 26. Explain thewfunction w of H2 – O2 fuel wwcell. ww ww
• Thei.O . rgrg cell in whichi.the
galvanic
O O . rgrenergy
O g of combustion i . O . rgof
O rgfuels is directly converted
i . O . rgrg into
O
a
lala i a a i a
l a i a i
d adsaaselectrical energy is d a saaslalthe
called
d fuel cell. adadsaasal d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa• It requires a continuous a
.P.Pa supply of reactant .P.Pato keep functioning. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Fuel: Hydrogen
Oxidant :lia.O r
O gr g oxygen . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
asal a i . l a i
asal KOHa i . l
asal a ia i . l
asala ia i . asla
a sa
Electrolyte:
d d a sa
Aqueous d a sa d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.Electrode
P .P.Pa ad a ad
P.P
.containing .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w : w w w
Porousgraphite w
electrode w w Ni and w w w
NiO(Inert electrode) w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 5 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i l al a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
s as laalia. i.O a
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s slaalia. i.O s as lia. i.O
aad ad a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
Temperature: i .O . rgrg
O 200oC i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a saasa
Pressure:
d d
l
d a
20d sa–asa40
l
atm d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w
ww
ww
w • Hydrogen www
andww
w oxygen gases are www ww
w www ww
w wwwwww
bubbled through the anode and
i . O . rgrgrespectively.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
cathode,
a i a i a i a i
d ad saaslalaoccurs at the anode:
Oxidation d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww 𝟐𝑯𝟐(𝒈) + 𝟒𝑶𝑯−ww w
→ww𝟒𝑯
w 𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) + 𝟒𝒆
− ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Reduction l
asal a a i
occurs at the cathode l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
ad + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) + 𝟒𝒆
a𝟐(𝒈)
.P.𝑶P
−
.P.Pa a→ d 𝟒𝑶𝑯 (𝒂𝒒) .PP −
.a a
d .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
The overall
.O O grg
rreaction .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
𝟐𝑯a
d 𝟐(𝒈)
d
l
saasa+ 𝑶𝟐(𝒈) → 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶d(𝒍) ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 27. Ionic conductance ww at infinite dilution ww ww ww
of Al3+ and i . O . rgrg42- are 189 and 160
SO
O i . O . Ogrg cm2 equiv-1. Calculate
rmho i .O . rgrg the equivalent
O i .O . rgrg molar
and
O
d d saasa
conductance
a
l of the electrolyte
d ad
l
saasa Al2(SO4)3 at infinite d a
d
l
saasadilution d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Given
P o aoa
.P𝜆.P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w : 𝜆 𝐴𝑙 3+ = 189 w ww
w 𝑆𝑂 2− = 160 w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww 4 ww ww ww
AmBn→ mAn+g+ nBm-
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O
1.O rgrog 1 o − ai.O . rgrg
O
a i a i o a i i
saaslala conductancedat aslala dilution ˄𝐴𝑚a𝐵sa𝑛asla =la + 𝜆 𝐴+ + − 𝜆 𝐵 saslala saasla
Padasalai
Equivalent sainfinite
a d ad a ad a d d 𝑛 𝑚
a d a
d a a d a
d
ww Pa2(SO4)3 → 𝟐𝑨𝒍𝟑+w+w
.P.Al .Pa 𝟐−
.P𝟑𝑺𝑶 ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w 𝟒
w w w w w w w ww
o 1 ow 1 o w w w
˄𝐴𝑙 2 (𝑠𝑜4 )3 O3
= 𝜆 +
rgrg𝐴𝑙3+ 2 𝑆𝑂42−i.O.O𝜆 rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a a i l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal= 189 + 160 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑 a sa al cm2 gm.equiv-1asaasal
asmho a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w w.P.P 3 2 .P.P
w w w .P.P
w o w .P.P
w w.P.P
w
w
www Molar conductance w
wwwat infinite dilution ˄w𝐴w ow w = 𝑚 × 𝜆 𝐴+ + 𝑛𝜆ww w
o
𝐵−w
w
www
𝑚 𝐵𝑛
o
˄𝐴𝑙2(𝑠𝑜4)3 = 2 rgr×g 189 + 3 × 160i.O.O rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a a i l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d ad
l
saasa= 𝟖𝟓𝟖 mho cmdamol 2
d saasa-1 l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Short answers (BOOK ww INSIDE) ww ww ww
1.Define ispecific .O . rgrg conductance of
O i .O . rgrgcell
the
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasThe l
a specific conductance
d ad
l
saasa is defined as thedconductance a
d saasa l of a cubedof a
d
l
asaelectrolytic
saan d a
d saasla
aa
.P.solution
P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w of unit dimensions.
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Unit: Sm-1w
w ww ww ww
κ= i .𝑪O . r𝒍 grg If A = 1m2 and il.O
O . Ogrg
r1m; κ i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i
= then = C a i a i
d ad saaslala 𝑨 d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww 2.Define molar conductivity w w w w w w ww
3
Conductivityrgcell rg in which the electrodes rgrg are separated by 1m
rgrgand having V m i.Oof rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O a a i . O
a aasal solution whichacontains
electrolytic
s sa asal 1 mole of electrolyte. a saasal The conductance a s a
l
asofalsuch a system asaasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
−𝟑 d
a ad adad
w .wP.isP w .wP.P ˄ =
𝒎wwww𝑴
𝛋×𝟏𝟎
w . P. P 2 -1
w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww
called the molar
ww
conductance˄
ww 𝑚
w
mho m mol
wwwww www
ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 6 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
3. Define i O rgrg
O
.Equivalent
. conductance i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
a l
saasEquivalent conductance
d a
d
l
saasais defined as the conductanced a
d saasa l
of 'V' m 3
of
d a
d saasa l
electrolytic solution d a
d saasla
aa
.P.containing
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.in
P P.P
.in aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w one gram
w ww
w equivalent of electrolyte
w ww
w a conductivity cell
w ww
w which the electrodes
wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
are one metre apart.
𝛋×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 i . O . rgrg 2
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
˄ = saslala mho m gm.equiv a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
-1
a d a
d a 𝑵
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w w
w affecting electrolyticwconductance w w w w
w w wwww
4.Explain Factors
1) Solvent i . O . rgrof
O g higher dielectric.Oconstant
i . rgrg show high conductance
O i . O . rgrg
O in solution.i.O . rgrg
O
l a
al a i
asConductance l a a i
asalproportional to theasaViscosity l
asala a i l al a
asai.e., i asla
d2)
a sa is d a s
inverselya d of the medium.
d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w conductivity w increases
w w with the decrease
w w w in viscosity. w w w w ww
www 3) If the temperature
www of the electrolytic wwwsolution increases, w ww
conductance also increases.
www
Increase
i .O . rgrgin temperature increases
O i .O . rgrg the kinetic energy
O i .O . O grgthe ions and decreases
rof i .O . rgrgthe
O
d a
d
a l
saasattractive force a
between
d d
l
saasathe oppositely charged d a
d
l
saasaions and hence conductivity d a
d saasa l increases. d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 4) Molar conductance w ww
w of a solution increases w ww
w with increase inww w w
dilution. This is because, wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
for a strong electrolyte, interionic forces of attraction decrease with dilution. For a
weak i .O . rgrg
O
electrolyte, degreelaofia.O rgrg
O
dissociation
. increases i O
.with
. rgrgdilution.
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.5.Explain
P aa
.P.P
w ww
w about w ww
Debye
w - Huckel and w ww
Onsagar
w equation w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
• The influence of ion-ion interactions on the conductivity of strong electrolytes was
i
studied. O . rgrby
O g Debye and Huckel.
i . O . rgrThey
O g considered that
i . O . O grg
reach ion is surrounded i . O . Ogrg
rby an ionic
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i
saasla
Padasalai
d a
d sa atmosphere of d a
d
opposite sa sign, and derived d
ana
d sa
expression relating d
thea
d sa
molar conductance d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww of strong w w ww
w
electrolytes with the w ww
w
concentration by assuming w ww
w
complete dissociation. wwww
ww w ww w w ww
• Later, the equation was further developed by Onsogar. For a uni – univalent
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i
electrolyte the Debye l
asala
Huckel a i and Onsagar equation
l
asala a i is l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P ˄𝒎 = ˄𝒎 −.P(𝑨 𝒐
.Pa a+d 𝑩˄𝒎 )√𝑪𝒐
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
www A and B are the w ww
constants which depend ww w on the nature of w
only wwsolvent and
the www
temperature.rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O 𝟖.𝟐𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎𝟓 l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
𝑨ad=adsaasa 𝑩 =
𝟖𝟐.𝟒 l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa √𝑫𝑻𝜼 aa
.P.P
√𝑫𝑻𝜼 .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww D - dielectric constant ww of the medium wη- w the viscosity of the w w
medium ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
6.What
d a
d saasa l
is electrochemical
d a
d
cell
saasa l? Write down its
d a
d
types
saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a Electrochemical a a is a device which.Pinterconverts
.P.cell
P aa chemical a a electrical energy .P.P
.Pinto aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww.P
w w ww
w
.P wwww
ww and vice versa. Itww consists of two separate wwelectrodes which arewin w contact with an electrolyte ww
solution. Orgrg O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
a i . i . O a i . i . O a i . i . O a i . i . O
It isaof ala types
saasltwo a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww .P.1.PaGalvanic Cell ( Voltaic ww .P.Pa cell) : It is a device ww .P.Pinawhich a spontaneous ww
a
.P.Pchemical reactionww .P.Pa
ww
ww generates an electric w w w
w current i.e., it converts w w w
w chemical energy into w w w
w electrical energy. It isw w ww
commonly.O
i . rgrg as a battery. i.O.O
known
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a
2. Electrolytic a i l a a i
asal in which an electric
cell : It is aadevice l al a
asacurrenti from an external l a a i
asal source drives asaasla
d a sa d sa d a sa d a sa
.wP.aP ad
anonspontaneous a adi.e., it converts electrical
.wP.P
reaction .wP.Pa ad energy into chemical .wP.P a adenergy adad
.wP.P
www www www ww w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww 7 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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s s s as lia. i.O
d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w ww w w wwww www w
7.Define .O rgrg
O
electrochemical
i . equivalent i .O . Orgrgof the substancei.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
l
saasItais defined as the damount a
d
l
saasa of substance deposited d a
d
l
saasa or liberated atdthe a
d
l
saaselectrode
a by a d a
d saasla
aa
.P.charge
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w of 1 coulomb. w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
m = Z It
When Ila O
=lia.1A . rgand
O rg t = 1sec, Q = 1C i . O . rgrgm = Z
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i a i
d a
d saasa d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.8.What a
Pa
.P.of a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww are twowtypes w ww
w batteries & itsw ww
difference
w www
w w ww
w
ww w w w ww w w
Primary battery
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Secondary l
asal a a i
battery l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad .P.P d
a aPrimary battery .P.P d
a aSecondary battery a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
It is non rechargeable It is rechargeable
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d d
l
saasareactions is
Cell
a d a
d
l
asa reactions is
saCell d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a a irreversible
.P.P .P.Paa reversiblewww aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a saasa
9.Eventhough
d d
l
aluminium, d a
d
asa
sacopperl
and silver a
also
d d sa l
saaundergo corrosion, d a
dbut
l
saasaat a slower d a
d saasla
aa
.P.rate
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w than iron.Why? w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Oxidation of aluminium,
i . O . rgrg
O i . O
𝑨𝒍(𝒔)
. rgrg → 𝑨𝒍𝟑+ (𝒂𝒒) + i.𝟑𝒆
O O . r−grg
O i . O . rgrg
O
ala i a i a i a i
la3+ slala in air to form aslala aslala saasla
Padasalai
d•a
d saasAl which reacts d a
d
with saaoxygen d a
d sa
a protective coating d a
d
of saAl O d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 2 3 a
.P.Pa
wwww • This coating wwww
act as a protective film www w
for the inner surface. ww
wSo,further
w corrosion w ww
isw ww
ww ww ww ww
prevented. rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a sa asal a saasal a sa asal a s aasla
d
a adDefine electrochemical d
a ad series. d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.10.
w P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www The arrangement w
www of various electrodes w
www in the decreasingwor w
ww increasing order of w w
ww
their
standard reduction rgrg potentials is called rgrgelectrochemical series. rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
ww.P.11.
a a Derive the relationship
P ww
a a between Gibb’s.P.free
.P.P ww P energy change
aa
wand
a athe cell potential .P.P
.P.P
w ww
aa
w
ww w • Electricalwenergy w
w w = Charge of ’n’wmole w w
w of electrons× Ecell w
ww w wwww
• Charge rgrofg ’n’ mole of electrons rgrg= nF rgrg rgrg
d•as
d a a l
asElectrical energy = nFE
d a
d saascell
a l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Pa a• This energy is used a ato do the electric work.
.P.P .P.Pa a Therefore the maximum a a work that can be.P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww • obtained from
ww a galvanic cell is ww ww ww
(Wmax)cell =-
. O Ogrg cel…………(1) .OO
rnFE rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a
lalai i . a i
la i . a i i . a i i .
•a saasFrom the Second Lawa slathermodynamics
saaof a
that ala maximum workadone
saaslthe saaslalaby the system dadsaasla
a d d a d d a d d a d d aa
w .P.Pa is equal to thewchange
w .P.Pa in the Gibbs free
w w w Pa of the system.
.P.energy w .P.Pa
w w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
ww wwww
Wmax = ΔG…….(2)
Eq (1) & i . O
(2) . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a
al
as−𝐧𝐅𝑬 a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
𝚫𝐆 d a=sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww 8 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i l a l a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
s aslaalia. i.O a
www.Padasalai.Net
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w www w www w
12. What O
.is O grg use of Platinum.O
rthe O
foilrgrin
g the hydrogen electrode .O rgrg & Why is it inecessary
O .O rgrg
O to
l a ia i . l a ia i. l a ia i . l a a i .
used a
d saa
salt a l
s bridge in a galvanic d a
d saa a l
scell? d a
d saas a l
d adsaas a l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.used
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w • Platinum www
foilwis
w w for inflow and
ww w woutflow
w w of electrons www ww
w www ww
w
• To complete inner circuit and to maintain electrical neutrality of the solution salt
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
bridge
a i is used a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 13.Express the w w ww
w
relation among cell w ww
w
constant , resistance of w
thewsolution
w w in the cell w ww
w
and
ww w w w w w w w
the conductivity rgrg of the solution.How rgrgis the conductivity is
rgrgrelated to its molar rgrg
conductivity?
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal 𝑙 a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad conductance.(κ) d
a a=d𝐶 × d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.Specific
w P w wP.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w.P.P
w
www w
w w 𝑎
wwww w
www w
www
κ × 10−3 w
˄𝑚 = rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.𝐶O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.14.What
P aa
.P.limiting
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w is meant w ww
by
w molar w ww
conductivity?
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
The molar conductivity at infinite dilution is called limiting molar conductivity
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a
15.What
d d
l
saasa advantage do that d a
d saasfuell
a cells have overaprimary
d d saasa l
and secondaryd ad
l
saasbatteries?
a
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w • Primary w ww
w
batteries contain a limited w ww
w
amount of reactants w
and ware
w w discharged when w ww
w
the
ww ww ww ww ww
reactants have been consumed.
O rgrg
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
• aSecondary
a i . i . batteries can be
a i . i .
recharged but take a a i .
long i . time to recharge .
a i . i .
saslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
a d a
•
d a d a
d a d a
d a d ad a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Fuel cells runs
ww .P.Pa
continuously as long
ww.P.Pa
as the reactants are .P.Pa
supplied
ww
to it and products .P.Pa
are
ww
ww
ww wwww
removed continuously. ww ww wwww wwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
16.Why l
asala a i
Lechlanche cell is l
asal
also a a i
called as dry cell? l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad It consists of zinc .P.P ad (container) and
aanode ad cathode.The electrolyte
acarbon
.P.P a ad
.P.P is a moist .P.P a ad
www paste of MnO2 ,wZnCl ww 2 , NH4Cl and carbon wwwblock .Because there wwiswno free liquid in the w ,
wwcell
it is called dry rgrcell
g rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.17.Why
P is the voltage a aa mercury cell constant
.P.of
P a a during its working?
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww As all thewproducts w and reactantsware w either in solid or liquid ww state , their concentration ww
does not change
i .O . rgrg with use of the cell
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.18.Can
P an electrochemical .P.Pa a cell acts as electrolytic a a cell?How? .P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww
Yes , an electrochemical cell canwbe w converted into electrolyte ww cell by applyingwan w
external opposite
i . O . rgrg potential greater
O i . O . rgrg its own electric ipotential
than
O . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 9 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i l al a i l a la i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w ww w w ww w w www w www w
i .O . rgrg
O .O O
Knowledge
i . rgrg based questions i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1.What
d a
d
l
saasais the effect of temperature d a
d saasa l
on molar a saasa l
conductivity?
d d d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w Molar w ww
conductivity
w of an electrolyte w wincreases
w w with increase w wwin
w temperature. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
O O grg
rnot O rgrgsingle electrode potential?
O O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
2. Whylaislia.it i . possible to measure a i . i . a i . i . a i . i .
d a
d saasItais not possible todmeasure a
d saaslala single electrode d a
d
aslala
sapotential because thed a
dhalf
a
saaslalcell containing d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.single a
.P.P a a
P.Pa
.as a
.P.Pitsa own in a single ww a
.P.Pa
wwww electrode w w ww
cannot
w exist independently, w ww
w charge cannot w
flow wwon
w w w
ww w w w w w w w
electrode.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
asall a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad
3. Name the factor on a ad
which
.P.P
emf of a cell a ad
depends:-
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www 1) Nature of www
reactants. www www www
2) Concentration of solution in two half cells.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
3) aTemperature
d a
d sasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a4) Pressure of gas..P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Electrolysis rgrgof KBr(aq) givesi.O Brrg 2 at
i . O . O . O rg anode but KF(aq) i . O . rgdoes
O rg not give F2. Give i . O . rgrreason.
O g
• sasOxidation
laala i takes placesat asal a l a
anode. i Now higher the
saasal al a i
oxidation Potential, l al
easier
saasa a i to oxidize. saasla
d a
d a
a a Oxidation potential d a
d a
a aof Br , H2O,F are .in
- - d
athea
d
a following order. .PBr d a
d
a a>H O>F
- aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww P.P ww.P 2 ww.P.P
w
ww w • Thereforewin w w w w
w aq. Solution of KBrw, wBr ions are oxidizedwto
- w w
w Br2 in preference towHw2O. w w
-
On the
. O r
O gother
r g hand, in aq. Solution
. O r
O grg of KF, H2O is oxidized . O r
O grg in preference to.OFO r g.rg
a i i .
lala in this case oxidation a i i . a i i . a i i .
•asaasThus saaslalaof H2O at anode aslalaO2 and no F2 is produced. saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d d d a
d d a
d sgives
a d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww 5. Why an electrochemical w w cell stops working w w after sometime? w w w w
• Thei.O . rgrg
reduction
O potential ofi.an O . O grg
relectrode depends upon i . O . rgrthe
O g concentration of.O.solution
i rgrg
O
l a a i
al which it is in contact.
aswith l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.Preactants
.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w • As the cell w w
works,
w the concentration w wof
w decrease. w w w w w w
www www www www www
• Then according to Le chatelier’s principle it will shift the equilibrium in backward
.O
direction.
i . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d •a
d saasOn l
a the other hand ifathe
d d
l
saasaconcentration is more d a
d saason l
a the reactant sideathen
d d
l
saasait will shift the dadsaasla
l
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w equilibrium w ww
in
w forward direction. wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
• When cell works concentration in anodic compartment in cathodic compartment
i .O . rgrgand hence Eo i.O.will
O rgrgdecrease
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
decrease
l l l l saasla
cathode
a saasa 0 da saasa a saasa a saasa a
.P.Paad •d A decrease in E aa d
.P.cathode
P and a corresponding.P.Paad d increase in E o
.P.P
anodeaad
wild mean that EMF ofaa
.P.P
d d
w ww
w the cell will w ww
w
decrease and will wwww
ultimately become zero w
i.e., www
cell stops working w
afterww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
some time. rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala + + dad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P0a
6. For the standard a
.P.Pa 0
cell Cu(s)| Cu (aq) || Ag a
.P.Pa (aq)|Ag(s) a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww ww ww wwww
ww E cell Cu/Cu2+ = ww +0.34 V E Ag+/Agww =+0.80 V ww ww
i. identify the rgrcathode
g and the anode rgrgas the current isi.O drawn
rgrg from the cell.i.O.O rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a a i
a saasal
ii. Calculate the standard
a aasal
cell
s potential.
a sa asal a saasal a s aasla
d d
a aAg/Ag + d
a ad and Cu/Cu electrode + d
a ad is anode . d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.i).
w P electrode is.P.cathode
w w P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www E cell = E Cathode w
o o w
–wEwanode
o www w w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww 10 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i l al a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a d
aa a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w
ww w www w wwww wwww
= l0.80 i .O . r–gr0.34
O g
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
a l
sa=as0.46V d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
7. Can we store copper sulphate in (i)Zinc vessel (ii) Silver vessel? Give reasons.
o Orgrg o Or2+ grg o Org +rg O rgrg
Given E a i
la .
Cui . O /Cu = +0.34V, E a i .
Zni . O /Zn= -0.76V) , E
a i .Ag
i . O /Ag = +0.80V a i . i . O
saasAlametal aslala
sareduction slala
saadisplace lala
saashigher saasla
a d •
a
d having d
lower
a a
d potential a d a
cand a metal d a
d
having
a reduction a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P2+.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww potential from ww
ww solution of its salt.of wwww Cu wwww wwww
• Since rstandard g g reduction potential r g g of Zn2+( Eo Zn2+ /Zn= rgrg -0.76V) is lessi.O thanrgrgthe
i . O . O r i . O . O r i . O . O . O
s laalai reduction potential
asstandard s aslaalai of Cu (E Cuasa
2+ o
aslaal=
/Cu ai+0.34V), Zn cansdisplace aslaalai copper s asla
d a a
a ad from copper sulphate d a a
a ad solution. Thus, CuSO d
a ad4 solution can be stored d a a
a adin silver vessel. .P.P d
a ada a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w ww
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
8. Consult the rgrgtable of standardi.O electrode
rgrg potentials andrgrsuggest g three substances rgrg that
i . O
i . O i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
d d saaslaala ferrous ionsdunder
can oxidize
a a
d saaslaalasuitable conditions. d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasla
a a2, Cl2 and F2
.P.Br
P .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
𝐨
9. Suggest arway
. O O grg to determine the . O O grg ˄𝒎 of water .OO
rvalue rgrg .O rgrg
O
o l a ia i .
o o
…………(1) l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
˄𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
d a
d
=
saasa 𝑁𝑎 l 𝜆 + + 𝜆 𝑂𝐻 −
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a = 𝜆 − + 𝜆 +.………….(2)
.P.˄Po o o
Pa a .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝑙
w𝐻ww.P w w w w w w w ww
w
ww ˄o = 𝜆 o + +ww w w w w
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑁𝑎 𝜆 o𝐶𝑙− …………….(3) ww ww ww
Equation i(1) . O . r+grgEquation (2) – Equation
O i . O . rgrg (3) gives,
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a (˄o ) (˄o s)aslala o a i a i a i
saasl)al+ s𝑂lala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
(˄do𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
a
d 𝐻𝐶𝑙 − 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 d a
d a = 𝜆 𝐻 + + 𝜆 o𝑂𝐻 − =da ˄dso𝐻aa d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa 2 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
10. Suggest two materials other than hydrogen that can be used as fuels in fuel cells.
Methane i .
and O . rgMethanol.
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w 11. Given the w w
standardw electrode w
potentials,w w w w w w ww
www ww+w www
2+/ 2+
www 3+
www
K /K = 2.93 V, g Ag /Ag= 0.80 V, Hgg Hg = 0.79 V Mg g /Mg =- 2.73V, Cl /Cr
g =
O r r g O r r g O r r g O r r g
0.74Valalia. i.O laalia. i.O laalia. i.O laalia. i.O
d a
d
Arrangesa s a
these metals in d a
d sa
their
as increasing order d ads
of aas
reducing power. d a
d sa as d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Higher the oxidation w wwwpotential more easily w w
witw is oxidized and hencewwwgreater
w is the reducing wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
power. Thus, gincreasing order of reducing power will be Ag < Hg <Cl< Mg < K.
i .O . r rg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a dsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww www
w
ww ww ww 11 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i l al a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w ww w w www w www w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . OrgrgLong answers i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
1.How
d adsaaswilll
a you measure aconductivity
d d saasa l
of ionic d a saasa
solutions
d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w • The www
conductivity ww
w of an electrolytic ww w ww
solution
w is www ww
w www ww
w
determined by using a wheatstone bridge
i . O . rgrg in which onei.resistance
O O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
ala i
arrangement a la i is replaced aby i a i
d adsaasalaconductivity cell d a
d saaslawith
filled the d
electrolytic a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww solution of w ww
w
unknown conductivity. ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
• In the rmeasurement grg of specific rgrresistance
g of a rgrg rgrg
l a i .
metallic
a O
i . O wire, a DC power l a ia. O
i . O
supply is used. l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
d
a a•d A wheatstone bridge d
a adis constituted using d
ad
aknown d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www resistances www
P,wQ, a variable resistance w
www S and w
www w
www
conductivity rgrg cell (Let the resistance rgrg of the rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d adsaasa l
electrolytic solution
d
taken
a
d saasa l in it be R).
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a• An AC source .(550 aa aa aa aa
w ww
w w wwP.P Hz to 5 KHz) is
w w w
.P.P
wconnected
w w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww between the wwjunctions A and C. ww ww ww
• Connect .O rgrga suitable detectori.O
O rgrg as the telephonei.O.O
(Such
O rgrg .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a a i . l a a i l a ia i .
d adsaasear l
a piece detector) between
d a
d
l
saasa the junctions ‘B’ d a
d saand
asa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a ‘D’. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww • The variable ww resistance ‘S’ is adjusted ww until the bridge iswbalanced w and in this ww
conditions
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lala is no current flow a
lala i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d •adsaasthere d a
d saasthrough the detector.d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa• Under balanced a
.Pa
.Pcondition, a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww 𝑃 𝑅
w w w w w w w w
= rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
𝑄 𝑆 lalia.O i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasa
𝑷 a saasal a saasal a saasal a s aasla
d
a a=d × 𝑺 d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.𝑹P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www 𝑸 w
www wwww w
www w
www
Conductivity rgrcalculation
g rgrg rgrg rgrg
Specific l a i . O
i . O
conductance
a (or) l a
conductivity ia.Oi . O of an electrolyte l a ia O
.can
i . O be calculated from
l a ia O
.the
i . O resistance
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
a a using the following
.P.value
P a aexpression.
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 𝟏 𝒍 w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww κ= ww ww ww ww
𝑹𝑨
i O
.of . rgrg
O 𝒍 Orgrg
i . i.Ousually provided by i O
.the. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
The value l a a i the cell constant (l a )is
a l a a i cell manufacturer l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa𝑨 l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww 2.Write down any ww two applications ofwKohlrausch's w Law ww ww
1. It is used
. O O grgcalculate degree .of
rto O Ogrg
rdissociation . rgrg
of weakOelectrolytes
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d dsaaslala of dissociation
Theadegree
d
of
a
d
lala electrolyte can sbeaslacalculated
saasweak d a
d a
la
d dsaaslala conductivity dadsaasla
from theamolar
a
.P.atPaa given concentration a a the molar conductivity
.P.Pand a
.P.Pa at infinite dilution a a
.P.Pusing the following aa
.P.P
w w
ww expression www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg 𝜶 = ˄𝒎
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i ˄𝒎asaasal
𝒐 l a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.According
P to Ostwald a ad Law,
.Pdilution
.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 12 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i l al a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
s as laalia. i.O a
www.Padasalai.Net
d
aa ad a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w ww w w ww w w wwww
rg g rgrg rgrg rgrg
Ka =salaalia.O
α2 .O
i r l a ia.Oi. O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d ad a s α)
C(1−
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Substitute
P α valuewinww .P.P
the aabove
a expression .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ˄
𝟐 ww ww ww ww
( 𝒎 𝒐 )
Ka = a𝒎i˄.O
˄
. rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i
𝒎 a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala˄𝒐𝒎
𝑪(𝟏− )
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Ka
Paa= 𝟐
˄𝒎 𝑪 .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ˄𝒎 (˄𝒎 −˄𝒎 ) w
𝒐 𝒐 w w w w w ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al to calculate solubility
2. It sisasused l a a i
asal of a sparinglyasasoluble l a a
asal saltsi l
asal a a i asla
d a a d a sa d d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.Substances
P like AgCl, .Pa ad 4 etc., are sparingly
.PPbSO .P.P d
a asoluble in water. w .P.P
The ad
asolubility product w a ad
of.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www such substanceswcan wwbe determined using w
wwconductivity measurements.www www
𝑨𝒈𝑪𝒍 ⇋ 𝑨𝒈
i . O . rg+rg+ 𝑪𝒍−
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l l l l saasla
+ −
𝐾𝑠𝑝a=
d d saas[𝐴𝑔
a ][𝐶𝑙 ]
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.P.concentration
P of [𝑨𝒈 abe
.+P.]P a ‘C’ molL–1. .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww As per the stoichiometry ww , if [𝐴𝑔+ ] = 𝐶wthen w [𝐶𝑙 − ] = 𝐶 ww ww
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝐶][𝐶] i . O . rgr=g [𝐶]2 ……….(1)i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
concentration
l
(in mol dm -3 sa
d a
)
d a
is a l
srelated to the molar d a
dand
l
saasaspecific conductance d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa a a −𝟑
.𝛋P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w × 𝟏𝟎 w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww=
˄ ww ww
𝒐
rgrconcentration
g rgthe 𝑪
rg relation (1) i.O rgrg rgrg
Substitute a i . O
i
the. O value a i . O
i .
in O a i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala slala𝟐 saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d d a
d d a
d saa−𝟑 d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
×a𝟏𝟎
.𝛋P.P a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww 𝑲𝒔𝒑ww =w
w w(w ) w ww
w wwww
ww ww ˄𝒐 w w ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal about Standardasahydrogen l
asal a a i l a a i
asal and how it is used l
asto a a i
al find the asla
d a s
3.Explain
a d electrode( d s
SHE)
a a d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.unknown
P .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w electrode w w w
potential w w w w ww w w w
www www www www www
• Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is used as the reference electrode. It has been
assigned
i .O . rgrgan arbitrary emf of
O i .O . rgrg zero volt. It consists
O
exactly i .O . rgrg of a platinum electrode
O i .O . rgrg in
O
d a
d
a l
saascontact with 1M HCl
d a
d
asa l
sasolution and 1 atm a
hydrogen
d d
l
saasa gas. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w • The hydrogen www wgas
w w is bubbled through
ww w ww
w the solution at 25 o
wwCwwww w
ww
ww
w
• SHE can act as a cathode as well as an anode.
ia.O .Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
• aReduction
l a i potential of zinc
l a ia i .
electrode dipped in l a i
zinc
a i . sulphate solution a i
using
l a i . SHE.
d a
d sa s a l
d a
d sa asa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa
Step : 1 The following .P.P aa
galvanic cell is constructed
.P.Paa using SHE aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w
2+ ww
w + w w|w
w wwww w ww
w
ww Zn (s)| Zn ww (aq, 1M) || H (aq, ww
1M) H (g, 1atm) Pt ww
(s) ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d a s la emf of the above
Steps:a2laThe
d a
d
ala
saaslgalvanic cell is measured
d a
d saaslalausing a volt meter. d a
d
a case, the
saasInlalthis d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.measured emf of the above a
.P.Pa galvanic cell isw0.76V .PPaa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwwww
ww www. ww wwww ww
ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww 13 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i l al a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
d
aa ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w wwww www w w
ww w w
ww w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
This oxidation i . O . rgrgpotential corresponds
O i . O . rgto
O rg the below mentioned i . O . rgrghalf cell reaction iwhich
O . O . rgrg
O
a
aslala i a i a i a i
d
takesa
d saplace at the cathode. d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa− a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 𝒁𝒏(𝒔) → 𝒁𝒏𝟐+ (𝒂𝒒) wwww+ 𝟐𝒆 (oxidation)ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww
The emf for the reverse reaction willggive the reduction potential
𝟐+ i . O . rgrg −
O i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
𝒁𝒏 (𝒂𝒒) l
asala a i+ 𝟐𝒆 → 𝒁𝒏(𝒔) l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w ww w w w w ww w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w ww w w w w ww w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww 4.Explain aboutww Leclanche cell with cell ww reaction ww ww
It is a primaryi .O . rgrgbattery consistsi.of
O O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Anode
d a
d saasa: l
d d saasa
Zinc container
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Cathode
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w : www
Graphite
w rod in contact w wwith
w w MnO2 w www w ww
w
ww Electrolyte : wwammonium chloridewand w zinc chloride inww water
ww
Emf : i.O . rgrg 1.5V
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa reaction
.P.Cell a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Oxidation at anode
𝒁𝒏(𝒔) → 𝒁𝒏
. O Ogrg(𝒂𝒒) + 𝟐𝒆− ………..(1)
r𝟐+ . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l
asala ia i . l
asala ia i . l
asala ia i . l
asala ia i . asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.Reduction
P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w at cathode
w ww w w w w ww w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww 14 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
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aad a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww w www w www w www w
𝟐𝑵𝑯+ rgr𝟐𝒆
g − → 𝟐𝑵𝑯 (𝒂𝒒) rgr𝑯g (𝒈)……….(2) i.O.O rgrg rgrg
𝟒 (𝒂𝒒)
l a ia.Oi . +
O 𝟑 lalia .Oi.+ O 𝟐 l a a i l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.The
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w hydrogen gasw woxidised
is
w w to water by w ww
MnO
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 2 ww ww
𝑯𝟐 (𝒈) + 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐 (𝒔) → 𝑴𝒏𝟐 𝑶𝟑 (𝒔) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) ………..(3)
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala
Equation (1) + (2)+(3) d
givesa
d
aslala
sathe overall redox d a
d saaslala
reaction d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
2+
The ammonia
i . O . rgrproduced
O g at the cathode
i . O . rgrgcombines with Zn
O i . O . Ogrgform a complex ion
rto i . O . rgrg
O
[Zn(NH l a a i
asa3)l 4 ] (aq)
2+ l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa
d reaction proceeds, d a sa
d concentration of d a sa d a sa d a sa
a athe
.P.As
P a athe
.P.P a ad4+will decrease and
.P.NH
P .P.P adaqueous NH3 will.P.P
athe a ad
www increase which lead wwwto the decrease in the w of cell
wwemf www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
l
saasa about Mercury
5.Explain
d a
d
l
saasa cell (or) Write
button
d a
d sa l
asaname of the cell used
the
d a
d
l
saasain pacemaker dadsaasla
l
a a the reaction taking
.P..Write
P a a place at the anode
.P.P .P.Paand
a the cathode of.P a acell
.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w wwthe
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O Itaiis.O . rgprimary
aO rg cell consists i .O . rgrg
of
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaAnode
a aa
.P.P P.Pa aamalgamated with.Pmercury aa .P.Paa
w ww
w
:
w ww
w w ww
w
.zinc
w ww.P
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Cathode : g HgO mixed with graphite
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala : saaslala ala and ZnO
aslKOH saaslala saasla
Padasalai
Electrolyte
d a
d d a
d Paste d a
d sof
a d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.−P.Pa
wwww wwwatw w ww
w − (𝒂𝒒) ww ww w ww
w
ww Oxidation occurs ww anode : w𝒁𝒏(𝒔)
w + 𝟐𝑶𝑯 w→w 𝒁𝒏𝑶(𝒔) + 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) +
w w𝟐𝒆
Reduction . O Ogrg at cathode :.OO
roccurs rgrg HgO(s) + H2O . O rg(l)
O rg + 2e- →Hg(l) +i.2OH- O rgrg (aq)
O
l
asal a ia i . l
asal a ia i . l
asala ia i . l
asala a i . asla
.P.P ad
aOverall reaction :ww a ad
.P.P .P
Zn.P
d + HgO (s) → ZnO
a a(s) .P.P d + Hg (l)
a a(s) .P.Pa ad
w w w w w ww w w w w ww
www www www www www
Cell emf : About 1.35V.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Uses
d a
d
l
saas: aIt has higher capacity d a
d saasand l
a longer life. Used
d a
d
l
asapacemakers, electronic
sain d a
d
l
saasawatches, d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w cameras etc… w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww 15 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w
ww w ww w w ww w w www w
6.Explain i .O rgrg Lead storage battery
O
about
. i .O . O rgrg (or) Write thei.name O . rgrg of the cell usedi.in
O O . O grg
rinverters
Write
d a
d saasthe l
a reaction takingaplace
d d
l
saasa at the anode and d a
d saa
the
l
sa cathode of thedcell a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
It is a secondary cell consists of
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
Anode
d saasla:la d a
d saaslala Spongy a
lead
d d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Cathode : ww w w plate bearing PbO2 w
lead w w w
Electrolyte i . O . rg:rg
O i . O . Orgrg38% by mass of H i . O . rgrg with density 1.2g
O
SO i . O/. O grg
rmL.
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i
2 4 l
asala a i asla
.P.P ad reaction : .P.P
aAnode a ad 𝑷𝒃(𝒔) .→ ad𝟐+ (𝒂𝒒) + 𝟐𝒆− (oxidation)
a𝑷𝒃
P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
𝟐+ 𝟐−
O rgrg
O O Orgrg 𝑷𝒃 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑺𝑶 O 𝟒rgr(𝒂𝒒)
O g → 𝑷𝒃𝑺𝑶𝟒 ↓ rgrg
ia.O
l a i
a . i . l a ia. i . l a ia. i . l a i.O
a sa
Cathode
d d
as a l
reaction : d a
d saas
𝑷𝒃𝑶a l
(𝒔) + 𝟒𝑯 +
(𝒂𝒒)d a
d→saas a
𝑷𝒃
l 𝟐+
(𝒂𝒒) + 𝟐𝑯 a
𝑶(𝒍)
d d saas a l
(Reduction) d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa 𝟐 aa
.P.P aa
𝟐
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww ww ww𝟐+ (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑺𝑶𝟒 (𝒂𝒒)
𝑷𝒃 𝟐− ww→ 𝑷𝒃𝑺𝑶𝟒 ↓ ww
grg
rreactions rgrg (𝒔) + 𝟒𝑯+ (𝒂𝒒)𝟐𝑺𝑶 r𝟐−gr(𝒂𝒒)
g rg g
The Overall
l a i
a .Oi . O : 𝑷𝒃(𝒔) l a ia.+Oi . O
𝑷𝒃𝑶 l a ia.Oi . O → 𝟐𝑷𝒃𝑺𝑶𝟒 (𝒔) l a ia.+O
i . 𝟐𝑯r 𝟐 𝑶(𝒍)
O
l l l l saasla
𝟐 𝟒
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aCell
.P.P a emf : .P.Paa a a 2V
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w wAbout
w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Uses: Used in automobiles, trains, inverters etc…
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d•a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa The emf of the ww P.Padepends on the concentration
.cell ww .P.Pa of H2SO4.wAs
w
a cell reaction uses.P.Pa
the
.P.P ww
ww
ww 𝑆𝑂4 2− www w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
• ions, . O rgrgconcentration H2SO
the
O . O 4rg
O rg
decreases. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l a i
a i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
al the cell potential
•asaasWhen a sa al to about 1.8V,athe
asfalls sa
l has to be recharged.
asacell a saasal a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www Recharge of thewcell w
ww wwww wwww w
www
• A potentiali .O . rgrg greater than 2V
O i .O is
. Orgapplied
rg across the electrodes,
i .O . rgrg
O the cell reactionsi .O . rgrthat
O g take
d a
d
l
saasplace
a during the discharge
d a
d
l
saasa process are reversed. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.process,
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w • During www ww
recharge
w the role wwof
w wanode
w w and cathode is
ww w ww
reversed
w and H 2SO4 isww
ww
ww
regenerated.
Oxidation i O rgrg at the cathode (i.O
O
.occurs
. now. Orgrgact as anode) i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
𝑷𝒃𝑺𝑶
d a
d saasa l
(𝒔) + 𝟐𝑯 𝑶(𝒍) →d a
d𝑷𝒃𝑶
l
saasa (𝒔) + 𝟒𝑯+ (𝒂𝒒)+𝑺𝑶 d a
d
l
saasa𝟐− (𝒂𝒒) + 𝟐𝒆− dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P 𝟒 𝟐
.P.Paa 𝟐 aa
.P.P 𝟒 aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Reduction occurs at the anode (now act as cathode)
ila.O .Orgrg − i . O
𝟐− . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
𝑷𝒃𝑺𝑶a𝟒la (𝒔)
a i+ 𝟐𝒆 → 𝑷𝒃(𝒔)+𝑺𝑶 a i (𝒂𝒒) a i a i
d a
d sas d a
d saaslala𝟒 d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww Overall reactionww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
𝟐−
𝟐𝑷𝒃𝑺𝑶𝟒 (𝒔) r+ gr 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝑷𝒃(𝒔)r+
g g r 𝑷𝒃𝑶𝟐 (𝒔) + 𝟒𝑯+ (𝒂𝒒)𝟐𝑺𝑶
g r g r g 𝟒 (𝒂𝒒) rgrg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www wwww wwww w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww 16 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
s as laalia. i.O a
www.Padasalai.Net
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww ww www w www w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a
7.Explain
d d
l
saasa about The lithium d a
d
l
saasa– ion Battery (or)dadWrite l
saasa the name of the d a
dcell
l
saasaused in d a
d saasla
Paa
.P.phones .P.P aa P.Paa
.place .Pthe
.Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w , laptop.Write w www the reaction takingwwww at the anode w ww
and
w cathode of thew ww
cell
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Anode a : i a i Porus graphitea i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a a
.P.PCathode .P.Paa .P.Paa a
.P.Paas CoO2. .P.Paa
wwww : ww ww wwwTransition
w metal oxide wwwsuch
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Electrolyterg :rg rgrg Lithium salt iin an
rgrgorganic solvent i.O.O rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O l a a i
a
Anodesaasa:l a saasal 𝑳𝒊(𝒔) a
→ sa
l
as𝑳𝒊a𝟐+ (𝒂𝒒) + 𝒆− a sa
(oxidation)asal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www Cathode : w
www w
www𝑳𝒊(𝒔) + 𝑪𝒐𝑶𝟐 + 𝒆w−w→ w w 𝑳𝒊𝑪𝒐𝑶 (𝒔) (reduction) w
www
𝟐
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Overall l a a i
reaction : l a a i 𝑳𝒊(𝒔) + 𝑪𝒐𝑶 l a a i→ 𝑳𝒊𝑪𝒐𝑶 (𝒔) l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l𝟐 𝟐
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aUses
a : .P.P aa Usedwinw .P.P a a phones, laptop computer .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www wcellular
w w ww
w digital camera w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
➢ Both electrodes rgrg
+
allow Li ionsrgto rg move in and outi.of rtheir
grg structures. rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
➢a saasa l
During discharge, the
a saasa
Li+ l ions produced at a saasa
the l
anode moves towards a saasa l
cathode through asasla
. P.P
d d
a a the non – aqueous . P. P
d d
a electrolyte.
a . P. aa
P
d d . P. aa
P
d d . P.Padada
ww ➢ When a potential ww greater than thewemf w produced by the cell ww is applied across theww
electrode,
. O r
O grg the cell reaction .is O O grg
reversed
r and now theOLi
. r
O g+rgions move from cathode . O rgrg to
O
a i i .
lala where they become a i i . a i i . a i i .
saaslalaembedded on the saaslala electrode. dadsaaslala saasla
Padasalai
d adsaasanode d a
d d a
d
porous
d a
d
a
.P.Pa➢ This is knownww .PP
as a a
intercalation. .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
ww
ww
ww
wwww . ww wwww
wwwwww
wwwwww
8. Write about
i . O . rgrgElectrochemicali.O
O . rgrg
mechanism
O of corrosion
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al formation of rust l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d•adsaasThe d a srequires
a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.P a a both oxygen and .P.P ad
awater. .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
www www www www www
• Since it is an electrochemical
redox .O O grg
rprocess, it requiresaan .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d adsaasanodel
a and cathode inasadifferent
d d
asa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa aa
.Piron.
.P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w places on the w wwofw wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
• The iron surface and a droplet of
water .O O grgthe surface form a.Otiny
ron rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
d ad
a l
saasgalvanic cell. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
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d adsa s d a
d sa d a
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l a ia. O
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i . O 𝒐 l a ia.Oi . O
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a a al 𝟒𝟒𝑽 a s aasla
d
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O O rgrg
O 𝒐 O rgrg
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a i . 𝟐𝑯
i . a i . i . 𝑬 = 𝟏.
a i . 𝟐𝟑𝑽
i .
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O i . O . rgrg
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𝟐𝑭𝒆(𝒔) l
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asal
𝟐 𝑶(𝒍)
a a i 𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟏.
l
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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d a
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d a
d saasa l
d a
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d a
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d a
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9.How
d a
d saasa l
will you Protect metals
d a
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d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
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O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
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a i a i a i a i
saaslala aslalaanother metal such lalazinc. zinc is stronger la
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ii. Galvanizing - by coatingswith saasas agent
a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
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ww Pa iron and hencewitw
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i . O . rgrg
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O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
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l
asal
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al technique, unlike l
asala a i
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asal of the
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d a sa d d a sa d sa d a sa
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d a
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d a
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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Alloy
d a
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sa d a
d
l
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d
l
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l
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O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
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a i a i a i a i
d a
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l
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asala a i l
asala a i asla
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
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w ww
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O i .O . rgrg
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wwww w ww w ww www w ww
ww +2 CHEMISTRY ww w
UNIT ww – 11 HYDROXY
w ww COMPOUNDS
w ww w
STUDY rgMATERIAL
rg rgrg rgrg rgrg
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d a
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l
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a i . O
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i . O a i .Oi . O a i .Oi . O
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
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daemail dasas
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
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ww Short Answer ww ww ww ww
1. Identify i . O . rgrgproduct (s) is / are
the
O i . O . rgrg
formed
O when 1 – methoxy i . O . rgrg propane is heated
O i . O . rgrwith
O g
excess
d a
d
a
sasHI. l
a Name the mechanism
d a
d
a l
sasa involved in the d a
d
asa l
sareaction d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
Pa3 − 𝑂 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻
.P.𝐶𝐻 a
.P3.P+a2𝐻𝐼 a
.P.Pa𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐼 a
Pa𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐼 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ww a
.PPa
ww ww ww + w𝐶𝐻w.P.− ww .
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww2 ww
1 – methoxy propane methyl iodide ethyl iodide
. O Og
rr g . O Og
rr g . O Og
rr g . O rgrg
O
l a ia i .
asalthe major product l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
a s
2.adDrawa a sa s al
aformed when a s asal
1-ethoxyprop-1-ene
a is heated a sa s al one
awith a sa
d d d d
w w Pad
.P.equivalent of HI w .P.P
w
a ad
ww.P.Pa ad
w .P.P
w
a ad
w w
a ad
.P.P
w
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𝐶2 𝐻5 − 𝑂 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻3 + 𝐻𝐼 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝐼 + 𝐻𝑂 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻3
1-ethoxyprop-1-ene
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg prop-1-ene-1-ol
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.3.P .P aa
.P .P.Paa aa
P.P
.identical aa
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w ww
w Suggest a w ww
suitable
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secondary alcohol ww
with
w w group ww
using
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
Grignard reagent.
To prepare i .O . rgrg
O
secondary alcohol lfrom i .O . Ogrg
rGrignard i .O
reagent l,alaldehyde . rgrg other than formaldehyde
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i a a i a i l a a i
d
must a
d
asa
sabe l
taken. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w A suitable reagent w ww
w
to prepare secondary wwww
alcohol with identical w ww
w
group using Grignard w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
reagent is ethanal
i . O . rgrg
O 𝑬𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 .OO
i . rgrg 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la + 𝑪𝑯𝟑𝑪𝑯𝑶 →saslala a i a i
la 𝟑𝑪𝑯𝟐(𝑶𝑯)𝐂𝐇𝑪𝑯𝟑s+ ala i
saas𝟐la𝑴𝒈𝑩𝒓 →sasla𝑪𝑯 asla𝐌𝐠(𝐎𝐇)𝐁𝐫 saasla
Padasalai
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯
a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa Butan-2.P.-Pola
ww ww.P.Pa
ww
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4. What is the rgrgmajor product obtained rgrg when two moles rof
grgethyl magnesium.Obromide rgrg is
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia i . O
treated
a sa
l methyl benzoate
asawith a sa
l
asafollowed sa asal
by acid ahydrolysis. a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
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w
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P
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5. Predict i . Othe
. rgrgmajor product, when
O i . O . rgrg2-methyl but -2-ene
O i . O . rgis
O rgconverted into an i . O . rgrg
alcohol
O in
each
d a
d
a l
saofsathe following methods. d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
PaAcid catalysed w
.P.(i.) a
.P.Pa
hydration
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l a a
asal 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad → .P.Pa ad 2 –.Pmethylbutan-2
a ad
.P -ol .P.P a ad
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.1P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
(ii.)
d adsaasa l
Hydroboration d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐 w ww
w wwww wwww
ww 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯 = 𝑪 − w w𝟑 +B2H6 →
𝑪𝑯 ww𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 − 𝑪𝑯 − 𝑪𝑯w 𝟑w ww
i . O . rgCH
O rg3 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i OH a CHi a i
saaslala saaslala saasl-2 a
al-butanol saaslala saasla
3
a d ad a d a
d d a
3Methyl
a d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
(iii.) Hydroxylation using bayers reagent
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i 2-methyl
l a a i butan-2 , 3 diol l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aArrange the following
.P.6.P a ain the increasing .order
.P.P P.Pa a of their boiling .point a a and give a reason
P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w wwww wwww
ww for your ordering ww ww ww ww
(i).Butan – 2- g Butan -1-ol, 2 .–methylpropan
rgrol, rgrg -2-ol rg g rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia O
i . O l a ia.Oi . Or l a ia.Oi . O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Among
P isomeric alcohol a aprimary alcohols have
.P.P .P.Pahigher
a boiling point.Pand a a tertiary alcohols .P.P
.P aa
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w wwww wwww
ww have lower boiling wwpoint ww ww ww
Butan -1-ol r(𝑪𝑯
. O O grg 𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑯𝟐.𝑶𝑯 O rgr)g- Primary alcohol
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
Butansas–la2- a i i .
la ol Secondary alcohol a i i . a i i . a i i .
Padasalai
a d ad a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.2P–methylpropan
a -2-ol
ww
a
- tertiary
.P.P alcohol w.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww
ww wwwww wwww wwww
2 –methylpropan rgrg -2-ol < Butani.–O.O 2-
rgrgol < Butan -1-ol i.O.O rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i l a a i l a ia. O
i . O
d
a adPropan -1-ol, propan d
a ad-1,2,3-triol, propan dad – diol, propan.P-2-ol
a -1,3 d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.(ii.)
w P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww .P w.P.P
w
w
www Whenever OH group w
www increases its boiling w w increases . www
wwpoint w w
www
propan -2-ol
i .O . r-grgSecondary alcoholi.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Propan
d ad
l
saasa-1-ol - Primary alcohol d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a -1,3 – diol - no
.P.propan
P aofa OH group is 2 .P.P
.P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww propan -1,2,3-triol ww - no of OH group isww 3 ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
propan
d ad
l
saas-2-ol
a < Propan -1-ol<d a
d
l
saaspropan
a
d
l
saasa -1,2,3-triol dadsaasa
-1,3 – diol<dapropan l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww 7. Can we use nucelophiles ww such as NH ww3 ,CH3O- for the Nucleophilic ww substitution wwof
alcohols i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lalagroup is poor leaving a a i a i a i
d •adsaasOH d a
d saaslalgroup so it mustdbe a
d slala
saaprotonated to undergoes
d a
d
la
saaslanucleophilic d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa substitution only a
.P.P a .P a
- a - a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww by weak nucleophile wwww (I.P , Br , Cl-) wwww www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
• Moderately and strong nucleophile such as NH3 ,CH3O- cannot be used for
i . O
nucleophilic
. rgrg substitution , ibecause
O . O . rgrg they undergoesi.O
O rgrg
O
protonation
. to formlaNH i .O . r+grg
4O , CH3OH
l a a i
al would be no longer
aswhich l a a i
asal nucleophile l
asala a i asal a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.2P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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aad a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww w w
ww w www w w
ww w
8. Is it possible
i .O . rgrgto oxidise t – butyl
O i .O . Orgalcohol
rg using acidified i .O . rgrdichromate
O g to form i .O . ragrg
O
a
carbonyl
d d
l
saasa compound. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Tertiary
P .Pdoaa
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w butyl w ww
alcohol
w not undergo w ww
oxidation
w reaction under w ww
normal
w conditions, but at
w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
elevated temperatures, under strong oxidising agent like acidified dichromate cleavage of
C –C bond i . O . rgrg place to give ai.mixture
O
takes O . rgrg of carboxylic acid
O i . O . rglike
O rg formic acid and i . O . rgrg acid
O
acetic
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.9.PaWhat happens when a a
.P.P1-phenyl a
.Pa
.Ptreated a
Pa
.P.KMnO a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ethanol wwwisw with acidified wwww 4. ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1-phenyl l a a i
ethanol l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww 10. Write the mechanism ww of acid catalysed ww dehydration of ethanol ww to give etheneww
When alcohols r g are heated with a suitable
g rg g dehydrating agents r g like sulphuric acid, the
g r g H+
g
- i.O r ia.O r .O r r
and OH s a la l i.O in the adjacent
apresent
a s a la l i.O of alcohols are
acarbons s a la i.O and it results inalthe
alialost, s aalia.O .O
iformation
saasla
d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d
a a carbon – carbon double
.P.ofa
P .P.Pa a bond. .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
11.How
d ad
l
saasais phenol prepared d a
d saafrom
sa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a chloro
.P.i)P a benzene (Dows .P.Pa aprocess) .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
When Chlorobenzene rgrg is hydrolysedrwith grg 6-8% NaOH at.O 300 rgrgbar and 633K in ai.O closed
rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i i . O a i . O
d dsaaslala phenoxidedisadsformed
vessel,sodium
a aaslala which on treatment
d a
d saaslalawith dilute HCldgives a
d
la
saaslaphenol. d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.3P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aal al a i l al a i l al a i ala
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aad a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w wwww wwww wwww wwww
ii) isopropyl i .O . rgbenzene
O rg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
12.Explain Kolbe’s rgrg reaction rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
•asaasInalthis reaction, phenol
l a
a sa
l a
asisalfirst converted into a sa
l
asal
sodium a phenoxide whicha sa
l a
asaisl more a saasla
d
a ad reactive than phenol d
a adtowards electrophilic d d
a asubstitution d
ad CO2 .
awith d
a ad
w .P.P
reaction
w ww.P.P
w
www w
wwsodium phenoxide w w
wwCO2 at 400K, 4-7 w w
wwpressure followed by ww
• Treatmentwof with bar wwacid
hydrolysis
i .O . rgrg gives salicylic acid.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
ww 13.Write the chemical ww equation for Williamson
ww synthesis of 2-ethoxy
ww – 2- methyl w
w
pentaneastarting i . O . rgrg from ethanol iand
O . O . rg2rg– methyl pentani.O
O . rgrg
-2-ol
O i . O . rgrg
O
lala i a i a i a i
Padasalai
From
d a
d saasethanol d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w ww w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
From 2la–lia.methyl O . rgrg pentan -2-ol i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w 14. Write the wwww
structure of the aldehyde, wwww
carboxylic acid and wwww
ester that yield 4- w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
methylpent -2-en-1-ol.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
4- methylpenta i -2-en-1-ol. a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
structure l
asal a a
of i the aldehyde, l
carboxylic
asal a a i acid and ester l
that
asala a i
yield 4- methylpent l a a i
-2-en-1-ol.
asal asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.4P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P .P.P
ww ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w wwww www w www w www w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad
15.What is meta merism?a ad
.P.P
Give the structure
.P.Pa ad
and IUPAC name of a ad
metamers
.P.P
of 2- a ad
.P.P
www methyoxy Propane www www www www
• It is special rgrg type of isomerism rgexhibited by ethers. rg g rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O rg i .O . Or i .O . O
• saCompounds
l al a i having same
saasa l al a i
molecular formula and
saasal al a i
functional group l
differs
saasa al a i
only in the saasla
d a
d a sa d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
.P.Pa a number of atoms aona either side of functional
.P.P .P.Pa a group are called.P asametamers
a and aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww.P
w w ww
w
ww phenomenon ww is called metamerism ww ww ww
CH3 rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi .O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
𝐂𝐇 −sa𝑶
d a
d a sa l
− 𝑪𝑯 𝟑
d a
d
𝑪𝑯
saasa 𝟑 l − 𝑪𝑯 𝟐 − 𝑶 −
d
𝑪𝑯
a
d saas𝟐a −l 𝑪𝑯 𝟑
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a CH3 aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 2-methyoxy Propane ww wethoxy
w ethane ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a the following sconversions a
aslala i effected asaslala a i a i
saaslalare saaslala saasla
Padasalai
16. aHow a a a
a da d a d d a a d d a a d d a d d
ww.P.i)Pbenzylchloride toww.P.Pa
benzylalcohol ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟓 𝑪𝑯 . O
𝑪𝒍 . rg→
O rg𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑪 𝑯 𝑪𝑯 .𝑶𝑯 O . rgr+
O g 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 . O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a i
𝟐a i 𝟔 𝟓 l
asal a𝟐ia i l
asal a ia i l
asala ia i asla
d a sa
Benzylchloride d a sa
benzylalcohol d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
ii) benzyalalcohol to benzoic acid
i .O . rgrg𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐𝑶𝟕/𝑯+
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
𝑪𝟔 𝑯
d adsa𝑪𝑯
𝟓
l
asa 𝟐 𝑶𝑯 →
d a
d
l
sa𝑪as𝟔a𝑯𝟓 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 17. Complete the wwfollowing reactions ww ww ww
𝑰)𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯a𝟐i𝑶𝑯 . O . rg→rg𝑷𝑩𝒓𝟐 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟐𝑩𝒓 i→.O
O . rgrg 𝑪𝑯𝟑𝑪𝑯𝟐𝑶𝑯 →i.𝑵𝒂
𝒂𝒒.𝑵𝒂𝒔𝑶𝑯
O O . rgr𝑪𝑯
O g 𝑪𝑯 𝑶𝑵𝒂 + 𝟏⁄.O.𝑯O
i r𝟐grg
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a𝟐 i
saasla
𝟑 𝟐
saasa l saasa l saasa l saasa l
aad ad aad a
d
(A) (B)aad a
d (C) aad a
d aad a
d
w
ww w A- Bromo ethane wwww B – Ethanol C –
www w
Sodium ethoxide www w www w
i . O . rgr𝒅𝒖𝒔𝒕
O g
i . O . rgrg 𝑪𝑯𝑪𝒍𝟑
O i . O . rgrg
O 𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 \𝑯+ i.O . rgrg
O
a
lala → i 𝒁𝒏
a
as𝟔lala → i a i a i
d adsaa𝟓s𝑶𝑯
ii) 𝑪𝟔 𝑯 𝒁𝒏𝑶 + 𝑪𝟔s𝑯
d a
d a d a
d saaslala 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟓𝑪𝑯𝟑 → dadsaaslal𝑪a𝟔 𝑯𝟓𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa (A) anhydrous .P a
.Pa3
AlCl (B) a
.P.Pa (C) a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww A- Benzene w
Bw– Toluene C – Benzoic w w acid ww w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.5P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w www w wwww wwww
(iii) laia.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
rg g rgrg rgrg rgrg
iv) salaalia.O i.Or l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d a s d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww wwww + HCHO wwww wwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
18.0.44g l a a i
asalof a monohydricaalcohol l a a i
asal when added to l
asala
methyl a i magnesium aiodide l a a i
asal in ether asla
d a sa d sa d a sa d sa d a sa
a ad
.P.liberates
P at STP 112 .P
cm3
.Pa adof methane with.PCC P.Pa adthe same alcohol.P.form a ad a carbonyl
P .P.Pa ad
www compound thatwanswers ww silver mirrorwtest. ww Identify the compound. www www
• Monohydric .O rgrg alcohol is alcohol
O .O rgrgwhich contains one
O .O rgrg
hydroxyl
O group .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . a ia i .
d •asaasPCC
d
l
a is an oxidizingaagent
d d
l
saasa which convertsdalcohols a
d
l
saasa to aldehyde ordadketone l
saasa .Aldehydes dadsaasla
l
.P.Pa a only show mirror .P.Patest.
a .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww • General formula
ww of monohydric alcohol
ww is CnH2n+2O . w
w ww
• Alcohols i .O . rgrgreacts with the methyl
O i .O . rgrgmagnesium iodide
O i .O in
. rgrether
O g liberates alkane
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa 3
.P.112
P aa
.P.produced
P P.P
.of aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w cm of methane w wisw
w from w ww
0.44g
w alcohol wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
22400 cm3 of methane is produced from X g of alcohol
i . O . rgrg 𝟎.𝟒𝟒 × 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
X g ofaalcohola i = = a88g i a i a i
d a
d saslala 𝟏𝟏𝟐 as
d d aaslala
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa the molar masswof
.P.This a
Pa
.P.unknown alcohol ww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w w w wwww www
w
ww Molar mass of alcohol w w is 81 g w w ww ww
Subtract the
i . O
i . Ogrg of hydroxyl group
rmass i . O
i . O rg it = 88 – (16i.+O
rgfrom
i .
1rg)rg
O i .Oi . rgrg
O
s l
asala a s l a a
asal = 71 g s l
asala a s l
asala a s asla
d a a
anaHd2n+1 = 71g d
a ada a d
a ada a d a
a ad a d a
a ad a
w .P.CP
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.6P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w www w w
ww w wwww
Numberlaof i .O rgrg can be possible
O
carbon
. i .O . O rgrg this molar massi.isO.O
with 5rgrwhich
g comprisesla(12 i .O . r×gr5)
O g 60 g
a i l a a i l a a i a i
andd a
dthe
l
saasarest mass is hydrogen. d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.So
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w the formula of w ww
alcohol
w is C 5H11OH ww ww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
19. Complete i . O . rgthe
O rg following reactions i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
(ii) 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟓i𝑪𝑯 . O . r𝟐gr𝑪𝑯(𝟎𝑯)𝑪𝑯(𝑪𝑯
O g 𝟑i).𝟑 O . →rgrg
O 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟓 𝑪𝑯i.O =. Org𝑪𝑯
rg − 𝑪𝑯(𝑪𝑯𝟑 )𝟑 i.O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala -3 methyl Butan-3 saas–lalola saaslala-3 methyl But--2 lala saasla
Padasalai
1 –dadPhenyl d a
d 1 –dPhenyl
a
d d a
d–saasene d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
20. Phenol is distilled with Zn dust followed by friedel – crafts alkylation with propyl
chlorideato i . O . rgrg a compound B,i.B
give
O O . O grgoxidation gives (c)
ron i . O . O grg
rIndentify A,B and i C.
. O . rgrg
O
l
asal a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
(O)
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O
21.d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww Identify A , B ,wcw w
w,wDwand write the complete wwww equation wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.7P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
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d
aa a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww .P.P
ww
w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.PMg|Ether
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w HBr wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O (A)
i . O . rgrg (B)
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
(C)
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa HCHO a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w www
w wwww
ww A – 1 – methyl cyclohexanol w w ww ww ww
B – 1 – Bromo i . O . rgrg– 1 – methyl cyclohexane
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l al a i l a
al a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
C d- asa1as–amethyl cyclohexane
d a saasmagnesium bromide d a sa d a sa d a sa
a a1d – methyl cyclohexane
.P.D-
P a adcarbinol
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
(D)
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 22. What will be wwthe product for the following ww reaction
ww ww
Acetylchloride i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.23.
P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w How will you w w w
convert acetylene w
into w w
n-butyl alcohol. w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.8P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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d
aa ad a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w w
ww w w
ww w w
ww w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
24.
d adPredict
l
saasa the productdA,B,X a
d
l
saasa and Y in the following d a
d
l
saasa sequence of reaction d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad3,3 – dimethylbutan
.P.25.
P .P.P d on treatment.Pwith
a a-2-ol .Pa adconc.H2SO4 to give d
a atetramethyl
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www ethylene as a major www product. Suggestwawsuitable w mechanisms www www
When
.O Ogrg – dimethylbutan.O
r3,3 rgrgon treatment with
-2-ol
O .O rgrg 2SO4 elimination
conc.H
O .O rgoccurs
O rg
d d
asa l
afterasacarbocation
d d
l
saasa lead to formation
, rearrangement
a d a
d
l
asatetramethyl ethylene
saof d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.9P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww w www w w
ww w wwww
Evaluate i O rgrg (Pg.no : 108)i.O.O
O
.yourself
. rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i O
.IUPAC
. Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l name
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww a 2 o alcoholww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O 5 – bromoi.–O.O 5rgr-methyl
g hexan – 3i.-ol O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w b 3 o alcohol ww ww 3 -ethyl pentan w ww
w –.P3 -ol w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
c 2 loalalcohol
i.aO . rgrg
O 3 –laChloro
i . O . Orgrgbut-3-ene-2-ol i.O.O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
i i a i a i
saasala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d saasa d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww d 2 o alcoholww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww 6-bromo-Hept-3-ene-2 ww - ol ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a
e asa2asalalcohol
o i l al a
3as–aphenyl i – 3 - pentanol l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www 2.Write all the w ww isomers of anwalcohol
possible ww having the molecular www formula C5Hw ww
12O
and give itheir .O . rgrgIUPAC names. i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
(𝒂)𝑪𝑯
d a
d
l
saas𝟑a𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑯d𝟐ad𝑶𝑯 saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Pentan-1
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w – ol w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.2P aa
.P.ol
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w – methyl butan –
w
ww
ww
1
w – www ww
w w
ww
ww
w wwwwww
(c).
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.3P–a methyl butan-2 w a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww w
- ol wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
(d)
i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www Pentan-3-ol www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P10aa
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww w w
ww w w
ww w w
ww w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a
Evaluate
d d
l
saasa yourself (Pg.no d ad: asa
sa111) l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.1.P .P aa
.P aa
.P.P aa
P.P
.pent-2-en-1-ol aa
.P.P
w ww
w Suggest a w ww
suitable
w carbonyl compound w wfor
w w the preparation w ww
of
w using
w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
LiAlH4 .
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aHow will you prepare
.P.3.P a athe following using
.P.P aGrignard
.P.P a reagent. .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww i) t-butyl alcohol ww ww ww ww
ii) allyl alcohol rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Evaluatei.yourself O . rgrg pg.no : 117 i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a products in the a
lala i a i
aslala their IUPAC names a i
d d saaslalthe
Identify
a d a
d saasfollowing reactions.
d a
d saWrite d a
d saaslalaand mention dadsaasla
a
Pa mechanism involved
.P.the a
.P.Pain the reactions.ww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa aa
.P.P
www w www w ww www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P11
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i l al a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
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s s s as lia. i.O
d
aa ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww w www w www w wwww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i O rgrg
O
.Yourself
. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Evaluate
d a
d saasa l pg.no
d
:132
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.1.Which
P of the following.P.Pa aset of reactants will agive
.P.P a 1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene. aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O
Set(ii) is
i . O . rgrthe
O g appropriate reactants
i . O . rgrg to prepare 1 – methoxy
O i . O . rgrg 4 –
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala aslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d d a
d saNitrobenzene d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Set (i) cannot w a a as reactant as CH.P
be.Pused a
Pa is strong a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w w w.P w ww3.ONa
w wwww
ww ww nucleophile w w as well as strong base. w w ww
Hence an elimination rgrg reaction predominates rgrg over the substitution rgrg reaction rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
3.when
a
l
saasaphenol is treateddawith l
saasapropan-2-ol in the a asa l
sapresence saasa
of HF, Friedel-Craft
a
l reaction asaasla
d d
a a place . Identify.Pthe d
a aproducts. aad d aad d adad
w .P.takes
w P w w . P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
ww
ww ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P12
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w www w w
ww w w
ww w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www Simple wworw www name
IUPAC www www
mixed
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
ai a
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.P.P Ethoxy aa
.P.butane
P aa
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w ww
w w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
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ii i .O . rgrg
mixed
O 4- chloro
i .O . rgrg– 1 – methoxy banzene
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.ethoxy
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
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w iii Mixedww ww 3 – methylw–w w1-w benzene ww ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
iv i . O . rgrg
O
simple 2 –(tert i . O . rgrg ) – 2 – methyli.O
O
butoxy . rgrg
O
propane i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
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ww v mixedwwww 3 – chloro – w w
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
vi sasal simplea i l a a i
asal 1 ,1’ -benzoxy benzene l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www vii. mixedwww www prop-1 -ene
3 – ethoxy www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
Evaluate
l
saasa yourself (pg,nodad :
asa
sa138) l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
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w ww
w 1mole of HI is w ww
w
allowed to react with ww
t-butylwmethylether.
w Identify w w
w w
the product and writew ww
w
down
ww ww ww ww ww
the mechanism of
rgrg the reaction. rgrg rgrg rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
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w w ww
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w
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P13
.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P .P.P
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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d adsaasa l
d a
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Book a
inside
d d saasa l
d a
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d a
d saasla
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.P.Short
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
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w ww
w answers wwww w ww
w w www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
1. Why lithium aluminium hydride a best reagent to prepare unsaturated alcohols.
i
lithium. O . rgraluminium
O g hydride i . O .
doesrgrgnot reduce the carbon–carbon
O i . O . rgrg
O double i
bond. O . rg
O rg
present in
thed a saas
carbonyl
d
a l
compound d
and a
d saas a
hence
l
it is a best d a
reagent
d saas a
to
l
prepare d
unsaturateda
d saas a l
alcohols. d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
2.How will you prepare ethylene glycol (or) what happens when ethylene reacts with
Baeyer’s i O rgrg
O
reagent
. . i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa
using cold alkaline a sa
solution
d of potassium a sa
permanganate
d (Baeyer’s d a sa
.P.Pa ad
Hydroxylation of a ad
ethylene
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w ww w w w w ww w ww
www reagent) gives www
ethylene glycol. www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www wwww
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
3.How
d a
d saasa will
l you prepare
d
glycerol
a
d saasa l or saponification
d a
d
reaction
saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a• Glycerol occurs.P.inP a amany natural fats and aitais also found in long
.P.P achain
.P.P a fatty acids in .P.P aa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www wwww
ww • the form of wwglyceryl esters (Triglycerides). ww ww ww
• The O rgrg hydrolysis ofi.these
alkaline
O O rgrgfats gives glycerol
O O rgrgthe reaction is known
and
O O rgrgas
O
a
lalai . i . a i . a i . i . a i . i .
Padasalai
d a
d saassaponification. d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w ww w w w w ww w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.4.Why
P aa
.Phave
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w alcohols have wwww higher boiling w wpoints
w w than the corresponding
w www other organic wwww
ww compounds such wwas alkanes, aldehyeles, ww ethers ? ww ww
This i .O is
. rgdue
O rg to the presencei.of O . O grg
rintermolecular hydrogen
i .O . rgrg bonding presenti.in
O O . Ogrg
ralcohols.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.5.What
P aa
P.P
.rule aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w is Saytzeff’s wwww w ww
w w www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
During intramolecular dehydration, if there is a possibility to form a carbon – carbon
double bond . O Ogrgdifferent locations,
rat . O rgrgpreferred locationi.O
the
O is Ogrg one that gives the
rthe . O rgrg
more
O
a i
la i . a i
la i . a i . a i i .
d a
d saaslasubstituted
(highly) alkene d a
d saaslathe
i.e., stable alkene. d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
6.Explain Swern oxidation
grg
rmethod, rgrg (DMSO) is used rgrgthe oxidising agent, rgrg
• Inlalthis ia.Oi . O i .
dimethyllasulfoxide
a O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
as l a ia.Oi . O
which
a saasa a saasal a saasal a s aasal a s aasla
d
a ad converts alcohols d
to
a adketones / aldehydes. d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P14
.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w www www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
d
aa ad a d
aa a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
• Inlalthis .O Ogrg
rmethod an alcohol is.O Orgrg with DMSO and
treated .O Ogrg chloride followed
roxalyl .O rgrgby the
O
ia i . l a ia i. l a ia i . l a ia i .
d •
adsaasaddition
a of d a saasa
triethylamine.
d
l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad does alcohol produced
.P.7.How
P a ad during fermentation
.P.P a ad of food consumed
.P.P a adby animal get .P.P
.P.P a ad
www detoxify. www www www www
To detoxify
i . O . rgrg the alcohol, the
O i . O
liver
. rgrg produces an enzyme
O i . O . rgrcalled
O g alcohol dehydrogenase
i .O . rgrg
O
(ADH). l a a i
Nicotinamide adenine l a a i
dinucleotide (NAD) l a
presenta i in the animals acts
l a as
a i a oxidising
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a and ADH catalyses
.P.agent
P a athe oxidation of toxic
.P.P aalcohols
.P.P a into non-toxic a aaldehyde.
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww 8.What do you w w
meant by Esterification wwor how will you prepare ww ethyl ethanoate from ww
ethanol? rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslalareact with carboxylic la in the presencesasoflalan
saaslaacids a acid to give esters saaslala saasla
Padasalai
Alcohols
a d a
d a d a
d a d ad a a d a
d a d a
d
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad does ethylene.Pglycol
.P.9.How
P a ad react with HI or
.P aPIa2d or how will you
.P.P a adethene from
.P.get
P a ad
.P.P
www ethylene glycol?www www www www
When ethylene
.O . rgrgglycol is treated with
O .O . O g or P/I2, 1,2 – diiodoethane
rgrHI .O . rgrg
O is first formed
.O . Ogrg
rwhich
l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i
decomposes
d a
d
l
saasa to give ethene. d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
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w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
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ww ww ww ww ww
10.Explain i . O . rgrg nitration of ethylene
about
O i . O . rgrg glycol or action
O i . O . rgrHNO
of
O g 3 on ethylene
i . O . rgrg
glycol
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P15aa
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
aad ad a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a
11.Give
d d
l
saasauses of d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Methanol
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
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1. Methanol is used as a solvent for paints, varnishes, shellac, gums, cement, etc.
i . O
2. In thelamanufacture. rgrg
O of dyes, i
drugs,. O . rgrperfumes
O g and i . O
formaldehyde.. rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i a i
d adsaasala d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.Ethanol a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
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1. Ethanol is used as an important beverage.
ila.O rgrg in the preparation
O
.used i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
2. It isaalso
laa i l
asala a i of l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad
a) Paints and varnishes. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www b) Organic www
compounds like ether, www
chloroform, iodoform, etc., www www
c) Dyes, transparent soaps.
i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
3. As aalsubstitute
a a i for petrol under
l a a i
the name power alcohol
l a a i used as fuel for aeroplane
l a a i
d adsasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aIt is used as a preservative
.P.4.P a a for biological specimens.
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
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Ethylene glycol rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
1. Ethylene
d adsaasa l glycol is used
d
as
ad
an
saasa antifreeze
l in automobile
d a
d saasa l radiator
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aIts dinitrate is used.P
.P.2.P asaana explosive with DNG. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P
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Glycerol rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala is used as a sweetening saaslala agent in confectionery saaslala and beverages. saaslala saasla
Padasalai
1. Glycerol
a d ad a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.2.PaIt is used in the manufactureww .P.Pa of cosmetics .and a
wwP.P transparent soaps. ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 3. It is used in making w w w
w printing inks and stamp wwww pad ink and lubricant w w w
w for watches and clocks. w w
w w
4. It is used in rgrthe
g manufacture of.O explosive
rgrg like dynamite rand grg cordite by mixing itrgrwith
g
l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
chinaa sa s al
clay
a a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www Phenol w
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1) About half
i .O . rgof
O rg world production i .O
ofrgrphenol
. Og is used for making
i .O . rgrg phenol formaldehyde
O i .O . rgrg
O
resin.
d ad sa l
saa(Bakelite). d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aPhenol is a starting.Pmaterial
.P.2)
P aa a a of
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P
w
for the preparation
wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww i) drugs such as w w
phenacetin, Salol, aspirin, ww etc. ww ww
ii) phenolphthalein
i .O . rgrg indicator. i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d dsaasa l
iii) aexplosive like picric acid.
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aIt is used as an antiseptic-carbolic
.P.3)
P aa
.P.P lotion acarbolic
.P.P a aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwwand
w soaps. www
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Diethyl ether i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
dsaaslalaether is used asda
1. dDiethyl
a adsaaslala anesthetic agent
surgical d a
d
lalasurgery.
saasin d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.2.PaIt is a good solvent .P a
.Paorganic reactions
for
a a
.P.Pextraction. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwwand
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 3. It is used as a volatile w w w
starting fluid forwdiesel and gasoline engine. w w w w
4. It is used i . O . rgrag refrigerant.
as
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P16
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
aad ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww w wwww www w wwww
Anisolelaia.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1.adaAnisole
l
adsaasa is a precursorato d adthe
l
saasasynthesis of perfumes d a
d saasand l
a insecticide pheromones,
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.2.P It is used as a pharmaceutical.P.Pa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w agent . wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
12. Write i . O .
aboutrgrg Test to differentiate
O i . O . rgrgalcohol and phenols***
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
adsaaslalareact with benzene
i)adPhenol d a
d
aslala
sadiazonium chloride d a
to
d
aslala
saform a red orange d
dye,a
d
aslala
sabut ethanol d a
d saasla
Pa
.P.has a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww no reaction with wwwit.
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
ii) Phenol gives purple colouration with neutral ferric chloride solution, alcohols do not
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
give such l
asal a a i
coloration with FeCl l
asal
3a .a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad
iii) Phenol reacts with
.P.Pa ad
NaOH to give sodium a ad
phenoxide.
.P.P
Ethyl alcohol a ad
.P.P
does not react with a ad
.P.P
www NaOH. www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
13.How l awill
a i you prepare dinitroglycol
l a a i (1,2 – dinitroxyethene)
l a a i from ethylenel a a i glycol
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aheating with conc.P
.P.On
P a a 3 in the presence .of
HNO
.P aCon.
P.P a H2SO4, ethylene a a forms
.P.glycol
P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w wwww w w
w w wwww
ww dinitroglycol. ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww Pa How will you prepare
.P.14. .P.Pa 1,2 – epoxyethane
ww ww
a
.P.P(oxirane )from ethylene
ww.P.Pa glycol? .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww Ethyleneglycol undergoes wwww w ww
dehydration atw773K and forms epoxides. w w
w w wwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a How will you prepare
.P.15.
P a a ethanal (acetaldehyde
.P.P a a )from ethylene.Pglycol?
.P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww wwww w ww.P
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lala with dilute sulphuric a i a i a i
When
d adsaasheated d a
d saaslala acid (or) anhydrous d a
d
a
saaslalZnCl 2 under pressure
d a
d saaslainlaa sealed d a
d saasla
a
Pa ethylene glycol
.P.tube, a
P.Pa
.undergoes dehydration
a a
P.Pgives
.to acetaldehyde.
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P17aa
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i l al a i l a la i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w w
ww w w
ww w www w
16. How .O
will
i . rgyou
O rg prepare 1 , 4-i.dioxane O . Orgrg from ethylene i .O . rgrg
O
glycol? i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a
lala i a
aslala i a
lala i
d
When a
d saasdistilled with Conc. d a
H
d sa2asSO glycol losses d
twoa
d samolecules of water d a
and
d saasforms dioxane d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa 4 a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
17. How will you prepare nitroglycerine from glycerol (or) nitration reaction of
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
glycerol? l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad
Glycerol reacts with a ad
nitric
.P.P
acid in the presence a ad
.P.P
of sulphuric acid to a ad
form
.P.P
TNG a ad
.P.P
www (nitroglycerine). www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.18.How
P will you prepare a a acrolein from glycerol
.P.P a a ?*******
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w ww w w w
w w
ww When glycerol isww heated with dehydrating ww agents such as Con w Hw2SO4 ,KHSO4 etc….,ww
it undergoes rdehydrationgrg to form acrolein. rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww wwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
19.Write aOnote
i . i.O rgrg on Schotten-Baumann i .O . rgrg reaction : i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d•asaasPhenol
d
a l on treatmentawith
d d
l
saasa acid chlorides gives d a
d
l
saasesters.
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a• The acetylation.Pand aa a a are called Schotten-Baumann
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P benzoylation of
w w phenol
w
w w w www reaction.w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.20.Write
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w a note on w wWilliamson
w w w ww
ether synthesis:
w w www w ww
w
ww An alkaline solution ww of phenol react with wwalkyl halide to form phenyl ww ethers. The alkyl w
w
halide undergoesi . O . rgrg nucleophilic substitution
O i . O . rgrg by the phenoxide
O i . O . rgrion
O g in the presence.O
i of. rgalkali.
O rg
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d
a
sasa l
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P18
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a d
aa a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
21.Write i .aO rgrg note on Riemer
O
short
. i .O . Orgrg
Tiemann Reactionlaia.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i i a a i
d•a
d saasOn l
a treating phenol with
d a
d
l
saasaCHCl3 /NaOH, a d-CHO a
d
l
saasagroup is introduced d a
d saa
at
l
saortho position. dadsaasla
l
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w • This reaction w wproceeds
w w through thew ww
w
formation of substituted w wbenzal
w w chloride wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
intermediate.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.22.Write
P a note on Phthaleina ad reaction or how
.P.P .P.P d you prepare phenolphthalein
a awill a ad
.P.P from .P.P a ad
www phenol? www www www www
On heating phenol rgrg with phthalic ianhydride rgrg in presence of con.H
rgrg 2SO4 phenolphthalein rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
is obtained.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslalaa note on coupling la
saaslareaction ala test of phenol asaaslala
saasldye saasla
Padasalai
23.Write
a a of phenolaor a
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww Pa couples withwbenzene
.P.Phenol .P.Pa diazonium chloride
w ww.P.Pain an alkaline solution ww.P.Pato form p-hydroxy ww.P.Pa
ww
ww azobenzene(a red w w w w
orange dye). w w
w w w w
w w wwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
24.What
d a
d
l
saasa are simple anddmixed a
d
l
saasa ether?.Give example d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Simple
P a aor aryl groups attached
.P.P a ato oxygen atom are.P.same
.P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w ether : Both w walkyl
w w w ww
w w ww P
w wwww
ww Example : 𝑪𝑯 𝑶𝑪𝑯 ww ww ww ww
𝟑 𝟑
Mixed ether i .O . r:gTwo
O rg alkyl or aryl groups i .O . rgrg attached to oxygen
O i .O . Ogrg are different .OO
ratom i . rgrg
Example
d a
d
l
saasa : 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓 𝑶𝑪𝑯𝟑 dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
25.Why tertiary alkyl halide and primary alkoxide cannot be used to prepare ether?
• Primary i . O . rgrgalkyl halides are more
O i . O . rgrsusceptible
O g for S Ni2 . O rgrg
O
reaction.
. i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a i a i a i
d•a
d saasHence for the d a saaslala
preparation
d of mixed ether d a
having
d
a
saaslalprimary and d a
tertiary
d
lala
saasalkyl group, d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa primary alkylwhalide a
.PPa a
.P.Paare used. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwww. and tertiary w w
w
ww
alkoxide
w w w
w
ww
w wwwww
w
• On the gother hand, if we use tertiary alkyl halide and primary alkoxide, elimination
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
dominates
l
asal a a i and succedes l
asalover
a a i substitution to forml
asala a i
an an alkene. l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P19
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i l a l a i l al a i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w www w www w w
ww w www w
.O
26.Whylaintermolecular
i . rgrg
O dehydration i .O . Orgrgof alcohol is not i .O . rgrg
O
suitable for preparing i .O . rgmixed
O rg
a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
a
ethers?
d d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.IfP .P.Paa aa
.Pmixture
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w a mixture of two w w
w w
different alcohols is ww
used,
w w of different w wethers
w w will be w www
ww ww ww ww ww
formed and they are difficult to separate.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgLong answers i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a a i a
lala i ala i a i
1. d a saaslalabout
Write
d Structure d a
of
d saasthe functional groupd a
d saaslaalcohol.
of d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww • The structure wwwofw -O-H group which wisww
w attached to a sp3 ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww
hybridised carbon is similar togthe structure of -O-H group
. O rgrg
O . O r rg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
attached
l
asal a ia i . to a hydrogen in
l
asal a iawater.
i . i.e., ‘V’ shaped. l
asal a ia i . l
asala ia i . asla
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Pa a•d In such alcohols,
d
.P.P
d
ad of the sp hybridised
aone 3
.P.P
d d
a aorbital of .P.P
d
a ad d
a ad
.P.P
www oxygen linearly www overlap with thewspwwhybridised orbital of
3
ww w
carbon to form a C-O,ww ' σ'w
3
bond and rgrganother sp hybridised rgrgorbital linearly overlap rgrg with 1s orbital of hydrogen
rgrg to
i . O
i . O
laala a O-H' σ' bond.saslaala i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
d a
d saasform d a
d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasla
a a• The remaining .two aa 3 a aof oxygen are occupied a a by two lone pairs.of aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w wwP.P sp hybridised w
w
orbitals
ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
w wwwP.P
ww electrons. ww ww ww ww
• DueO rg lone pair – lonei.O
torgthe pairrgrgrepulsion, the C-O-H rgbond
rg angle in methanol rgrgis
l a ia. i.O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d
•asaasreduced
d
a l °
to 108.9 from
d a
d saasthe l
a regular tetrahedral
d a
d saasbondl
a angle of 109.5as.aasa
d
o
d
l
d a
d saasla
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww 2. How will youwdifferentiate w primary, wwsecondary and tertiary ww alcohols by Lucas wtest w
• When i . O
i . Ogrg
ralcohols are treatedi.with O
i . rgrgLucas agent (a mixture
O i . O
i . rgrgof concentrated HCl
O i . O
i . rgand
O rg
l a a l a a l a a l a a saasla
Padasalai
a a l
sasanhydrous a l
sasa temperature dadsasa
ZnCl2 ) datadroom a l a
sasa l
a d a
d a a a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa• Tertiary alcohols ww
a
.P.Preact immediately w .P
tow .Pa a turbidity due
form wtow .Paformation of alkyl
.Pthe ww .P.Pa
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
chloride which is insoluble in the medium.
• Secondary i . O . rgrg alcohols react within
O i . O . rgrg10 minutes to form
O i . O . ragrturbidity
O g
i .
of alkyllachlorideO . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asal a i asla
d •a sa Primary alcohols d
do a sa
not react at room d a sa
temperature. d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
3.How will you rgrg differentiate primary, rgrg secondary andi.tertiary rgrg alcohols by Victor’s rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
meyer
a saasal
test
a saasal a s aasal a saasal a s aasla
d
a adtest is based on the d
ad
abehaviour d
a adnitro alkanes formed d d the three types .PP
a aby d d
w w .P.This
w P
w w .P.P
w
of the different
w w .P.P
w w w .P.P
w w w w .a a
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P20aa
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w www w www w w
ww w
of alcohols i .O rgrg nitrous acid andi.itO.O
O
with
. rgrg
consists of the following i .O . rgrsteps.
O g
i .O . rgrg
O
a
i)adAlcohols
d
l
saasa are converteddinto a
d
l
saasalkyl
a iodide by treating
d a
d
l
saasait with I2 /P . dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
PaAlkyl iodide so formed
.P.ii) aa
.P.P aa
.P.AgNO2
P .P aa
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w is then treated w ww
with
w to form ww
nitro
w w alkanes. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
ii) Nitro alkanes are finally treated with HNO2 (mixture of NaNO2 / HCl ) and the resultant
solutionlais i . O .
madergrg alkaline with KOH.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i a i
d a
Result:
dsaasala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a a
.P.•PPrimary a a
.P.Pred a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww alcohol ww
wgives
w colour wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
• Secondary alcohol gives blue colour.
• No colouration
i . O . rgrg will be observedi.Oin
O . rgcase
O rg of tertiary alcohol. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P21
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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s s s as lia. i.O
d
aa ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww w w
ww w w
ww w w
ww w
4.How ldoes .O O grg
rprimary .O
alcohol lisaiaconvertedOrgrg into alkyllahalide .O rgrgwith mechanismi.O.O
O rgrg
a ia i . i. ia i . l a a i
a
Alcohols
d d
l
saasa undergo d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.nucleophilic
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w ww
substitution
w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
reaction with hydro halo
acids tolaform i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
asala i a i a i a i
d
alkyla
d sahalides d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
ia.O .Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
5.Howaldoes a i tertiary alcohol is
l a a i
converted into alkyl l halide
a a i with mechanism l a a i
d a
d sasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa a•d Alkyl halide formation a ad of tertiary alcohols
.P.P .P.P d
a afollow SN1 mechanism. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www • carbocation
w
wwformed during protonation www can undergo elimination www to give an alkene. www
• However i .Oi . rgrgthe alkene can again
O i .Oi . rgundergo
O rg addition reaction
i .Oi . rgrg with HBr to give
O i .Oi . rgrg
the
O
l al a
saassubstituted
a product.dadsaasa l al a l
saasa al a l
saasa al a saasla
aad a
d aa aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d
w w
ww 6.How will youwconvert w
w w w w
ww into alkyl halide by w w
wwPCl with mechanism w
ww w
primary alcohol 3
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P22
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w www w www w ww w w www w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.of
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w • First attackwww
of wPCl
w w 2 on the oxygen www ww
atom
w hydroxyl. which
ww w wleads
w w to formation of
www www
carbocation.
O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
• aPyridine
a i . i . O attack and remove a i . i . O
the hydrogen atom i . i
attached
a . O to oxygen atom a i ..i . O
a saslala a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a
.P.Pa
d•d And then Cl -
a
removed
.P.Pa
d d in first step attacha
.P.Pa
d d
to the carbon atom a
near
.P.Pa
d d
to oxygen atom and a
.P.Pa
d d
wwww POCl2 gets w ww
w
removed. ww ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
7.How l a
does
asal a i tertiary alcohol l a a i
undergoes
asal dehydration l
asala toa i alkene with a l a
mechanism
asal a i asla
a ad Tertiary alcohols
.P.P .P.P ad
aundergo dehydration.P a aEd1 mechanism. It involves
by
.P a ad the formation of.P.aP
.P.P a ad
www carbocation. www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww 8.Explain aboutww acidity of 1o, 2o and 3wowalcohols ww ww
• The i .O . rgrg nature of the alcohol
acidic
O i .O . rgrgis due to the polari.O
O . rgrg of O –H bond.i.When
nature
O O . rgrg an
O
d a
d
l
saaselectron
a withdrawing d a
d
l
sa-Iasgroups
a such as -Cl,
d a
d-
l
saFasaetc… is attached dtoadthe l
saasacarbon bearing dadsaasla
l
aa
.P.P aa
.itP.withdraws
P aa
.P.P aa
.Pand
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w the OH group,
w ww
w the w ww
electron
w density towards ww
itself
w w thereby ww
facilitating
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
the proton donation.
• Inlalcontrast,
i.aO . rgrg the electron releasing
O i . O . rgrg group such as alkyl
O i . O . rggroup
O rg increases the i . O . rgrg
O
electron
i a
lala i a i a i
d a
d saasdensity
a on oxygen d a
and
d saasdecreases the polar d a saaslalaof O – H bond,dHence
nature
d a
d saaslalait results in d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa the decrease in a
P.Pa
.acidity. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
• on moving from primary to secondary and tertiary alcohols, the number of alkyl
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
groups
l
asal a a i which attached to
l a
asal othe
a i carbon bearing -OH l
asala a i
group increases, whichl
asala a i
results in the asla
a ad following order.Pof
.P.P d
a aacidity.
.P 1 alcohol .>PP o d
.a2 aalcohol > 3 alcohol
o
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P23
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i l a l a i l al a i ala
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aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww w www w w
ww w w
ww w
9.Why lphenol i .O . rgrgis more acidic than
O i .O . O grg alcohols? .OO
rother i . rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
a a i l a a i l a a i a a i
d•a
d
l
saasUnlike
a alcohols it a
reacts
d d
l
saasawith bases like sodium d a
d
l
saasahydroxide to form d a
dsodium
l
saasa phenoxide. dadsaasla
l
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w This explains w wwthe
w acidic behaviour w
ofwphenol.
w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
• Ka value r g for the above equilibrium
g r g g is 1×10-10 at 25oCrg. g rgrg
ila.O r
.O value indicatesalthat ila.O r
.itOis more acidic than . O . O r . O . O
• saThislaa iKa s aa i
s l
asala ia i
aliphatic alcohols. s l
asala ia i
s asla
d a a s d a a s d a a d a a d a a
.P.Pa a•d This increased .acidic a ad behaviour can be.Pexplained
P.P a ad
.P on the basis.Pof .P ad stability of
a the a ad
.P.P
www phenoxidewion. ww We have already w ww in XI standard that
learnt w phenoxide is more
wwthe www
stabilised rgrgby resonance than phenol.
rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i .Oi . O a i .Oi . O a i .Oi . O a i .O-.O
i
•asasIna substituted phenols,
l l a
a
l
saasthe l a
a electron withdrawing a
l l a
saasa groups such as -NO a
l l
sa2as,-Cl a
a enhances a saasla
d d a
a a the acidic nature d d
a aphenol especially when d d
a a they are present at.P.ortho aad d aad d
ww.P.P ww.P.of
P ww.P.P ww P and para ww ww.P.P
w
ww w positions.ww
w w www w w
ww w ww
• In such i .O . rgrcases,there
O g is a possibility
i .O . Orgrg for the extended i .O . rgrg
delocalisation
O of negativei .O . rgrcharge
O g
d a
d
l
saasona the phenoxide ion. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a• On the other hand athe
.P.P a alkyl substitued.P a a show a decreased
.P a aacidity due to the .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w w www w wwphenols
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww electron releasing ww +I effect of alkyl wwgroup. ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslalaabout oxidation la
saofaslaglycol saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
9.Explain
d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
Paoxidation, glycolww
.P.On a
.P.Pa a variety of products a
.P.Padepending on thewnature a
.PPa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww ww gives
ww wwwwww www. of oxidizingww
ww wwww
agent and other reaction conditions.
i) Whenanitric i . O . rgracid
O g (or) alkaline potassium
i . O . Orgrg permanganate i . O . rgused
isO rg as the oxidizing i . O . rgrg the
agent,
O
l a i
asal products are obtained. l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a sa
following
d d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
ii) Oxidationrgofg glycol with periodic rgrgacid ( reaction ofi.O formaldehyde
rgrg from glycol) rgrg
i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O i . O i .Oi . O
Ethylene
s l
asal a glycol
a on treatment
s l
asal a
with a periodic acid gives
s l
asala
formaldehyde.
a This
s l
asala
reaction a is
s asla
d
a ada a d a a
a–adiols
d and it proceeds d
ada a
athrough d a a
a adester intermediate. d a
a ad a
w .P.selective
w P for vicinal 1,2
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
a cyclic periodate
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P24
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
www.Padasalai.Net
s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P .P.P
w
ww w wwww wwww wwww w
ww w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
10.Explain about oxidation of glycerol
i . O . rg
O rg rise to a variety i . O . rgoxidation
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrthe
O g
Glycerol l
asala can
a i give l
asala a iof products l
asala a i
depending on the nature
l
asala a i of asla
.P.Pa ad
oxidising agent used for a ad
.P.P
oxidation. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w ww w ww w ww w w w
www a) Oxidation of www
glycerol with dil. HNO3 www
gives glyceric acid www
and tartronic acid. www
b) Oxidation of glycerol with Conc. HNO gives mainly glyceric acid.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg 3
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
c) Oxidationl a a i of glycerol with bismuth
l a a i nitrate gives as l meso
a a i oxalic acid. l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aOxidation of glycerol
.P.d)
P awith
.P.P a Br2/H2O (or) NaOBr a a (or) Fenton reagent
.P.P a(FeSO
.P.P a 4 + H2O2) gives aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww wwww w w
w w
ww a mixture of glyceraldehyde ww and dihydroxy ww acetone(This mixture ww is named as glycerose). ww
e) On oxidation rgrgwith HIO4 or Lead tetra
rgrg acetate (LTA) iti.Ogives rgrg formaldehyde and rformic
grg
acid.salaala i . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O
d a
d a s d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aAcidified KMnO4 .oxidises
.P.f)P a a glycerol into oxalicacid. aa aa aa
w ww
w wwwwP.P wwww.P.P
wwww.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.11.How a a phenol from the .following
.P.P aa aa aa
w ww
w
P will you w prepare
www wwwwP.P ***** www
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
ww i)From benzenewsulphonic w acid ww ww ww
Benzene is i . O . rgrg
sulphonated
O with oleum i . O . Ogrg the benzene sulphonic
rand i . O . rgrg acid so formed iis
O . O . rgrg
heated
O
a i
aslala NaOH at 623Kasagives a i
aslala sodium phenoxide a i
lala on acidification a i
lala phenol.
with
d a
d samolten d d d a
d saaswhich d a
d saasgives d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P25
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i l al a i l a la i ala
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
ii)d a
From
d
l
saasa aniline d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Aniline
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.2P .Ptoaa
.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w is diazotized w ww
w with nitrous acid w ww
(NaNO
w +HCl ) at 273-278K wwww give benzene wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
diazonium chloride which on further treatment with hot water in the presence of mineral acid
gives phenol. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
11.Starting from phenol how will you prepare the following***
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
(i)Aniline l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a on heating with
.P.Phenol
P aammonia
.P.P a in presence.PofP a anhydrous
a ZnCl2 gives
.P.Pa aaniline. aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww.
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w wwww wwww
ww (ii)Benzoquinone ww ww ww ww
Phenol undergoes rgrg oxidation withi.air rgor
rg acidified K2Cr2Oi.7O with
rgrg conc. H2SO4 to iform rgrg
a i . O
i . O a O
i . O a i . O a . O
i . O
Padasalai
1,4-benzoquinone.
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
www www www www www
(iii)Cyclohexanol
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Phenol
d a
d saason l
a catalytic hydrogenation
d a
d
l
saasa gives cyclohexanol. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
12.Explain i . O . rgrgfollowing reaction
the
O i . O . Ogrgphenol (or) how .will
rof i O . rgryou
O g prepare the following
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d d saaslala from phenolda(or)
compounds
a d
la
saaslaelectrophilic aromatic
d a
d
a
saaslalsubstitutions a
d saaslala
ofdphenol d a
d saasla
a a
.P.i)PNitrosation a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww www
w
ww Phenol can be readily w w nitrosoated at low w w temperature with HNOw w ww
2.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P26
.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
dasas
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
ii) Nitration i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
ala be nitrated using a
aslala i a
lala i a i
d a
Phenol
d saaslcan d a
d sa20% nitric acid evend a
d saasroom
at temperature, d
a a
d saaslala of ortho
mixture d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.and a
.Paformed.
.Pare a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww para nitro phenols wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w wwww wwww
ww Picric acid***** ww ww ww ww
Nitration of phenol rgrg with Conc.HNO r3gr+con.H
g 2SO4 gives picric
rgrg acid. rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
ww ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
ww .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww iii) Sulphonationw w ww w w
w w wwww wwww
Phenol reactsrgwith rg con. H2SO4 at 280K
rgrg to form o-phenol sulphonic
rgrg acid as the major rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
product.
a sa
l
asaWhen the reactionais sa al
ascarried out at 373Kathe sa
l
asamajor product is p-phenol
a saasal sulphonic a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.acid.
w P ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P27
.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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s s s as lia. i.O
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w wwww wwww ww ww wwww
iv) Halogenation
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w ww w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w www w wwww wwww wwww
ww Phenol reacts with wwbromine water to give wwa white precipitate ofw2,4,6-tri w bromo phenol. ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslalaabout preparation lalaether saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
13.Write saasof
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.1.PaInter molecular w .P.Pa
dehydration
w
of alcohol..P.Pa
ww ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww We have already learnt w w
w w w ww
that when ethanolwis treated with con.H2w w ww
SO4 at 443K, elimination wwww
takes place torgrform g ethene. If the .same rgrgreaction is carried out
rgrgat 413K, substitution rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a i
a O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
competes
a saasal over eliminationatosaasform al ethers. a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www wwww w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.2.Williamsons
P aa
.P.P
synthesis aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww When an alkyl halide ww is heated with an walcoholic w solution of sodium ww alkoxide, the ww
corresponding
i .O . rgrethers
O g are obtained.OO
i . rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
3. Methylation i . O . rgrgof alcohol
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la can be prepared a i a i a i
Methyl
d a
d saaslaethers d a
d saaslabylatreating an alcohol d a
d
lala diazomethane insapresence
saaswith d a
d a slala of d a
d saasla
a
Pa
.P.catalyst, fluoroboric
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwwacid.
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w ww w ww w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P28aa
.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
daemail dasas
aa
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s s s as lia. i.O
laawww.TrbTnpsc.com s a slaalia. i.O saasla
aad a
d a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
w
ww w w
ww w wwww wwww www w
14.Howlawill .O Ogrg react with the.Ofollowing
rether Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
ia i . l a ia i. l a ia i . l a ia i .
a
i)excess
d d
l
saasaO2 ii)PCl5 iii)acetyl d ad
l
saasa chloride iv)dil d a
d
l
saHas2aSO4 iv)Cl2 in the d a
d
asa l
sapresence of light d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w ww w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.15.Explain
P about Aromatic
.P.Pa a electrophilic substitution aa
.P.P reactions of aa
anisole
.P.P or how will .P.P aa
w ww
w w w
w w wwww wwww w w
w w
ww anisole react with wwfollowing ww ww ww
i) Halogenation rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
la
saaslaundergoes saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
Anisole bromination
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww Pa bromine in acetic
.P.with Pa even in
.P.acid
ww .P.Pa
ww .P.Pa
ww ww.P.Pa
ww
ww the absence of a catalyst, wwww para isomer w w ww wwww www w
is obtained asrgrthe g major product. .O.O rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia i l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a sa asal a saasal a saasla
d d
a aNitration d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.ii)
w P ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www Anisole reacts with w
wwwa mixture w
www w
www w
www
of conc. H2O
i
SO
. i.O rgr4g/Conc.HNO3 to yield i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a mixture
d a
d
l
saasa of ortho nitro anisole d a
d
l
saasaand d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a nitro anisole. .P.P
.P.para
P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
iii) Friedel.OCraft’s rgrg reaction i.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a a i l a ia i . l a ia i .
Anisole
d a
d
l
saasaundergoes FrideldCraft’s a
d
l
saasa reaction in presence d a
d
l
saasaof anhydrous AlCl d 3s
a
d a
l
asasa catalyst.
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P29aa
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
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