In this pattern, a number of small rivers flow parallel to • In areas of sandy or porous

• In such settlement, the houses or
each other over a large sloping land of uniform rock
surface.
Due to few natural resources, limited population
soils or limestone regions, the
buildings are very close and as in small hamlets are found dispersed,
water of the streams is absorbed
compact, often clustered generally in high relief areas, forests over large
Mind Maps

by the soil before they join the

around a central point. land.
The main river along with its tributaries flow along main river.
the slope of the region that appear like a tree with
branches. • Houses and buildings are constructed
d
re along either side of roads, railways, rivers,
te

at
and canals in this pattern.

Sc
In this pattern, rivers flow in rock bed of alternate hard ear

earing
and soft rocks where tributaries join main river at right Lin

p
angle. • Radial means radiating out or converging

sap
at a point. The converging point or the

Di
R a d ia l
route focus could be a trading town also
Like Trellis pattern, in this drainage pattern, tributaries known as the nodal centre.
join main river at right angles but unlike Trellis Pattern, Settlement
Drainage Patterns
they are widely spaced. Pattern • In India, the topographical survey maps are published
by the Department of Survey of India, Dehradun.
This pattern is found in upland or dome shaped region Topographical • These maps consist of large scale detail and quanti-
from where streams radiate out at all directions like Maps tative representation of relief, usually using contour
spoke of wheels. lines in modern mapping. They depict natural as well
as man-made features.
• A contour line is an imaginary line drawn on • Useful in the study of regional geography and used for
Techniques Interpretation
a relief map that connects points of connecting Military purposes.
places of equal elevation above the mean sea level.
to Present
Relief
of Maps
6
• Various methods to measure distances in a map: Elements in the interpretation • Grid reference
(i) to measure distance along a straight line • Map scale
(ii) to measure distance along curves
Distance of topographical maps • Distance
First Level

(iii) area by the grid square method • Direction

6
Grid Reference • Relief features
• They are used in addition to contour lines. • Drainage pattern
• Natural and man
• They are the broken lines running in the direction of contours.
made features
Second Level

• They help in indicating minor details, which are not shown by

Direction Map Scale • A grid is a set of parallel and
• Settlement
Trace the Mind Map

contours with large intervals. perpendicular lines, which intersect at 6

• Means of transport
coordinates and is used to find the exact and communication
• Four main cardinal directions: North, South, East and West. location of places on a map. • Colour and symbols
Third Level

• Further sub-divided into four major directions - North-East, • Scale of a map is the proportion Fo
North-West, South-East and South-West. between the distance on the ur
figu
ve Fraction map and the corresponding re grid • Are applied to locate large areas
Si x f

t at i
• It is the ratio between the distance on the map to sen distance on the ground. like lakes, relief features etc.
pre
ig u

the distance on the corresponding ground and is Re

re

d
in fraction. The numerator denotes the length on ho Gr
aph
gr
id • Are applied to locate the exact position of a
et
the map and the denominator denotes the actual ic S
cale
r e fe
re n c e particular place or feature like Police Station,
distance on the ground. eg. 1:50,000. tM M ethod spot heights, wells, temples etc.
men
e
Stat
• It expresses the relationship of map to the ground in words eg. • It is divided into primary and secondary divisions. It is 10 to 20 centimeters long which is divided
two centimeters to 1 Kilometer and is expressed as 2 cm = 1 km. into 8 divisions of two centimetres each representing one kilometre each from 1 to 7 kilometres.
1